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Topic: Township and Village Enterprise

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	China and Europe, 1500–2000 and Beyond: What is Modern?
		As many people know, beginning in the 1980s and well into the 1990s, the main source of economic dynamism in reform-era China came from the development of township and village enterprises, from enterprises that existed in small towns and in villages and involved people who previously were in farming.
		Now clearly, the development of township and village enterprises in the 1980s depended on a lot of factors.
		But what is missing in most accounts that look at township and village enterprise with an historical perspective going back to the 1950s at most is a recognition that rural industry and rural commerce called upon traditions that went back to much earlier periods in a positive way.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/eacp/japanworks/chinawh/web/s7/s7_2.html (275 words)

	Township and Village Enterprise - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs) are entrepreneurial communities based in townships and villages in rural areas of the People's Republic of China.
		While the Chinese economic reform of the 1980s and 1990s sparked much economic growth, it was primarily concentrated in urban coastal areas and left much of the interior countryside behind.
		Among the most notable exceptions to this trend was the dynamic economic growth within villages in which the entire community mobilized to establish a business.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Township_and_Village_Enterprise (189 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		TVE output values appear to have increased fivefold in real terms during 1978-85 (though part of this increase is explained by a broadening of the definition of TVE beginning in 1984), and employment more than doubled from 28 to 70 million jobs.
		Township veterinary services would be strengthened, and a total of 130 sets of small equipment would be provided for township and village veterinarians.
		TVE subprojects to be implemented by enterprises (as opposed to government units) would be financed under subloans made by the project provinces on ABC's standard interest terms for similar activities.
	www-wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/05/15/000009265_3970818102331/Rendered/INDEX/multi_page.txt (17165 words)

	[No title]
		Township and village enterprises and other economic organizations in economically developed regions should be encouraged to adopt various forms in support of the economically less developed regions, old revolutionary areas and minority nationality regions in the establishment of township and village enterprises.
		Township and village enterprises must first of all attach importance to their own accumulation, perfect the development mechanism of self-accumulation, and the after-tax profit of enterprises should mainly be used for the purpose of expansion of reproduction.
		Township and village enterprises in old revolutionary areas, minority nationality regions, border regions and poor areas determined by the State can be reduced of or exempted from enterprise income tax within a fixed time period and enjoy tax preferences prescribed by the tax law.
	www.bjfao.gov.cn /english/law/003C/006.html (6067 words)

	[No title]
		Villages and villagers' groups that own collective shares can have representatives on the RCF board of directors, and sometimes the larger shareholders can, ostensibly through election (although, in fact, it tends to happen by arrangement), become RCF directors.
		In even shares enterprises, shareholders' holdings are basically even, although some people may join their shares together to create one larger shareholding; the controlling decision-making power and residual claimant right are decided according to shareholdings, and there are quite a number of non-shareholder workers.
		Township cadres and village leaders will be less resistant to institutional change if, during reform, the township government and village leaders can acquire shares from the residual of the enterprises which will enable them to cover expenses and fulfil their tasks.
	www.fao.org /docrep/x3720t/x3720t08.htm (6689 words)

	China: Promoting safety and health in township and village enterprises - Asian-Pacific Newsletter on Occupational ...
		Originally TVEs were conceived as enterprises to be run by townships or villages, both to promote economic growth and to absorb the surplus rural labour force and discourage excessive urban migration.
		TVE accident data must instead be based on the assumption that rural collectively owned enterprises, private enterprises and unlicensed mines are all TVEs, which may not always be true for the latter two categories.
		In this report the term "TVEs" is used in its broader concept, with the objective of addressing OSH issues in the newly emerging non-state sector, regardless of the administrative coverage of the ministries and bureaus concerned at the provincial and lower levels.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/region/asro/bangkok/asiaosh/country/china/tradeuni/chinatss.htm (11381 words)

	DEVELOPMENT GATEWAY_ Demonstration Project for Cooperation of Eastern and Western Township Enterprises (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The project mainly aims at spurring an overall east-west cooperation of enterprises and combining the advantages of advanced technology, abundant economic strength and scientific management in the east with the rich resources of raw materials, energy and labor force in the west.
		It is planned that from 1994 to 2000, loans to township and village enterprises in the middle and western regions will increase by an additional 5 billion yuan on the basis of original annual growth of 5 billion yuan.
		Beijing China's Township and Village City issued corporate stocks, which marked the State Council's decision to establish township and village industrial zones that are reasonably located, adapt to local conditions and connect together.
	www.chinagate.com.cn /english/1838.htm (1633 words)

	China Essay Series: Ambiguous Capital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The TVEs are hybrid institutions --- unusual alliances between TVE entrepreneurs and local government officials (acting in the capacity of "owners" of TVE enterprises).
		To the extent enterprise managers focus on other criteria than profit maximization, they are acting in accordance with the long-term capitalist objective of maintaining the wage labor system and, no doubt, the short-term objective of satisfying their own self-interest.
		TVEs are increasingly important sources of income and employment (generating almost a third of Chinese gross domestic product and employing approximately 131 million workers).
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/sgabriel/economics/china-essays/13.html (3513 words)

	Abstract - HQ4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The contribution of township and village enterprises (TVEs) to China’s economy has v been one of the most significant end successful developments of the last 20 years of reform.
		The paper explores the extent to which the achievements of TVEs are the result of helpful environmental factors or the result of skilled strategic design and is structured into four main parts.
		Thirdly, at the individual enterprise level, the success of selected TVEs is explored and in particular the strategic development processes, which historically have contributed to their success, are identified.
	www.gre.ac.uk /~wn14/raecentreall/raecentre/busmHQ4.htm (202 words)

	[No title]
		Township and village enterprises in China have become major channels for increasing the incomes of farmers.
		Dang Zhaoxia, a woman in Wuyang village, Shanxi province, was elected as director of village committee in the election of the sixth villagers' committee session.
		She is the seventh female “village officer” in the election of the sixth villagers' committee session of that county.
	www.chinaculture.org /cnstatic/doc/photo/jsxncy.doc (1193 words)

	Session 66 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Urban collective enterprises, township and village enterprises (TVEs), and private entrepreneurs constitute the most dynamic sector of the economy, however, during the reform period these enterprises frequently have been denied access to loans from China’s financial institutions.
		Since the volume of long-term bank loans to township and village enterprises has stagnated in recent years, enterprises constrained in their access to long-term bank loans have substituted with both expensive other external borrowing as well as working capital.
		If township and village enterprises invest independent of the demand for their products and independent of their profitability, their investment behavior appears little different from that of state-owned enterprises.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1999abst/China/c-66.htm (1241 words)

	The Environment Enters the Chinese Criminal Code
		Rapidly increasing pollution from China's township and village enterprises persuaded NEPA and the State Council that much stronger pollution regulations and enforcement are needed.
		NEPA pollution figures for China exclude the TVEs, which produce perhaps 30 percent of all Chinese air and water pollution, because the TVEs are regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture.
		TVEs are often owned by the very local governments called upon to enforce environmental regulations; thus enforcement of anti-pollution regulations on the TVEs has been difficult.
	www.usembassy-china.org.cn /sandt/envlaw.htm (3069 words)

	Journal 13(2) - Article 2 (Created: 20 July 1998)
		The correlation coefficient between the number of TVE employees and the non-agricultural population, calculated according to the data for 69 cities and counties in Fujian Province, is only 0.3338 (P=.005), which can be attributed mostly to the overlapping distribution of TVE employees with the non-agricultural population in the towns.
		As was done for the TVE employees, the distribution of those temporary residents who had lived for one year or more in a county-level place other than where they had their household registration can be calculated by residential hierarchy (table 4).
		This is because the number of estimated TVE employees and their dependants amounted to 8.9 million in 1995 (see table 7), while the number of estimated short-term temporary residents was less than 2 million.
	www.unescap.org /esid/psis/population/journal/1998/v13n1a2.htm (5688 words)

	China: Promoting safety and health in township and village enterprises - Asian-Pacific Newsletter on Occupational ...
		TVE accident data must instead be based on the assumption that rural collectively owned enterprises, private enterprises and unlicensed mines are all TVEs, which may not always be true for the latter two categories.
		In this report the term "TVEs" is used in its broader concept, with the objective of addressing OSH issues in the newly emerging non-state sector, regardless of the administrative coverage of the ministries and bureaus concerned at the provincial and lower levels.
		Enterprises and institutions which experienced special difficulties in implementing the regulations were allowed a period of grace up to 1 January 1996 for institutions and 1 May 1997 for enterprises.
	www-ilo-mirror.cornell.edu /public/english/region/asro/bangkok/asiaosh/country/china/tradeuni/chinatss.htm (11338 words)

	Dolington Village, Upper Makefield Township, Bucks County PA
		Dolington Historic District located in Upper Makefield Township, Bucks County, is locally significant as a well-preserved collection of buildings that represent early to mid-nineteenth century Federal influenced vernacular architecture in rural lower central Bucks County before 1850.
		Not only did the village expand outward and increase in density, but most of the oldest structures, especially the log houses which accounted for nearly half of the village in 1795 - 1796, were replaced by newer and grander stone ones.
		Primarily constructed in the late 19th and early 20th century, the buildings were built and designed for specific uses which relate to the slaughtering business, from grain storage and animal pens and houses, to pumphouses and the slaughterhouse itself.
	www.livingplaces.com /PA/Bucks_County/Upper_Makefield_Township/Dolington_Village.html (1646 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Most of the smaller mills are Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs), many of which were established when raw material supplies were greater than the processing capacity of the State Owned Enterprises (SOEs).
		TVE and collective reeling mills outnumber SOEs in Zhejiang and Sichuan; and nationally the proportion of raw silk produced by TVEs increased from 24 percent in 1984 to 45 percent during 1990-92, but is higher than 50 percent in Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces.
		TVE silk fabric production increased from about 100 million meters to 1.0 billion meters between 1980 and 1992, and now accounts for about 40 percent of total fabric production (these statistics may include some silk-other fiber mixtures).
	www-wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1994/06/17/000009265_3961006171018/Rendered/INDEX/multi_page.txt (18892 words)

	The Peasants Are Suffering, The Villages are Very Poor
		Eighty-five percent of the villages in Jianli County, Hubei are poor.
		Ninety percent of the villages are in debt with an average debt of 600,000 RMB.
		Many collective enterprises reorganized as another type of enterprise, went out of business, and many peasants who had "left the soil but not left the district" were forced to return to agriculture.
	www.usembassy-china.org.cn /sandt/peasantsuffering.html (3767 words)

	China
		In state-owned enterprises and governmental branches, salary is stationary despite the amount of energy an individual devotes to his or her job.
		Unless the village is of substantial size and depending on the proximity of the village, students usually have to walk a fairly long time to get to school.
		Because TVEs generate a considerable amount of income at the township/village level, there is a strong incentive for local governments and residents to ensure their success.
	cee45q.stanford.edu /2003/briefing_book/china.html (8490 words)

	Township and Village Enterprise - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Township and Village Enterprise - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 18:46, 30 November 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Township and Village Enterprise contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Township_and_Village_Enterprise (148 words)

	Leelanau Enterprise // Editorial Archive
		In January of 1999, the Township Planning Commission gave final approval for Phase 1A of the project, which allowed Ketelaar to build the infrastructure, roads, water and sewer systems and the 18-hole golf course.
		The township could be required to take over the sewer system should it fail, causing much of the concern expressed by local officials.
		If we could get the township and village involved, it's a win-win situation for us all because there is a need for a regional sewer up here," he said.
	www.leelanaunews.com /archive.php?id=627 (680 words)

	Buffalo Township
		Buffalo township was first settled by Captain Benjamin W. Clark in December, 1833, and the first town, that of Buffalo, named in honor of Buffalo, N.Y. was laid out in 1826 at the time of the Incorporation of Davenport.
		The village of Buffalo, which like the township, is named after Buffalo, N.Y., and not from the noble American bison, was originally laid out two years before the incorporation of the city of Davenport in 1836.
		All went smoothly with the village of Buffalo and its inhabitants until the county liens were formed, which placed the new town so close to the Muscatine county boundary line that its prospects for the county seat were ruined.
	www.celticcousins.net /scott/buffalo2.htm (6289 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The TVE is depicted as a strategic core which is supported through a series of informal institutions or strategic alliances.
		The TVE's incentive to cultivate a reputation for meeting its informal obligations is that if it does not it will impose extra costs, manifest in a risk premium, on forming informal contracts.
		The second objective is to draw out some similarities between the TVE sector and the broader literature on regionalism to suggest some general lessons for the process of socialist transformation.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~econsys/es21-3.htm (606 words)

	DDP 613 Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The latter was more an accident than a planned effort, but the change in incentives that set off the TVE boom occurred within a time span of a year or two.
		The longer China waits to reform the state owned enterprises, however, the worse the problems connected with these enterprises are likely to become.
		This lecture was given in May 1997 at the East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore, before the meeting of the 15th Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in the fall of 1997.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /cid/hiid/613abs.html (400 words)

	Who's Who (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Whenever Maoist campaigns swept through his village over the years, he kept out of their way, afraid of being identified as a capitalist-roader.
		The small business evolved into a commune-run machinery repair plant, eventually becoming what came to be known as a "Village-Township Enterprise." Now called the Wangxiang Group, it consists of 10 companies and subsidiaries spread over seven counties.
		Lu agrees and holds that such businesses' participation in the reform of state enterprises will lead to rapid expansion of the private sector, while more businesses will add to the country's mix of products.
	www.asiaweek.com /asiaweek/magazine/99/0924/voc50people/content/lu.guanqiu.html (293 words)

	Otter Tail County Minnesota Genealogy MnGenWeb Perham Township & Perham Village
		The beginning of Perham township dates from March 19, 1872, at which time it was organized under the name of Marion Lake township (township 136, range 39).
		This township lies in the Red river basin and is drained by waters of that river.
		The Red river enters this township on the east in the southeastern part of section 13 and meanders south through sections 24, 25 and 36 where it leaves the township in tile extreme southeastern corner.
	www.jsenterprises.com /ottertail/townships/perham.htm (1049 words)

	Reform of China's State-owned Enterprises A Progress Report of Oxford Analytica
		Deposits by enterprises have been rising: 30 percent of the increase in individual savings deposits last year is believed to have come from enterprise deposits in nominee accounts to take advantage of higher interest rates.
		Many surviving large and medium-size enterprises are earmarked for transformation into joint-stock companies with public ownership spread across a variety of state institutions and enterprises.
		Furthermore, conflicts of interest between shareholders and enterprises are likely as the former will frequently include the administrative and regulatory bodies of the former central planning apparatus.
	www.worldbank.org /html/prddr/trans/n&d95/china.htm (1867 words)

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