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Topic: Toucouleur

	Toucouleur - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Toucouleurs (or Haalpulaaren) are an ethnicity of West Africa.
		The Toucouleurs are the descendants of the Iron Age state of Takrur, and their French name "Toucouleur" is a corruption of this name.
		Toucouleur society is patriarchal and divided into strict hierarchies, with 12 castes subdivided into 3 classes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tukulor (205 words)

	Mauritania - Toucouleur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Toucouleur, also called the Halpularen, differ from the Fulbe primarily in terms of livelihood and dialect.
		The Toucouleur speak Fulfulde, a dialect of Pulaar (the language of the Fulbe) that includes many borrowings from their neighbors and differs from Pulaar in pronunciation, vocabulary, and syntax.
		Most Toucouleur are sedentary farmers, in contrast with the nomadic Fulbe.
	countrystudies.us /mauritania/32.htm (189 words)

	Toucouleur People of West Africa
		Another popular explanation is that the Toucouleur are a cultural mix of the ethnic groups that used to inhabit the northern regions incorporated in the Tekrour Empire.
		Toucouleur people mostly belong to the cast of religious leaders called the Tooroobe.
		It is also said with pride, that to be born Toucouleur, is to be born Muslim.
	www.byhisgrace.cc /toucouleur/TklFrameset.htm (683 words)

	YWAM Sahara - Toucouleur (Pulaar)
		The dish that is considered to be the traditional dish of the Toucouleur, is Couscous served with a souse made from the green leaves of the peanut plant or the sweet-potato plant.
		Toucouleur Marrabouts, holy-men and Islamic scholars are renowned throughout the West African region.
		Toucouleur differentiate among their clergy according to whether they lead prayer, teach, specialise in the study and interpretation of the canon law, or head a parish.
	www.gosahara.org /pt.html (4971 words)

	Profile of Tukulor People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Toucouleur distinguish between the lower-lying, foldable ground in the valley, the "Waalo", and the higher, non-foldable ground, the edges of the valley called "Dieri" (French) or "Jeeri"(Pulaar).
		The "Brotherhoods" are the strongest among the Fula, Toucouleur and Wolof.
		Toucouleur believe that the witch substance is inherited through women, but that it does not necessarily affect all the children.
	www.wagateway.org /tukuloriProfile.htm (6470 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:fuc
		Fulbe Jeeri and Toucouleur are primarily in the Senegal River Valley and Mauritania.
		Fulbe Jeeri and Toucouleur (Haalpulaar'en) are separate ethnic groups speaking this form of Pulaar.
		Bunndu is a Fula geopolitical state composed of a mix of Toucouleur and Fulbe Jeeri.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=fuc (404 words)

	Prayer for Toucouleur, Senagal, Africa - 30-Days Muslim World Prayer Guide - Day 28 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Toucouleur, a sub group of the larger Fulani family of people groups live mostly in the Senegal River Valley region of Northern Senegal and Southern Mauritania.
		The Toucouleur are Muslims at heart, and are known as the defenders of the faith.
		It is said with pride, that to be born Toucouleur, is to be born Muslim.
	www.30-days.net /email00/day28.htm (532 words)

	Toucouleur Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Toucouleur Empire was founded in the nineteenth century by El Hadj Umar Tall of the Toucouleur people, in part of present-day Mali.
		His nephew Tidiani Tall succeeded him and installed the capital of the Toucouleur Empire at Bandiagara.
		At Segou, Ahmadu Tall continued to reign, successfully suppressing the attempts of several neighboring cities to break away, but he found himself in increasing conflict with his brothers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Toucouleur_Empire (295 words)

	Biography - BAABA MAAL
		Baaba Maal was born in 1953 in Podor, in the Fouta province, Senegal.
		While he was well known in Toucouleur circles, Baaba Maal and his group only became known to the Senegal public in general when they gave a concert at the Daniel Sorano theatre in Dakar in February 1986.
		Although the record was produced in London with all the tools of high recording technology, it was because the music was to be completely pure, back to roots, with the "yela", the Toucouleur rhythm associated with grinding the grain in a traditional society, taking pride of place alongside the singer's swooping voice.
	www.rfimusique.com /siteEn/biographie/biographie_6158.asp (1606 words)

	SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
		Wolof, Sereer and Toucouleur societies are organized according to two systems, that of caste and that of order.
		It is still practiced by almost 100% among the Peul and among a majority of Diola and Toucouleur girls, but rarely among the Wolof or Sereer.
		Among the Toucouleur and Soninke a special dance is performed by family and close friends during which an overturned calebasse is used as a drum while others chant and sing.
	www.lclark.edu /~nicole/SENEGAL/SOCIAL.HTM (2828 words)

	Mauritania - CHANGING SOCIAL PATTERNS
		This was accomplished at the expense of the hassani, who had made the transition from warriors, raiders, and tribute collectors to pastoralists, traders, and low-level civil servants.
		In the late 1970s, studies indicated that fl Africans generally formed a larger proportion of the salaried professional class than did white Maures, whereas the opposite was the case among wage earners and general laborers.
		Continuing the colonial pattern, the Toucouleur and the Wolof were well represented in higher and mid-level professional ranks, and the Soninké were beginning to penetrate the lower and mid-level ranks.
	countrystudies.us /mauritania/40.htm (1361 words)

	MUSICAL AND ORAL TRADITIONS
		Musical activity in Senegal, especially among the Wolof, Mandinka, Toucouleur and Sereer, but not the Diola, is related to caste structure (see Social Organization).
		In this case the music making belongs to a social class of "griots" considered to be of a lower caste.
		BOLOMBATA - Found among the Mandinkas, this sphere-shaped instrument made with a whole calabash and a curved bow topped by a piece of metal, is an instrument of war.
	www.lclark.edu /~nicole/SENEGAL/MUSICAL.HTM (1904 words)

	UMAR TALL FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Umar Tall pressed on into what is today the region of Kayes in Mali, conquering a number of cities and building a ''tata'' (fortification) near the city of Kayes that is today a popular tourist destination.
		Meanwhile, a rebellion broke out in Hamdullahi under Balobo, brother of executed Massina monarch Amadu Amadu; in 1864, Balobo's combined force of Peuls and Kountas drove Umar Tall's army from the city and into Bandiagara, where Umar Tall died in an explosion of his gunpowder reserves.
		His nephew Tidiani Tall succeeded him as the Toucouleur emperor, though his son Ahmadu did much of the work to keep the empire intact from Ségou.
	becloned.com /Umar_Tall (579 words)

	Ethnologue: Senegal
		Fulbe Jeeri and Toucouleur (Haalpulaar'en) are separate ethnic groups speaking this form of Fulfulde.
		Bunndu is a Fula geo-political state composed of a mix of Toucouleur and Fulbe Jeeri.
		Fuuta Tooro (Fouta Toro) was a major Toucouleur geo-political state, which has its seat in northern Senegal, and is also in Mauritania.
	www.christusrex.org /www3/ethno/Sene.html (2272 words)

	The Samba Sock Home Page
		("Gala Yabe comes from the language of the Toucouleur in Senegal and Mali and means "place of joy- where the young meet the old to enjoy singing, dancing and drumming.
		With this band he took part in several festivals in the sixties, won the first prize at the " Semaine de la Jeunesse in 1968.
		GALA YABE is rooted in the language of the toucouleur from Senegal, Mali and West Africa and means "Place of Fun".
	www.wireonfire.com /sambasock/ssockhome.html (394 words)

	samory toure, ancient african kings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1864, [[Umar TallEl Hadj Umar Tall]], the founder of the aggressive [[Toucouleur Empire]] that dominated the Upper [[Niger River]], died.
		As the Toucouleur state lost its grip on power, generals and local rulers vied to create states of their own.
		By 1867, Samori was a full-fledged war chief, with an army of his own centered on Sanankoro in the [[Guinea Highlands]], on the Upper Milo, a Niger tributary.
	www.ancientafricankings.com /samorytorre.htm (921 words)

	Crosswalk.com
		The Toucouleur call themselves the "defenders of Islam" because they were among the first to be converted when Islam came across the desert from Arabia in the 11th century.
		Traveling by boat during the day and sleeping under the stars at night, the volunteers and missionaries scouted out Toucouleur villages in northern Senegal and prayed for the people.
		An old Toucouleur proverb says, "What you see being done is better than what you hear being said." The volunteers prayed that the Toucouleur would see God doing great things.
	www.crosswalk.com /news/1146420.html?view=print (871 words)

	Mauritania - Ethnic Minorities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Founded in 1983 and outlawed in 1984, the group has developed a complex and clandestine organization based in Dakar, Senegal.
		It drew its membership primarily from the Toucouleur.
		With its leadership imprisoned or in self-imposed exile, FLAM's activities through the first half of 1987 diminished considerably; nevertheless, discontent among fls, and especially among the Toucouleur, simmered.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-8568.html (415 words)

	The Toucouleur Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This map from Oloruntimehin's book "The Segu Tukulor Empire" is indicating the modern states and the areas which where belonging to the Toucouleur empire in the 19th century or areas which were affected by activities caused by the Empire.
		On the very left, at the Atlantic coast, we have Sénégal with the country of Fuuta Tooro at the Sénégal river at the border to Mauritania.
		Dinguray was the capital of Ahmadou's brother Muhammad Aguiba, in the north of Fuuta Jaloo, located in Guinea Conakry.
	www.suertenich.com /html/afriq/empire.html (218 words)

	AFROL Gender Profile - Senegal
		The principal ethnic groups are Wolof, Fulani, Serer, Toucouleur, and Diola and the principal religion is Islam.
		FGM is not practiced by the country's largest ethnic group, the Wolofs (representing 43 percent of the population), but it is performed on girls belonging to some other ethnic groups.
		Infibulation, the most extreme and dangerous form of FGM, is practiced by members of Toucouleur and Peulh ethnic groups, particularly those in rural areas.
	www.afrol.com /Categories/Women/profiles/senegal_women.htm (1203 words)

	Daby Toure
		After graduating as a doctor in the Mauritanian capital of Nouakchott, he was sent to a sand-blown desert town called Boutilimit, where he married a beautiful woman who was half Moorish or Hassaniya and half Toucouleur.
		The country always lived comfortably with this ethnic and cultural diversity until the late 1980s, when bitter inter-ethnic conflict disturbed this harmony.
		His parents had divorced, and Daby’s father couldn’t be seen to be raising young children on his own.
	www.rosebudus.com /toure (1614 words)

	Eri24
		Islam by the Toucouleur was baptized Nyoro by the ancestors of Ma Ba: Nyoro
		The Toucouleur are a Negroid Muslim people, one of the Fula/Fulani groups,
		While the exact ethnic origins of the Toucouleur are hard to determine, it
	eri24.com /Article_265.htm (2566 words)

	Daby Touré Tour Germany - Booking by Transatlantico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Once he had graduated as a doctor in the Mauritanian capital Nouakchott, he was sent to a sand blown desert town called Boutilimit, where he married a beautiful woman, who was half Moorish or Hassaniya and half Toucouleur.
		They gave birth to a son who they called Daby, in honour of his grandfather, the patriarch of the family.
		The country always lived comfortably with its own ethnic and cultural diversity, until the late 1980s, when dark forces disturbed this harmony and bitter inter-ethnic conflict held sway for a while.
	www.transatlantico.com /bin/kuenstler_en.php?nummer=117&modus=1 (1236 words)

	assane.html
		Like hundreds of other children from the north of Senegal, he has fled not war, but a bad agricultural policy.
		The French Government is trying to get the Toucouleur people to grow rice.
		But their Futa Toro region is too dry and the result is that the Toucouleur, traditionally nomadic cattle herders, are becoming more impoverished.
	www.newint.org /issue292/assane.html (755 words)

	Africa Point: Senegal Travel Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Slaves occupied the lowest rung of the social ladder, and although slavery is now long gone, many descendants of former slaves still work as tenant farmers for the masters of old.
		Over 80% of Senegal's population is Muslim, including the Wolof, Toucouleur and Mandinka.
		The Toucouleur and Fulani speak Pulaar (or Fula), while the Sérèr speak Sérèr.
	www.africapoint.com /travel/senegal.htm (2673 words)

	The Toucouleur People
		he Toucouleur, a fl West African people group, live mostly in the Senegal River Valley in Northern Senegal and Southern Mauritania.
		raditionally sedentary farmers, the Toucouleur live in close-knit society groups and follow a patriarchal social structure.
		he Toucouleur people are Muslims at heart, and have been so since the 11th century.
	www.byhisgrace.cc /toucouleur (119 words)

	Frank Bessem's Musiques d'Afrique: Daby Touré (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Unlike his brothers who grew up in the Casamance region in Southern Senegal, Hamidou was brought up by an uncle in Mauritania.
		After his medical training in Nouakchott, he was sent to a sand blown desert town called Boutilimit, where he married a beautiful woman, who was half Moorish or Hassaniya and half Toucouleur.
		This is why Daby Touré grew up in Mauritania, then in the Casamance, and later on the southern bank of the Senegal river where he got acquainted not only with his own Soninke culture but also with the neighbouring Wolof and the Toucouleur.
	www.geocities.com /MotorCity/Speedway/4939/frames/art_toure_daby.html (362 words)

	People group adoption opens heart to lost world - International Mission Board, SBC
		The congregation educated itself about the Toucouleur and corresponded
		God to accomplish salvation among the Toucouleur," Kelly said.
		An old Toucouleur proverb says, "What you see being done is better than
	www.imb.org /core/story.asp?storyID=805&LanguageID=1709 (777 words)

	Mauritania - Brotherhoods and Saints
		The Tijaniya has two branches in Mauritania, the Hadefiste (or Hafediste) and the Omariya.
		The Omariya branch was founded by a Toucouleur, El Hadj Omar, in the latter part of the nineteenth century.
		The membership of the Omariya is largely Toucouleur, but many Soninké, Fulbe, and Wolof also belong to this order.
	www.uga.edu /islam/mauritania.html (757 words)

	Articles - West Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In the early nineteenth century, a series of Fulani reformist jihads swept across the Western Sudan.
		The most notable include Usman dan Fodio's Fulani Empire, which replaced the Hausa city-states, Seku Amadu's Massina Empire, which defeated the Bambara, and El Hadj Umar Tall's Toucouleur Empire, which briefly conquered much of modern-day Mali.
		However, the French and British continued to advance in the Scramble for Africa, subjugating kingdom after kingdom.
	www.sewing-center.com /articles/West_Africa (1182 words)

	Atlantic languages -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The approximately 45 Atlantic languages are spoken by about 30 million people.
		One language cluster, Fula (also called Fulani, Peul, Fulfulde, and Toucouleur), accounts for more than half of this number and is the most widely scattered language…
		One language cluster, Fula (also called Fulani, Peul, Fulfulde, and Toucouleur), accounts for more than half of this number and is the most widely scattered...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9076591 (864 words)

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