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Topic: Tozama

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	Top Literature - Tozama
		A tozama daimyo (外様大名) was a daimyo who was considered an outsider by the rulers of Japan.
		To keep the tozama in check, the shogunate stationed fudai daimyo in strategic locations, including along major roads and near important cities.
		Tozama daimyo from Satsuma and Choshu (Shimazu and Mori clans respectively) were responsible for the fall of Tokugawa Shogunate during Bakumatsu era.
	encyclopedia.topliterature.com /?title=Tozama (336 words)

	Daimyo - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The tozama daimyo held larger fiefs, with the Kaga han of Ishikawa Prefecture, headed by the Maeda clan, assessed at 1 000 000 koku.
		Other famous tozama clans included the Mori of Choshu, the Shimazu of Satsuma, the Date of Sendai, the Uesugi of Yonezawa, and the Hachisuka of Awa.
		Initially, the Tokugawa regarded them as potentially rebellious, but for most of the Edo period, marriages between the Tokugawa and the tozama, as well as control policies such as sankin kotai, resulted in peaceful relations.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Daimyo (327 words)

	Daimyo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ieyasu also divided the daimyo into three groups, depending on how close they were to the ruling Tokugawa family: shinpan, who were related to the Tokugawa, the fudai daimyo, who had been vassals of the Tokugawa or allies in the battle, and the tozama daimyo, who opposed the Tokugawa but were defeated.
		The tozama daimyo held larger fiefs, with the Kaga han of Ishikawa Prefecture, headed by the Maeda clan, assessed at 1,000,000 koku.
		Other famous tozama clans included the Mori of Nagato Province (Choshu), the Shimazu of Satsuma, the Date of Sendai, the Uesugi of Yonezawa, and the Hachisuka of Awa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Daimyo (489 words)

	Tokugawa shogunate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tozama, or "outsiders," became vassals of Ieyasu after the battle of Sekigahara.
		Early in the Edo period, the shogunate viewed the tozama as the least likely to be loyal; over time, strategic marriages and the entrenchment of the system made the tozama less likely to rebel.
		In the end, it was the great tozama of Satsuma, Choshu and Tosa and to a lesser extent Hizen that brought down the shogunate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate (1731 words)

	Edo period - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The tozama were located mostly on the peripheries of the archipelago and collectively controlled nearly 10 million koku of productive land.
		Because the tozama were least trusted of the daimyo, they were the most cautiously managed and generously treated, although they were excluded from central government positions.
		Opposition to Abe increased within fudai circles, which opposed opening bakufu councils to tozama daimyo, and he was replaced in 1855 as chairman of the senior councillors by Hotta Masayoshi (1810–1864).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Edo_Period (4595 words)

	Edo Period - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The tozama were seen as the worst threat: Tokugawa action reduced their numbers from 117 (out of 195 daimyo) after Sekigahara to 98 (out of 266) in 1795; many were relocated or partially dispossessed.
		All three groups were subjected to the Buke Shohatto (Laws for Military Houses), issued in 1615 and subsequently expanded, which forbade them to build fortifications, shelter fugitives, or marry without permission.
		The unique system of sankin kotai (alternate attendance), introduced for the tozama in 1635, but extended to all daimyo by 1642, compelled them to leave their heirs and families in Edo as hostages (in huge, expensive mansions), and personally attend the shogun in his great Edo Castle every other year.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_781533811___3/Edo_Period.html (721 words)

	Japan - MSN Encarta
		The tozama were assigned domains on the periphery of the islands and were generally excluded from positions in the central government.
		Although it was obvious that the Westerners could not be expelled by military force, this did not prevent the antiforeign movement from further eroding the position of the shogunate.
		The antiforeign movement was particularly strong in the large domains of the tozama daimyo of western Japan, who as “outside lords” had always resented Tokugawa rule.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761566679_17/Japan.html (3699 words)

	daimio - Information from Reference.com
		Ieyasu also categorized the daimyo according to how close they were to the ruling Tokugawa family, who were known for their bravery: shinpan, who were related to the Tokugawa, the fudai, who had been vassals of the Tokugawa or allies in the battle, and the tozama, who opposed the Tokugawa but were defeated.
		Other famous tozama clans included the Mori of Chōshū, the Shimazu of Satsuma, the Date of Sendai, the Uesugi of Yonezawa, and the Hachisuka of Awa.
		Sankin kōtai ("alternate attendance") was the system whereby the Tokugawa forced all daimyo to spend every other year at the Tokugawa court in Edo, and maintain their family members in Edo when they returned to their han.
	www.reference.com /browse/daimio (667 words)

	Daimyo Information
		Ieyasu also divided the daimyo into three groups, depending on how close they were to the ruling Tokugawa family: shinpan, who were related to the Tokugawa, the fudai daimyo, who had been vassals of the Tokugawa or allies in the battle, and the tozama daimyo, who opposed the Tokugawa but were defeated.
		Tozama daimyo held large fiefs, with the Kaga han of Ishikawa Prefecture, headed by the Maeda clan, assessed at 1,000,000 koku.
		Other famous tozama clans included the Mori of Nagato Province (Choshu), the Shimazu of Satsuma, the Date of Sendai, the Uesugi of Yonezawa, and the Hachisuka of Awa.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Daimyo (629 words)

	DAIMYO
		A daimyo’s status in one group or the other depended on whether or not he had supported the Tokugawa shogun before the decisive battle of Sekigahara.
		Tozama daimyos (the “outer” group) were subject to certain restrictions.
		For example, a tozama daimyo could not hold a post in the shogun’s government.
	www.japanese123.com /daimyo.htm (513 words)

	Brief History of Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The tozama were daimyo not in particular favour with the Tokugawa shoguns.
		In an ironic twist, the tozama clans then became the supporters of westernization, deposed the shogun, and installed emperor Meiji (1867-1912) in Edo, which was renamed Tokyo.
		Whether he did so in accordance with his own views or followed the policies and inclinations of the tozama, who in time became known as genro or elder statesmen, it is impossible to say.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /history/j/Japan_brief.htm (3540 words)

	Preservation of power and authority amongst the upper orders of administration in Tokugawa Japan. \| Shapes of Things (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		They were the tozama, the fudai and the shimpan.
		The tozama were the most powerful of the daimyo, owning vast domains and maintaining large armies of retainers and guards.
		Many of the tozama were (or were successors of) the defeated rivals of Ieyasu in the Battle of Sekigahara.
	terrapolis.org /drupal/node/118 (1278 words)

	tozama daimyo -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As potential rivals, the tozama daimyo were excluded from participation in the government, and many of their estates were reduced in size.
		The Tokugawa attempted to counter this movement by opening their government to participation from some of the tozama houses, but it was too late.
		In 1868 discontented daimyo, led by men from the two large anti-Tokugawa fiefs of Satsuma and Choshu, overthrew the regime and established the new centralized Imperial state under the emperor Meiji (see Meiji Restoration).
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9073113 (185 words)

	The Corner
		Under the feudalism in the country, Tozama, which was a traditional enemy, was distributed away from Edo.
		In a geographical situation, it is easy for tozama to seek for foreign help because those remote areas acted as a door for foreign countries.
		Besides, there were a few tozamas increasing influence though they had not received foreign support after the adoption of open door policy.
	www.thecorner.org /discus/messages/37/417.html?973762560 (1099 words)

	Peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lastly, the tozama were sent to the outer reaches of Japan, from whence they would be powerless to revolt against the government.
		This did not stop them from enjoying their domains, however; examples of castles raised by the tozama during this time are Kumamoto castle, Saga castle, Fukuoka castle, Kokura castle, Matuyama castle, Imabari castle, Mtue castle, Tuyama castle, Himeji castle, Senndai castle, Hirosaki castle, and many others.
		Because of this strict measure, some of the tozama ("outer") daimyo did not repair their castles even if they were broken down.
	library.thinkquest.org /C001119/history/parse.php3?src=peace (603 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia - daimyo - AOL Research & Learn
		The daimyo who supported Ieyasu before the decisive battle of Sekigahara (1600) became the fudai, or hereditary vassals, and his opponents were known as tozama, or outside lords.
		The tozama, who controlled the rich western fiefs, were generally viewed with suspicion by the shogun and were excluded from office in the central government.
		Pressured by their advisers, who argued that the Tokugawa regime was too weak to counter the Western threat, tozama barons of W Japan (notably Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, and Hizen) joined the imperial court to overthrow the shogun in the Meiji restoration (1868).
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/daimyo/20051205225409990003 (374 words)

	A History of Japan, 1615-1867 (1963)
		The Bakufu organized the vassals in two types according to daimyo's support for Ieyasu: Fudai daimyos were the loyal houses, who were given important but small fiefs at strategic points to check the influence of the Tozama (Outside Lords) who were not under the direct control of the Bakufu and were potentially hostile.
		The seclusion policy, which was the be the direct catalyst for the extent and severity of famines (by making imported foodstuffs unavailable during times when the country could not produce enough itself), was established with the three Exclusion Edicts of 1633, 1635, and 1639.
		Finally, the two great Tozama daimyos, Satsuma and Choshu, revolted and although the Bakufu checked a Choshu rising in 1864, it blundered by attempting to destroy the clan, which provoked the Satsume, who assisted Choshu and they defeated the Shogunate's forces.
	www.gotterdammerung.org /books/reviews/h/history-of-japan-1615-1867.html (1233 words)

	[No title]
		Firstly, it weakened the Tokugawa rule because the relative strength between the shogunate and the tozama daimyo shifted in the latter's favour.
		The tozama daiinyo championed the "Sonno" movement in an anti-bakufu struggle.
		At the same time, the Dutch scholars questioned the seclusion policy and advocated the opening of Japan in an effort to carry out "Eastern ethics, Western science." The ability of the Barbarian Suppressing General (Shogun) to protect the country from aggression was directly questioned.
	www.thecorner.org /hist/essays/japan/effects-changes.htm (1234 words)

	Japan Tokugawa Period
		Ninety-seven han formed the third group, the tozama (outside vassals), former opponents or new allies.
		The tozama were located mostly on the peripheries of the archipelago and collectively controlled nearly 10 million koku of productive land.
		Because the tozama were least trusted of the daimyo, they were the most cautiously managed and generously treated, although they were excluded from central government positions.
	www.country-studies.com /japan/tokugawa-period.html (769 words)

	Re: Better understanding of Tozama / "Soto-sama"
		English could use the word tozama in the modern global corporate world, too: the position exists.
		Their position is equivalent to the tozama in the Tokugawa situation.
		The tozama fiefs (han), were generally outlying regions, and survived because the cost to remove them militarily would have been prohibitive.
	www.mail-archive.com /fukuzawa@ucsd.edu/msg14333.html (1202 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Tozama, or "outsiders", became vassals of Ieyasu after the battle of Sekigahara.
		Early in the Edo period, the shogunate viewed the tozama as the least likely to be loyal; over time, strategic marriages and the entrenchment of the system made the tozama less likely to rebel.
		In the end, it was the great tozama of Satsuma, ChÅshÅ« and Tosa and to a lesser extent Hizen that brought down the shogunate.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Tokugawa_shogunate (1827 words)

	The Outcome of the Battle of Sekigahara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Those who allied themselves with the Tokugawa house formed a clear and definable group (fudai daimyo) while those who were against the Tokugawa or who held a neutral position were another (tozama daimyo).
		Many of the tozama daimyo were given increased lands, however, or at least held on to their original possessions.
		This distinction between fudai and tozama daimyo remained in effect until the end of the Edo period.
	hkuhist2.hku.hk /nakasendo/sekioutc.htm (371 words)

	THE J-ROCK SAGA! -- data :: grab bag :: beau "tozama drama" review
		Tozama drama is beaU's first album, and the follow up to their first release, baby(lon), which was an absolutely charming four track maxi-single.
		All the songs on tozama drama ~banzai~ are new aside from bishounen LR GAN GIN GON, which was on their first single, but is re-recorded here and altered significantly.
		In case you haven't had the pleasure of hearing beaU before, I can sum their sound up best by inviting you to imagine that fukusuke of metronome fame and eiji from macaroni got high and went to the space carnival, and beaU is what was playing when they went on the ferris wheel together.
	www.jrocksaga.com /site/content/grab_bag.php?id=53 (722 words)

	Read about Daimyo at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Daimyo and learn about Daimyo here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Tokugawa Ieyasu), fudai daimyo (who prior to that time had already been vassals of the Tokugawa), and shinpan (who were related to the Tokugawa).
		The tozama daimyo held larger fiefs, with the
		Initially, the Tokugawa regarded them as potentially rebellious, but for most of the Edo period, marriages between the Tokugawa and the tozama, as well as control policies such as
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Daimyo (365 words)

	History of Japan
		The strongest Tozama, potential enemies of the shogun were for the most part in the south and west.
		Also the emperor never consented to this treaty and the opposition by opposing the treaty could claim that to be loyal supporters of the divine right of rule by the emperor against an usurping shogun.
		At the imperial court at Kyoto the anti-foreign opposition and anti-bakafu party centered deriving its support from the tozama lords, from disgruntled allies of the Tokugawa clan and from branch families within the Tokugawa house itself, such as the Mito group.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/JAP1600-1860.html (3564 words)

	Tokugawa Ieyasu and his Bakufu
		The final group was the tozama (outside) lords - daimyo who did not submit until after Sekigahara.
		Shockingly, the tozama daimyo were believed to be of unreliable loyalty and thus given fiefs far from Tokugawa lands and usually separated from each other by more reliable fudai daimyo.
		However, some tozama - such as the Shimazu in Satsuma han (present day Kagoshima-ken) - were strong enough that the Tokugawa left them alone as long as they didnt cause any problems.
	www.openhistory.org /jhdp/intro/node23.html (730 words)

	Tokugawa shogunate: tokugawa shogunate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		However, in the end, it was the great tozama of Satsuma, Choshu and Tosa and to a lesser extent Hizen that brought down the shogunate.
		The court officials, perceiving the weakness of the bakufu, rejected Masayoshi's request and thus suddenly embroiled Kyoto and the emperor in Japan's internal politics for the first time in many centuries.
		The fudai won the power struggle, however, installing Tokugawa Yoshitomi (Iemochi), arresting Nariaki and Keiki, executing Yoshida Shoin (1830–1859, a leading sonnō-jōi intellectual who had opposed the American treaty and plotted a revolution against the bakufu), and signing treaties with the United States and five other nations, thus ending more than 200 years of exclusion.
	music.openfun.org /wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate (3229 words)

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