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Topic: Toussaint LOuverture

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	John Relly Beard, 1800-1876. Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography.
		Toussaint L'Ouverture takes measures for the perpetuation of the happy condition of Hayti, specially by publishing the draft of a Constitution in which he is named governor for life, and the great doctrine of Free-trade is explicitly proclaimed.
		Toussaint L'Ouverture prepares Crête-à-Pierrot as a point of resistance against Leclerc, who, mustering his forces, besieges the redoubt, which, after the bravest defence, is evacuated by the fls.
		However, Toussaint, disregarding the dissensions of the generals, quietly and efficiently discharged his duties, and gradually gaining the esteem of the army, laid the foundations of the great influence which he was one day to exert on behalf of negro independence.
	docsouth.unc.edu /neh/beard63/beard63.html (18077 words)

	Toussaint Louverture - TLP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Toussaint may have been involved in the planning of the Boukman Rebellion of 1791, but what is certain is that he joined the army officially very shortly after the initial revolt.
		Toussaint was the Governor General of Saint-Domingue from April 1, 1797 to May 5, 1802.
		Toussaint Louverture would die in Fort de Joux on April 7, 1803, unaware that his army would rally behind the leadership of his former general, Jean Jacques Dessalines, to win the colony's independence for good.
	thelouvertureproject.org /index.php?title=Toussaint_Louverture (1720 words)

	Toussaint Louverture Signature
		Toussaint Louverture, former slave of Saint Domingue who became a French General and the Governor of Saint Domingue was a perfect example capable of incarnating the preset schematic of the much needed icon of the abolitionist movement.
		Toussaint Louverture was elevated almost to sainthood and used as an example of the civilized, integrated and christianized patriotic fl man who spared the lives of the slave masters.
		Toussaint Louverture might have been the first of the Haitian leaders who became a free mason and as such started a new tradition that was followed by others.
	www.kwabs.com /toussaint_signature.html (1149 words)

	Uhhp.com :: The Founding Fathers of Haiti: François Dominique Toussaint Louverture
		Toussaint Louverture acquired a passion for books and read the writings of famous authors such as the Philosophical and Political History of the Indies by a French priest, Abbé Raynald, from which he was struck by the prophecy of a fl chief who would free all slaves.
		From that time on, Toussaint held the secret mission of breaking the chains that were holding him and his fl brothers in slavery.
		Toussaint was sent to France and jailed without judgment in the Fort de Joux prison, located in the icy mountains of that country.
	haiti.uhhp.com /rulers/toussaint.html (391 words)

	Toussaint Louverture
		Toussaint’s first role in the ragged army of the fls was a physician, but his clear-headedness, experience and prestige quickly enabled him to reach a position of equality with Biassou and Jean-François, the rebel leaders.
		Toussaint’s desire was to build a nation, a nation of free fls working in harmony with whites, and a nation of material accomplishments on a par with other nations of the civilized world.
		Toussaint took this passage to heart, and came to believe that he himself was the deliverer called for by Raynal.
	www.wetzoollamb.net /jfpp/joan/essays/toussaint.html (7004 words)

	[No title]
		Toussaint Louverture was born a slave, but into exceptional circumstances.
		Toussaint was easygoing, but had a terrible temper when angry.
		Toussaint watched as slaves drank gulps of pigs' blood mixed with rum and gunpowder.
	www.footstepsmagazine.com /ToussaintArticle.html (738 words)

	Toussaint Louverture - MSN Encarta
		He acted as physician to the insurgent army and became a leader of the Haitian slave revolt, a 1791 fl slave uprising against the French colonial regime.
		After France abolished slavery in the territory in 1794, Toussaint supported the French rulers of the country against British invaders and was made a general in 1795.
		Toussaint was defeated, captured, and accused of conspiracy.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570937/Toussaint_Louverture.html (194 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Toussaint-Louverture \| PBS
		Toussaint was the son of an educated slave; he acquired through Jesuit contacts some knowledge of French, though he wrote and spoke it poorly, usually employing the Creole patois and African tribal language.
		Toussaint's victories in the north, together with mulatto successes in the south and British occupation of the coasts, brought the French close to disaster.
		Racial tensions were eased because Toussaint preached reconciliation and believed that fls, a majority of whom were African born, must learn from whites and Europeanized mulattoes.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/toussaint_louverture.html (1199 words)

	Toussaint L'Ouverture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Toussaint did not participate in the ill-fated campaign organized by Vincent Ogé (a wealthy and free coloured man) in October 1790 to claim voting rights for coloured people—a campaign which was brutally crushed.
		Toussaint’s switch was decisive; the governor of Saint-Domingue, Étienne Laveaux, made Toussaint Général de Brigade, the British suffered severe reverses, and the Spaniards were expelled.
		Toussaint drafted a committee to write a constitution for the colony, which went into effect on July 7, 1801, establishing his own authority across the whole island of Hispaniola.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Toussaint_Louverture (1905 words)

	Toussaint L'Ouverture Summary
		Toussaint also turned his energies to rebuilding the plantation economy, shattered as it was by a decade of strife.
		Toussaint L'Ouverture was a plantation slave in Breda, where he he was a driver.
		Toussaint Became Biassou assistant and was later put in charge of a column that operated in the north colony.
	www.bookrags.com /Toussaint_L'Ouverture (2565 words)

	The Haitian Revolution - Toussaint Louverture leads his Army
		Toussaint's uncanny ability to negotiate with his enemy allowed him to use this triple European threat as an opportunity to play each of these powers off against each other.
		In addition, now Commander-in-Chief Toussaint, had sole control of the eastern 2/3 of the island, eradicated slavery on the entire island and endorsed a constitution in which he was declared Governor General for life.
		Dessalines had served as a general under Toussaint, but after Toussaint was captured he quickly switched to the French side to protect himself from the fate of his former commander.
	www.emergingminds.org /articles/2004/jul04_haiti_pg2.html (928 words)

	The Soul of a Free Man: Toussaint-Louverture
		Toussaint was the eldest son of Gaou-Guinou, a slave who was said to be the descendant of a West African king.
		Toussaint was expert at using guerilla tactics and avoiding direct attacks.
		Toussaint knew that he could not hold out against France’s superior power forever, but he hoped to survive until the spring, when yellow fever might attack Napoleon’s troops more effectively than he could.
	www.neh.gov /news/humanities/2003-11/toussaint.html (2263 words)

	Mots Pluriels John R. Whittaker
		Toussaint's answer that, as the angel of the fl people, her place is in Paradise, is reminiscent of St Peter's image of the righteous as aliens in a foreign land.
		Though this is no more than a form of self-defence, Toussaint's instructions in Act II scene viii, on the stance to be taken in dealing with the French, leave the audience in some doubt that her apparent complicity is other than a form of resistance.
		As a play with a political objective, the manner of Toussaint Louverture has something in common with Lamartine's renowned skills as an orator: the presentation of a clear objective near the beginning, the simplification of complex issues, the presentation of a striking example, a constant awareness of an audience whose opinion needs to be swayed.
	motspluriels.arts.uwa.edu.au /MP1701jw.html (3344 words)

	Louverture Films \| Projects
		Over the next three years, Louverture Films plans to produce seven independently-financed feature and documentary films.
		Feature film set in the traditional courtyard of an African home, in which a very non-traditional tribunal is taking place - offering an opportunity for ordinary Africans to face the representatives of the international financial institutions that supposedly exist to eradicate poverty.
		Action epic, based on the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) and the life of Toussaint Louverture, who led one of the only successful slave uprisings in history, successively defeated the French, Spanish and British imperial armies (including Napoleon Bonaparte), and established the first independent fl Republic: Haiti.
	www.louverturefilms.com /ss/projects (374 words)

	News & Reviews of Papa Toussaint (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		His novel PAPA TOUSSAINT is a simply brilliant treatment of Toussaint, one of the most persuasive I have yet read.
		Right or wrong about his Toussaint, Gillespie knows much more than I and I would be doing the reader a disservice to try to evaluate it from my position of lesser knowledge.
		Gillespie's Toussaint is as intriguing in the development and unfolding as in the final picture.
	www.towson.edu /~richard/news.html (824 words)

	Toussaint Surrender
		Toussaint at once summoned a council of war and informed his officers of the treachery of Henry Christophe one of the mainstays of his military power.
		As he left Leclerc’s reception Toussaint realized that despite all the honours paid him, despite the honourable peace he had obtained, he was by no means satisfied with the course of events, nor with his own part in them.
		Whenever Toussaint was not a conqueror and able to dictate his own terms, he felt that he was conquered; and he knew in his heart; that he was so now.
	www.nathanielturner.com /toussaintsurrender.htm (2159 words)

	Restitution by France to Haiti - Article: Toussaint Louverture Plateforme
		Port-au-Prince, April 11, 2003 -(AHP)- The "Toussaint Louverture Plateforme" announced plans to hold a sit-in Wednesday April 16 in front of the French Embassy in Port-au-Prince to support the initiatives seeking restitution from France in the amount of 21 billion dollars for the harm done to the country during the colonial period.
		The Director of the Toussaint Louverture Platform, Hugues Montoban, invited all sectors of the country to join his organization in calling on the French government to pay damages for having looted the country and having established what he called a regime of iron during the colonial period.
		The organizations supporting the request made by President Aristide at an event to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the death of Toussaint Louverture on April 7, 2003, are calling for reparations for all the crimes, plundering and other types of abuses committed by the colonists during the colonial period.
	www.haitiaction.net /News/Rest2.html (588 words)

	Pantheon \| Catalog \| Toussaint Louverture by Madison Smartt Bell
		Much of the success of this uprising can be credited to one man, Toussaint Louverture--a figure about whom surprisingly little is known.
		Toussaint, born a slave, became a slaveholder himself, with associates among the white planter class.
		Bell demonstrates how his privileged position served as both an asset and a liability, enabling him to gain the love of fls and mulattoes as "Papa Toussaint" but also sowing mistrust in their minds.
	www.randomhouse.com /pantheon/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780375423376 (225 words)

	EchodHaiti.com: Culture: Commemorating the Death of Toussaint Louverture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		After introductory words on Toussaint Louverture and on his accomplishments, he thanked all those who have come and acknowledged the support of the diplomatic delegations of Haiti and of Benin and of the representatives of the Toussaint Louverture Historical Society and of the Haitian Institute.
		The participation of Benin, the former Dahomey known as the birthplace of Toussaint Louverture’s ancestors and of a large number of Haiti’s enslaved people was particularly significant and the delegation received a warm applause.
		He told of his happiness at having been invited and at having come with his wife, their family and members of his cabinet; of his admiration for Toussaint Louverture and of the pride this great man inspired in Benin where many schools are named after him.
	www.echodhaiti.com /culture/deathoftoussaint.htm (579 words)

	Black revolutionary is icon of modern times, say researchers
		Toussaint Louverture is famous for fighting for the freedom of fl slaves in the Caribbean and defeating the armies of French conqueror, Napoleon Bonaparte.
		Dr Forsdick continued: "Toussaint was vilified in the French press which sparked a strong anti-Napoleonic response in the London newspapers and in the work of Wordsworth and Coleridge.
		"Toussaint was very much a shape shifter; he fought as an ally of Spain against France and as an ally of France against England and Spain, playing the competing sides against each other to great effect.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-08/uol-bri081605.php (632 words)

	Toussaint at Fort de Joux
		Toussaint’s family, with the exception of Placide, were sent to Bayonne and kept under the surveillance by the military commander.
		From the prison at Brest, Toussaint had sent a dignified protest to the First Consul, complaining of Leclerc’s treachery and of the treatment inflicted on his family: “A mother of a family may well, at the age of 53, merit the indulgent benevolence of a generous and liberal nation.
		By heaping vexations and privations on Toussaint Napoleon was hoping to break his spirit; hence, hearing of the great solace Toussaint derived from the presence and tender solicitude of his valet, Mars Plaisir, he ordered him to be removed.
	www.nathanielturner.com /toussaintatfortdejoux.htm (3208 words)

	TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE
		Toussaint had unfortunately once addressed him a letter, “The first of the fls to the first of the whites.” He did not like the comparison.
		Twelve years before, Toussaint, finding that four of his regiments had deserted and gone to Leclerc, drew his sword, flung it on the grass, went across the field to them, folded his arms, and said, “Children, can you point a bayonet at me?” The fls fell on their knees, praying his pardon.
		Toussaint made her what she is. In this work there was grouped around him a score of men, mostly of pure negro blood, who ably seconded his efforts.
	homepage.mac.com /intersocietal/interso/tlouvertureENG.html (6374 words)

	Portraits of Toussaint Louverture: Paper mache statue of Toussaint Louverture by an English folk artist.
		Portraits of Toussaint Louverture: Paper mache statue of Toussaint Louverture by an English folk artist.
		Paper mache statue of Toussaint Louverture by an English folk artist.
		Click here to view this statue in action.
	www.haiti-usa.org /special_features/toussaint_louverture/louverture_slides.php?cs=10 (45 words)

	(GCKY9D) Toussaint Louverture - Doubs by GPS Safari
		Né le 20 mai 1743, Toussaint Louverture est le fils d’un roi du Bénin dont la tribu fut déportée sur l’île de Saint-Domingue pour travailler dans les plantations de café et de sucre.
		Toussaint dirige une troupe de plus de 2 000 Noirs au service de l'Espagne et tente déjà de rallier les bandes noires.
		Prenez la direction du mémorial de Toussaint Louverture.
	www.geocaching.com /seek/cache_details.aspx?wp=GCKY9D (726 words)

	Memoirs of Toussaint Louverture part 1
		Gen. Leclerc having received this answer, summoned Gen. Christophe to deliver the place to him, and, in case of refusal, warned him that on the morning of the next day he should land fifteen thousand men.
		In response to this, Gen. Christophe begged him to wait for Gen. Toussaint L'Ouverture, to whom he had already sent the intelligence, and would do so the second time, with the greatest celerity.
		I gave orders for all the resistance to be made that the fortifications and munitions would allow of.
	www.kwabs.com /toussaint_memoir1.html (1186 words)

	Cobblestone & Cricket: Teacher's Guide for Toussaint Louverture
		What were some of the difficulties Toussaint encountered as he tried to organize and establish Haiti as a republic?
		Compare and contrast Toussaint's leadership qualities with those of a current world leader.
		Write an essay describing in what ways Toussaint's prediction came true: "In overthrowing me they have cut off only the trunk of fl liberty.
	www.cobblestonepub.com /resources/ftp0009t.html (546 words)

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