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Topic: Trabecular bone

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	Nonlinear 3D Trabecular Bone Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Trabecular bone, on the other hand, is a porous, sponge-like network of bone material.
		The vertebrae of the spine, in contrast, are loaded primarily in one direction (axial), so that the trabecular bone of the vertebra often develops into a symmetric arrangement of vertically oriented columns with reinforcing horizontal struts.
		Trabecular bone is generally characterized as a cellular solid, or foam, consisting of an interconnected network of rods and plates.
	www.caip.rutgers.edu /~dclin/spine/bone-dave.html (670 words)

	Trabecular bone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trabecular bone (also known as spongy bone) is one of two main types of bone.
		Trabecular bone is spongy, and makes up the bulk of the interior of most bones, including the vertebrae, while cortical bone is dense and forms the surface of bones.
		The trabecular meshwork supports the blood-forming elements in bone; when bone marrow aspirates are performed, particles of the trabecular bone, known as spicules, can be seen in the stained aspirate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trabecular_bone (110 words)

	Blue Histology - Skeletal Tissues - Bone
		Lamellae which run parallel to the surface of the bone are visible both on the outer, convex surface of the bone (circumferential lamellae) and on the inner, concave surface of the bone facing the marrow cavity (endosteal lamellae).
		Bones are formed by two mechanisms: intramembranous ossification (bones of the skull, part of the mandible and clavicle) or endochondral ossification.
		Simultaneously, bone is removed from the endosteal surface and deposited on the periosteal surface of the compact bone which forms the diaphysis.
	www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au /mb140/CorePages/Bone/Bone.htm (2945 words)

	Types of bone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The bones of the axial skeleton, which include the rib cage, the backbone and the skull, have a higher proportion of trabecular bone than the bones in the appendicular skeleton.
		Trabecular bone is made up of a network of tiny strands of bone called trabeculae.
		Peak bone density is achieved between the ages of 25 - 30, and after the age of 40, bone loss occurs at an average rate of 0.5% every year.
	www.medify.com /pat_info/osteoporosis/htm/typesofbone.html (492 words)

	Fluoride's Differential Effect on Bone Density
		While fluoride tends to increase the density of trabecular bone (aka cancellous bone), it tends to decrease the density of cortical bone.
		Fluoride-induced decreases in bone density, however, would be expected to decrease bone strength, which may explain the increased incidence of hip fracture in human clinical trials and in populations drinking fluoridated water over the course of a lifetime.
		"The dramatic increase in the predominantly trabecular bone of the axial skeleton during fluoride therapy is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in the predominantly cortical bone of the appendicular skeleton...
	www.flouridealert.com /health/bone/density/cortical-trabecular.html (1946 words)

	[No title]
		Bone can be divided into two anatomic types: cortical bone, the compact bone of the appendicular skeleton that provides tensile strength; and trabecular bone, the primary component of vertebral bodies of the axial skeleton and flat bones of the skull and pelvis that provide a greater surface area for calcium homeostasis.
		The ratio of cortical to trabecular bone differs in various parts of the skeleton, and both should be evaluated in studies of skeletal mass.
		Recent evidence in adults suggests that bone mass inheritance may be linked to, or associated with, polymorphisms in the gene for the vitamin D receptor although data remain controversial, and evidence is lacking in children.
	www.childsdoc.org /spring97/langshor/bonedisturb.asp (2696 words)

	LJ Gibson Trabecular Bone
		In an attempt to determine the phase (collagen or hydroxy-apatite) responsible for these similar creep behaviors, we investigated the creep behavior of demineralized cortical bone, recognizing that the organic (i.e., demineralized) matrix of both cortical and trabecular bone is composed primarily of type I collagen.
		For a simulation of aged bone, in which the thickness and number of trabeculae were reduced concurrently, the strength was 23% of its intact ("young") value.
		When the bone mass of the aged model was restored to its intact level by increasing the thickness but not the number of trabeculae, the strength increased by 60%, but was still only 37% of its intact value.
	web.mit.edu /dmse/csg/TBone.htm (1308 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| A new anisotropy index on trabecular bone radiographic images using the fast Fourier ...
		Trabecular bone anisotropy corresponds to the preferential orientation(s) of trabeculae.
		Trabecular bone was assimilated to an oriented structure with two main directions, the ROI including longitudinal and transversal trabeculae (Figure 1).
		An index relative to the trabecular fabric or degree of anisotropy was derived from the measured parameters DLI and DTI.
	www.arabmedmag.com /issue-15-09-2005/rheumatology/main01.htm.htm (5322 words)

	Bone Health for Life - Pathogenesis
		Bone structurally needs to be stiff in order to allow for mechanical loading, but also flexible enough to absorb energy during impact loading and muscle contraction.
		In men involutional bone loss is predominantly due to the slow phase of bone loss except in the instance of castrated males, who will undergo an accelerated phase of bone loss similar to that of women.
		As men have larger and longer bones and greater periosteal bone formation and are likely to have trabecular thinning rather than perforation of trabecular struts as in women, their bones are more resistant to the effects of involutional bone loss.
	www.bonehealthforlife.org.au /content/view/36/426 (1213 words)

	Bone Structure Function
		For trabecular bone, mechanical properties at the 0th level, most commonly referred to as "effective" or "continuum" level trabecular bone properties, are determined experimentally most often by testing cubes of trabecular bone between 8mm and 1 cm on a side in compression, underneath a loading platen:
		The main features of trabecular bone structure at the 1st level are the high porosity and the intricate architecture and orientation of the complicated rod and plate structure of trabeculae.
		However, a significant difference between cortical bone 1st level structure and trabecular bone 1st level structure is the substantial variation in 1st level trabecular bone structure compared to cortical bone structure.
	www.engin.umich.edu /class/bme456/bonefunction/bonefunction.htm (4099 words)

	Fractal Analysis of Trabecular Bone
		Trabecular bone has a branching pattern, as seen in this vertebral specimen.
		The idea that the fractal index of trabecular bone might be related to bone strength is an appealing one, since the fractal index is simple to calculate from clinical CT images of a given bone.
		Measurements of normal bone fall somewhere between these two extremes (about 1.7 - 1.8), and it is plausible to hope that the fractal index may prove useful in estimating bone strength.
	www.rad.washington.edu /exhibits/fractal.html (1254 words)

	The cell biology of bone growth
		Bone is an organ composed of cortical and trabecular bone, cartilage, haemopoetic and connective tissues (Ham, 1974).
		This is endochondral ossification, the mechanism responsible for increasing the length of the bone.
		Techniques used to study bone growth and development in children and adolescents are restricted to non-invasive methods; however, the study of endochondral ossification and bone remodelling requires the use of appropriate experimental models (Table 1).
	www.unu.edu /unupress/food2/UID06E/uid06e0u.htm (4190 words)

	Osteoporosis The Women's Group Denver Littlton Doctors Physicians Obgyns Nurse Practitioners Pregnancy Women's Health ...
		The skeleton consists of two bone types Cortical bone is responsible for 80% of total bone, while trabecular bone, the bone of the spinal column, constitutes a honeycomb structure providing greater surface area per unit volume The onset of spinal bone loss begins in the 20s, but the overall change is small until menopause.
		Bone density in the femur peaks in the mid to late 20s and begins to decrease around age 30.
		The change in trabecular bone in postmenopausal women is attributed to estrogen deficiency; 75% or more of the bone loss that occurs in women during the first 15 years after menopause is attributable to estrogen deficiency rather than to aging itself.
	www.thewomensgroup.com /osteoporisis.htm (2308 words)

	Trabecular Bone Structure of the Calcaneus: Preliminary in Vivo MR Imaging Assessment in Men with Osteoporosis -- ...
		Correlation of trabecular bone structure with age, bone mineral density, and osteoporotic status: in vivo studies in the distal radius using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging.
		Trabecular bone architecture in the distal radius using magnetic resonance imaging in subjects with fractures of the proximal femur.
		Trabecular bone microarchitecture, bone mineral density, and vertebral fractures in male osteoporosis.
	radiology.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/227/3/708 (5062 words)

	Articles and abstracts published in FLUORIDE
		Trabecular width is given in millimetres and density in the percentage of the cross-section enclosed by the trabeculae.
		Trabecular height is expressed as a percentage of the minimum and maximum of the optical density on the given radiograph.
		Trabecular area is expressed as a percentage of the area enclosed by the whole microdensitometric curve.
	www.fluoridation.com /isfr.htm (6615 words)

	Trabecular bone
		In a typical long bone, the cortex or exterior of the shaft (diaphysis) and flared ends (metaphysis) is composed of compact bone while the interior, particularly near the articulating ends, is filled with cancellous bone.
		Cancellous bone may also be found to fill the interior of short bones and flat bones as well as in the interior of bony tuberosities under mucle attachments.
		This kind of trabecular bone is highly anisotropic: the Young's modulus in the longitudinal direction can exceed that in the transverse direction by more than a factor of ten (3.3).
	silver.neep.wisc.edu /~lakes/BoneTrab.html (747 words)

	Marked decrease in trabecular bone quality after five years of sodium fluoride therapy
		The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the effect of sodium fluoride (40-60 mg per day), calcium (45 mmol), and vitamin D2 (18,000 IU) on trabecular bone strength, assessed before and after 1 or 5 years of treatment for osteoporosis.
		Measurements were made of biomechanical competence, ash content, and bone fluoride content, and bone strength parameters were normalized for ash content, thereby obtaining a measure of trabecular bone quality.
		Bone fluoride content was significantly increased after both 1 and 5 years of treatment, indicating that the administered fluoride had been ingested.
	www.slweb.org /sogaard.html (440 words)

	Image-guided Failure Analysis of Trabecular Bone
		It is defined as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a concomitant increase in bone fragility and fracture risk.
		It is also capable of studying the influence of local variation of bone tissue and structure on the mechanical behavior of bone.
		Over the imposed strain range of 20%, the top one third of the specimen crumbled significantly with the individual trabecular elements experiencing high levels of deformations such as bending and buckling, whereas the remaining lower part of the specimen was relatively intact.
	obl.bidmc.harvard.edu /igfa.html (1004 words)

	trabecular
		Trabecular bone is the "spongy" bone where bone marrow is located.
		In this region, the skeleton is composed of a lattice of thin bone structures (trabeculae) which surround cavities filled with bone marrow.
		The trabecular skeleton is of importance to health physicists because radiation damage to the bone marrow is often the limiting factor in radiation therapy procedures that involve injection of a radionuclide into the body.
	swampfox.fmarion.edu /jokisch/trabecular.htm (890 words)

	Bone Density
		Focus: There is a relationship among the structure of bones, bone mineral density, and the strength of bones.
		Challenge students to ask "Why?" The primary reasons are that (a) bone mass and density decrease with age, and (b) women, on average, have lower bone mineral densities than men.
		The strength of bone and its ability to resist fracture is directly related, in large part, to its mass and density.
	teachhealthk-12.uthscsa.edu /curriculum/bones/bone04-bonedensity.htm (336 words)

	Blue Histology - more about Bone Dynamics
		During childhood and the early years of adulthood, while the epiphyses are still open, the skeleton grows in length (growth), and the bones expand in diameter and achieve their external shape (modelling).
		Individual peak bone mass is dependent on genetic, racial and hormonal factors and also on external factors: physical activity and nutrition.
		Loss of bone mass with age is unavoidable and is caused by the third process - bone remodelling.
	www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au /mb140/MoreAbout/bonedynamics.html (1239 words)

	AMCA: Digital topological analysis of trabecular bone micro-MR images by Punam K. Saha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Bone architecture is important in conferring strength to the bone and predicting fracture risk in osteoporosis, a disease characterized by bone volume loss and architectural deterioration.
		This theory is used to classify each bone voxel as being part of a plate- or rod-like structure or a junction of such structures.
		The MR images are preprocessed in three stages - 1) a "noiseless" bone volume fraction map is generated using a histogram deconvolution technique, 2) image resolution is enhanced by subvoxel processing, and 3) a surface representation of the trabecular bone network is obtained by binarizing and morphologically thinning the images.
	at.yorku.ca /c/a/i/w/08.htm (348 words)

	Digital Image Analysis of Cadaver Mandibular Trabecular Bone Patterns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the source of radiographic trabecular patterns by removing trabecular bone in four sequential steps from six cadaver mandible sections, radiographing the sections after each removal, and using four digital-image analysis methods to quantify any resulting changes to the radiographs.
		Trabecular bone in the resulting digital images was measured with four methods.
		Morphological image processing was used to skeletonize the trabecular structure, which was quantified by counting the number of trabecular ends and segments in the skeletonized images (method 3) and performing fractal analyses of the skeletonized images (method 4).
	www.electronicipc.com /JournalEZ/detail.cfm?code=02250010740912&cfid=&cftoken= (388 words)

	OHSU Bone and Mineral Unit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Significant bone loss due to aging or osteoporosis is often observed in the vertebrae, and particularly in the lumbar area.
		Supine Lateral Spine bone mineral density (BMD) enables clinicians to obtain a reliable, quantitative BMD measurement of trabecular-rich vertebral bodies in the supine position, while avoiding artifacts (e.g., degenerative joint disease) that often affects the posterior elements or anterior ligaments.
		The Trochanter is a triangular region rich in trabecular bone whose boundaries are the lateral edge of the femur and the inferior edge of the neck box and the solid line where the edge of the femur changes curvature below the trochanter.
	www.ohsu.edu /research/bmu/page.php?sid=3&pid=7 (1376 words)

	FLUORIDE & BONE: An Annotated Bibliography
		To understand how fluoride alters bone mass it is important to understand the differences in how fluoride affects the two types of bone of the human skeleton: trabecular bone and cortical bone.
		An important point to consider in this regard, is the fact that trabecular bone is the predominant form of bone in the axial skeleton (vertebrae, ribs, cranium) while cortical bone is the predominant form of bone in the appendicular skeleton (arms, legs, hips).
		Even though extensive bone deformities may not be found on a large scale from fluoride in water at the 1 ppm concentration, some of the early signs of the disease, such as calcifications of ligaments, joint capsules, and muscle attachments, are likely to occur.
	www.slweb.org /fluoride-bone.html (11160 words)

	MECHANICAL TESTING OF TRABECULAR BONE FROM THE PROXIMAL TIBIA OF RATS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The mechanical properties of rat bone tissue are most commonly determined from tests on whole bones such as the femur and tibia, with the loading mode being either bending or torsion (Bagi et al., 1993; Guy et al., 1993).
		The objective of the present study was to develop and investigate methods for testing isolated trabecular bone from the rat, but we have targeted the proximal tibia as the site since this is a weight-bearing bone and may respond uniquely to treatments or diseases.
		This method of testing is currently being used to compare the response of tibial trabecular bone in ovariectomized rats to that of cortical bone from the tibia and femur, as well as vertebra specimens.
	www.asb-biomech.org /onlineabs/abstracts97/162 (986 words)

	Bone Radiography
		Although further study is necessary, these preliminary results suggest that such a measure for bone structure combined with bone densitometry (bone mass) may lead to a more sensitive and specific predictor of osteoporosis and risk of fracture.
		Alteration in bone structure, as well as decreased bone mass, contributes to the tendency to fracture in osteoporosis.
		The texture analysis of calcaneus bone densitometer images may be useful in assessing bone structure and in predicting the presence of vertebral fractures.
	www-radiology.uchicago.edu /krl/bone.htm (1190 words)

	204. : Stereolithographic models simulating trabecular bone and their characterization by thin-slice- and micro-CT.
		Abstract The analysis of bone structure in vivo is an important goal in osteoporosis, because the determination of bone mineral density alone is insufficient to predict whether an individual patient will eventually suffer an osteoporotic fracture or not.
		These phantoms are useful in characterizing the potential of in vivo imaging procedures for the analysis of bone structure and to verify textural or structural analysis methods applied to these images.
		Our phantoms are based on a real trabecular bone specimen that was converted to a plastic model using the technique of stereolithography.
	home.att.net /~rpml/p01b/p01b_204.htm (334 words)

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