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Topic: Townshend Revenue Act

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	Townshend Acts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Townshend Acts were passed in 1767 by the British Parliament, having been proposed by Charles Townshend, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, just before his death.
		In contrast to the Stamp Act of 1765, the laws were not a direct tax, but a tax on imports.
		Eventually, John Dickinson (1732-1808) raised support to repeal the Townshend Acts by a series of 12 letters addressing himself as "The Farmer".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Townshend_Revenue_Act (323 words)

	SparkNotes: Pre-Revolutionary America (1763-1776): Further Impositions: The Quartering Act and the Townshend Duties
		Townshend, in contrast to Pitt, was no friend of the colonies and counted himself among those who were concerned that the colonists were not pulling their weight as British subjects.
		Townshend's colonial policy convinced the colonists that the Stamp Act had not been an isolated mistake, but rather a small piece in a larger antagonistic plan to undermine colonial efforts at self- governance.
		Townshend claimed that the Revenue Act was intended to help solve the government's budgetary problems, but there were additional ulterior motives for his support of the act.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/american/prerevolution/section7.rhtml (1150 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Townshend Acts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		TOWNSHEND ACTS [Townshend Acts] 1767, originated by Charles Townshend and passed by the English Parliament shortly after the repeal of the Stamp Act.
		The boycott decreased British trade, and in 1770 most of the Acts were repealed, but retention of the tea tax caused the Boston Tea Party.
		Publish or be damned: David Johnson describes the infamous Marriage Act of 1753, which made marriage a tightly-regulated institution governed by church and state.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/T/TwnshdA1c.asp (351 words)

	APX: The Supreme Court and Legislation
		Furthermore, the Declaratory Act stated that the colonists were unlawful in stating that the colonial assemblies alone had the authority to pass legislation and impose taxes on the colonies.
		This act sets the exact wording for the Oath that, as stated in the sixth article of the constitution, must be taken by all members of the governing body of the United States.
		Frederick Douglass, an opponent of the act, warned that the act was "an open invitation to a fierce and bitter strife".
	www.tjhsst.edu /~sgoswami/legislation.htm (12140 words)

	The Townshend Acts
		Charles Townshend, known as “Champagne Charlie” to his friends, was the chancellor of the exchequer in the period following the repeal of the Stamp Act.
		Townshend was perceptive enough to realize that during the Stamp Act Crisis, the Americans had objected to what they had described as internal taxation.
		Townshend died shortly after Parliament enacted these measures and was succeeded by Lord North, who had the unenviable task of confronting the growing unrest.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h643.html (723 words)

	Welcome to The American Presidency
		Acting with a cooperative Congress, he and his aides constructed the foundations on which the political institutions of the country have rested since that time.
		The Bank Act (1791) set up a nationwide banking structure owned mainly by private citizens, which was authorized to issue paper currency that could be used for tax payments as long as it was redeemed in coin on demand.
		The Excise Act, levying duties on whiskey distilled in the country, taxed a commodity that was commonly produced by farmers, especially on the frontier.
	ap.grolier.com /article?assetid=0410800-00&templatename=/article/artic... (8718 words)

	Account of a Declaration: Gloss (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Tea Act of 1773, designed to rescue the near bankrupt company, was to generate capitol from the colonies by shipping surplus tea there directly and selling it through a network of consignment agents.
		In an effort to raise revenue and simultaneously interfere with the French in the Caribbean, a 6 pence tax on each gallon of molasses was imposed in 1733 (the Molasses Act, see note: The Sugar Act).
		Townshend Duties were still in place; however, and the radical leaders in America found reason to believe that this act was a maneuver to buy popular support for the taxes already in force.
	www.leftjustified.com /leftjust/lib/sc/ht/decl/gls0.html (4454 words)

	Sources of English Constitutional History: Chapter 126
		An act for better securing the freedom of elections of members to serve in parliament by disabling certain officers employed in the collection or management of his majesty's revenues from giving their votes at such elections.
		An act for removing and preventing all doubts which may have arisen or might arise concerning the exclusive rights of the parliament and courts of Ireland in matters of legislation and judicature....
		The act of 1782 had authorized owners or occupiers of land in any parish or group of parishes to substitute for the overseers of the poor (see no. 114L) paid guardians of the poor and governors of the poorhouse.
	www.constitution.org /sech/sech_126.htm (5398 words)

	The Townshend Revenue Act, June 29, 1767
		He opposed the Stamp Act and believed that colonists were entitled to all the rights of English citizens.
		Unlike his predecessor, Townshend was not concerned with the subtleties of the rights of American colonists.
		Townshend wanted to strengthen the power of the British parliament which would simultaneously strengthen the power of royal officials.
	www.lexrex.com /enlightened/laws/townshend_sum.htm (267 words)

	History of the United States. Charles Beard, Mary Beard, 1921
		Revenue collectors, officers of the army and navy, and royal governors were curtly ordered to the front to do their full duty in the matter of law enforcement.
		The Stamp Act, like the Sugar Act, declared the purpose of the British government to raise revenue in America “towards defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the British colonies and plantations in America.” It was a long measure of more than fifty sections, carefully planned and skillfully drawn.
		In the revenue act of June 29, 1767, it expressly authorized the superior courts of the colonies to issue “writs of assistance,” empowering customs officers to enter “any house, warehouse, shop, cellar, or other place in the British colonies or plantations in America to search for and seize” prohibited or smuggled goods.
	www.marxists.org /archive/beard/history-us/ch05.htm (6039 words)

	§6. Samuel Adams. VIII. American Political Writing, 1760–1789. Vol. 15. Colonial and Revolutionary ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Townshend Revenue Act remained in force until April, 1770.
		The act produced an inappreciable revenue, necessitated extraordinary expenditures for its enforcement, and had no other effect upon the situation in America than to reawaken and solidify the colonial opposition to parliamentary taxation, and stimulate interest in the development of colonial manufactures and in the concerted non-importation and non-consumption of British goods.
		One of the first steps of the North ministry was to repeal it (1770), except the tax of three pence a pound on tea, retained to assert the principle of the Declaratory Act of 1766.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/225/0806.html (855 words)

	From Revolution to Reconstruction: Outlines: American History (1994): Chapter Three: Townshend Acts (4/14) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The so-called Townshend Acts were based on the premise that taxes imposed on goods imported by the colonies were legal while internal taxes (like the Stamp Act) were not.
		The Townshend Acts were designed to raise revenue to be used in part to support colonial governors, judges, customs officers and the British army in America.
		The agitation following enactment of the Townshend duties was less violent than that stirred by the Stamp Act, but it was nevertheless strong, particularly in the cities of the Eastern seaboard.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~usa/H/1994/ch3_p4.htm (459 words)

	notes2
		The Navigation Acts were designed to increase the size of the British Empire's navy and to control the flow of valuable materials in and out of the colonies.
		The 1764 Sugar Act actually lowered the existing import tax on molasses from 6 to 3 pence per gallon (the tax was lowered to 1 pence in 1766).
		The Sugar Act was not stronlgy objected to by the colonists because it was a tariff which is an indirect or "hidden" tax (consumers essentially did not see the cost of "external" or import taxes written at the bottom of the cash register receipt).
	users.gloryroad.net /~cmonte/notes2.html (12979 words)

	George Grenville (1712-1770) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		English politician whose policy of taxing the American colonies, initiated by his Revenue Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765, started the train of events leading to the American Revolution.
		He entered Parliament in 1741, one of the “cousinhood” of men interrelated by blood or marriage and further united in their opposition to Sir Robert Walpole (1676-1745), who held power from 1721 to 1742.
		In opposition after 1765, Grenville castigated politicians opposed to American taxation and helped to bring about the passage of Townshend's Revenue Act of 1767, which renewed tension between Britain and the colonies.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/Grenville/Grenville.html (225 words)

	From Revolution to Reconstruction: Essays: Townshend Duties: Townshend Duties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		British political leaders soon realized that the Act was foolish, for what it really did was to establish protective tariffs against the shipment of British manufactures to the colonies.
		In 1770, Parliament, led by a new ministry headed by Lord North, repealed all the Townshend Revenue Act except for the tax on tea, which was kept in order to maintain the principle of the right of parliament to tax the colonies.
		In the same year in Boston a mob molested customs officers (who were responsible for collecting the Townshend Duties) and caused terrible havoc, because the harbor authorities had layed an embargo on the ship 'liberty' for smuggling.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~usa/E/townshend/dutiesxx.htm (412 words)

	United States Timeline of Liberty 16 & 1700's . . . PoetPatriot.com
		Parliament passed the Currency Act which restricted any further issuance of paper currency by the Colonies and required all currency in circulation be retired.
		The Stamp Act Congress in October of 1765 the first independent colonial conference where delegates from the British American Colonies assembled to discuss grievances against Parliament and actions to take concerning the Stamp Act.
		He declares the Townshend Revenue Act is unconstitutional, and encourages the other legislatures to join together in a protest to King George.
	www.poetpatriot.com /tmlnstamer1700.htm (2861 words)

	Cultural & Political Chronology (1750-1783)
		Parliament passed the Revenue Act, known as the Sugar Act, to raise funds to pay for colonial administration.
		Charles Townshend died and was succeeded by Lord North.
		William Nelson of Yorktown, president of the Council, acted as governor until Dunmore was appointed.
	www.history.org /almanack/resources/dateline/polcron.cfm (4959 words)

	The Founding Fathers
		The Sugar Act levied duties intended to finance the large British military presence in North America that was necessary to protect the colonies from being retaken by the French or Spanish.
		The Sugar Act also provided for more effective control over colonial trade and allowed customs officials to require suspected smugglers to stand trial in a vice-admiralty court in Halifax, Nova Scotia, rather than in local colonial courts where the defendants were more likely to be acquitted by juries made up of fellow colonists.
		This document decried the Tea Act as a "diabolic project of enslaving America." Furthermore, it argued that Act was simply another attempt by Parliament to tax the colonists without their consent, and that if Parliament did indeed have the authority of taxation without representation, then no one's property was secure.
	patriotpost.us /histdocs/timeline.htm (20279 words)

	This Day in History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Townshend also moved British troops from the western frontier to the eastern seaboard, where they were both less expensive to supply and more troubling to colonists, who feared that they were being asked to cover the expenses of their own military oppression.
		Riotous protest of the Townshend Acts in the colonies often invoked the phrase “no taxation without representation.” Colonists eventually decided not to import British goods until the act was repealed and to boycott any goods that were imported in violation of their non-importation agreement.
		Also on March 5, Townshend’s successor (he had died soon after proposing the hated act), Lord Frederick North, asked Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts except for the duty on tea; he considered all the duties bad for trade and, thus, expensive for the British empire.
	www.historychannel.com /tdih/tdih.jsp?category=americanrevolution&month=10272956&day=10272977 (465 words)

	A Chronology of the Events Surrounding the Trial of John Peter Zenger
		The Stamp Act is repealed, but the same day the parliament passes the Declaratory Act asserting its right to bind the colonies by its laws.
		The Townshend Revenue Act of 1767 authorizes the use of writs in order to locate goods subject to custom duties.
		In a act of protest against the Tea Act of 1773, a gang of men with flened faces board three ships and dump their cargo of tea into Boston harbor.
	www.law.umkc.edu /faculty/projects/ftrials/bostonmassacre/bostonchronology.html (718 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Dickinson's "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies" were published in serial form throughout the colonies between November 1767 and January 1768.
		In these letters, Dickinson stated sharply and clearly the colonists' reasons for opposing the Townshend Revenue Act.
		In their view, direct taxes on the colonies for the purpose of raising revenue were unconstitutional, whereas duties levied for the purpose of regulating trade were legitimate.
	www.founding.com /timeline/summary.cfm?id=10&tab=1 (87 words)

	Account of a Declaration: Gloss
		And it is hereby further enacted, That the said assistants or counsellors, so to be appointed as aforesaid, shall hold their offices respectively, for and during the pleasure of his Majesty.
		Established June 2, 1774, the Qartering Act of 1774 was similar in substance to the
		And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid that this act, and everything herein contained, shall continue and be in force in all His Majesty's dominions in North America, until March 24, 1776.
	www.leftjustified.com /leftjust/lib/sc/ht/decl/gls3.html (1522 words)

	American Revolutionary War TimeLine - American Wars - TimeLines of Liberty - www.PoetPatriot.com
		The Administration of Justice Act is enacted on May 20th along with the Massachusetts Government Act.
		The Quartering Act of 1774 is enacted by the British on June 2nd.
		The First Continental Congress was mostly in response to the "Intolerable Acts" (Punitive laws passed by Parliament in response to the growing unrest in the colonies).
	www.poetpatriot.com /tmwar1776.htm (3938 words)

	List of Laws, Writings, and Miscellaneous Documents
		The Quartering Act, March 24, 1765 - Act passed by Great Britian to enforce the quartering (housing, etc.) of the British troops in the Colonies.
		The Townshend Revenue Act, June 29, 1767 - Act of the British Parliament imposing new taxes and making the salaries of Colonial officials including governors and judges to be paid by the Crown alone.
		Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 - Congressional Acts expanding the Presidential authority in deportation of aliens, and prosecution of seditious acts, whether or not successful, and conspiracy to commit seditious acts.
	www.lexrex.com /enlightened/combined.htm (1597 words)

	[No title]
		1765 Stamp Act: Places a tax on 15 classes of documents, including newspapers and legal documents; clear objective is to raise revenue.
		1766 Townshend Revenue Act: Places import duty on lead, paint, glass, paper, and tea; objective is to raise money from the colonies.
		1774 Intolerable Acts: (Known as “Coercive Acts” in Britain) aim to punish Massachusetts in general and Boston in particular for the Tea Party.
	teaching.arts.usyd.edu.au /history/2034/timelines/week5.doc (354 words)

	Inventing America : Chapter 5 : Overview
		Characterize the intent of the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, and the Townshend* duties, and describe the American reaction to each of them.
		Colonists respond with Virginia Resolves, Stamp Act Congress, and boycotts.
		1767 Townshend Revenue Act imposes new duties on imports into the American colonies.
	www.wwnorton.com /inventing/interface/ch05/ch5_overview.htm (324 words)

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