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	Fra Giocondo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He contraversially cut down the city's medieval curtain wall and surrounded the city in a broad ditch that could be swept by flanking fire from gunports set low in projections extending into the ditch.
		This style of defence was an improvised precursor to the trace italienne style of fortifications which grew in popularity during the Hapsburg-Valois Conflict and Italian Wars of the early 16th Century.
		The defence was considered a success and is held up as one of the earliest uses of trace italienne style fortifications.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fra_Giocondo (242 words)

	Essays Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The trace italienne style of fortification was the principal military-engineering innovation of the Italian Renaissance.
		The trace italienne offered significant economic advantages in the era of the "Military Revolution." Unlike a field army, the payments for fortress construction could be spread out.
		The trace italienne was a central feature of the Military Revolution, yet it also had significance for the "Scientific Revolution." By the late 16th century, fortification engineers were routinely applying Euclidean geometry and trigonometry; by the early 17th century, fortification design became a branch of mechanics.
	www.fofweb.com /Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&iPin=ffests0864 (828 words)

	1999 HSS Semisesquicentennial Celebration Abstracts
		Tracing the mythic and scientific history of barnacles, I first sketch the significance of Darwin's research and the ways it both relies on and repudiates traditional conceptions of these creatures.
		It was articulated physically by the geometrically optimized trace italienne fortress and siege operations, as well as the organization of pike, arquebus or musket troops through close-order drill and strictly maintained geometrical formations.
		Tracing Oppenheimer's career from student to director of Los Alamos to scientific advisor, I argue that the presentation of refinement and cultivation was vital to Oppenheimer in overcoming social barriers, particularly, in his early career, anti-Semitism, and in gaining access to elite groups and institutions.
	depts.washington.edu /~hssexec/annual/1999/abstracts99p6.html (6906 words)

	Essays Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Although fortification designers did respond to artillery changes during the 15th century, it was in Italy during the Hapsburg-Valios Wars that effective countermeasures emerged with the trace italienne.
		Beginning with the Spanish and Portuguese in the early 16th century, and continuing with the Dutch, French, and British during the 17th and 18th centuries, the trace italienne allowed Europeans to maintain commercially viable strongholds around the world.
		Another central element in the military revolution was the transition from small decentralized armies focused around feudal cavalry forces to disciplined national armies dominated by infantry and artillery firepower.
	www.fofweb.com /Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&iPin=ffests0524 (1671 words)

	[No title]
		If the question appears under the comprehensive portion, be sure to trace developments back to the beginning of the course: the role of feudal realities, attempts at state-building in both countries and what this involves and the points listed above also.....
		State-building: be able to discuss and trace developments from feudal society to seventeenth-century monarchies.
		Religion: be able to trace attempts to reform the church from 1050 to 1563.
	www.uweb.ucsb.edu /~trsmith/Hist_4B_Final-Study-Guide.doc (1461 words)

	[No title]
		The }{\i trace italienne}{ appeared in the mid-15th century and was fully developed by the mid-16th century, resulting in a \'93scramble\'94 to build new fortifications throughout Europe.
		The initiative in warfare lay with the siege artillery, however, the offensive weapon of the day: if the harquebus of the 16 th century was still an ineffectual popgun, the bombard had potential to do real damage to its natural target, the wall.
		Siege warfare from the 14th century forward appears to be a hodgepodge of interfaces between guns and walls, culminating in the }{\i trace italienne}{, which survived, in geometric form at least, down to the Second World War when star-shaped earthen fortresses surrounded Antwerp.
	www.ilstu.edu /~wmreger/docs/diss1.rtf (8677 words)

	The Fortifications of the 16th Century
		This lead to a new type of fortifications able to withstand enemy fire, the Trace Italienne.
		Therefore a new construction was included in the Trace Italienne, replacing the older castle tower: the bastion.
		The emergence of the Trace Italienne once again made fortifications almost impossible to attack successfully in battle.
	www.geocities.com /npilgaard/mili/fortif_mil.html (353 words)

	Ospreysamurai.com - Japanese castles and the Korean campaigns
		To surround a European city with the elaborate and mathematically intricate trace italienne castles built of stone was a very expensive undertaking, so many used the same design but employed earthworks instead.
		The results were to be seen in the defence systems and attacking practices used in the sieges of Otsu and Fushimi in the Sekigahara campaign of 1600, the siege of Osaka in 1615, and the overall design of many of the castles we see in Japan today.
		Once again it was the combination of wall and gun in the trace japonaise that had held them off.
	www.ospreysamurai.com /castles_korea.htm (795 words)

	Jürgen Luh: Ancien Régime Warfare and the Military Revolution - a Study
		Parker`s simple answer to this question was: the appearance of the trace italienne, an entirely new defensive fortification system consisting of low, strong walls equipped with bastions and surrounded by trenches.
		They did so by keeping armies constantly armed, by transforming the fortification works of the trace italienne into comprehensive and costly defence systems, and by optimising their firepower in a series of new experiments.
		Nevertheless, a war fought in Europe between 1660 and 1789 was not to be won by military means.
	odur.let.rug.nl /inos/content/jluh1.htm (1178 words)

	Guns for the Sultan - Cambridge University Press
		Since only monarchs possessed the necessary financial and organizational means to invest in cannon-proof fortresses (trace italienne) and to establish and maintain artillery corps of sufficient size to besiege these fortifications successfully,
		Figure 1 Planned and built by the Italian master-builder Pietro Ferabosco between 1552 and 1555, Komárom was the only major fortress built or modernized according to the trace italienne that the Ottomans could not conquer in Hungary.
		Parker argues, cannons and the trace italienne eventually led to the strengthening of state power vis-à-vis the feudal lords and facilitated the emergence of centralized states.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521843138&ss=exc (3089 words)

	ospreysamurai.com - Knights and Samurai
		Cannon were also found to be as useful for defending castles as they were for attacking them, hence the evelopment of artillery walls and gun emplacements.
		The result was the emergence of what is known as the trace italienne, a complex, low-walled fortress characterised not by tall towers and curtain walls but by triangular artillery bastions located behind wide ditches.
		Having little to fear from long-range artillery, these fortresses were designed to repel assault and allow counter-attack, but their squat, angular walls and deep ditches bear a strong resemblance to contemporary European designs.
	www.ospreysamurai.com /knights.html (2148 words)

	THE MILITARY REVOLUTION DEBATE
		In the event, the advantage which the French derived from the excellence of their artillery was short‑lived; its main historical importance stems from the revolution in fortification design it unleashed.
		The hallmark of this revolution was the trace italienne fortress with its sunken profile.
		I have already noted the role of the trace italienne fortress in slowing Ottoman expansion; their pivotal repulse from Corfu in 1537 was symptomatic.
	www.angelfire.com /ga4/guilmartin.com/Revolution.html (13802 words)

	Some suggestions;) - The Guild (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The fortress of choice after the advent of mobile artillery, circa the French Invasion of Italy in 1494 was the Trace Italienne which appeared as early as the 1480's.
		It was pretty much the universal style for European forts from the late 15th century onward to the middle 19th so I think it should do for at least the second portion of the game.
		The later stages of the Hundred Years War and the fall of Constantinople pretty much convinced all of Europe that the day of the Castle was over by the close of the 15th century.
	forums.totalwar.org /vb/showthread.php?t=41195 (1767 words)

	Was it the technological or tactical changes which had the greater influence in determining the course of the ...
		However artillery too required complex technical support and transport and professional gunners, thus increasing the necessity for professionalisation and the creation of efficient logistical support and supply lines.
		The development of the trace italienne set out a sophisticated system of ditches, entrapments and low angled bastions which denied the attackers easy targets and access whilst exposing them to withering counter fire.
		From all these there are two clear conclusions, that soldiers had to be increasingly professional leading to an increasing dominance of mercenaries, and that the increase of mercenaries meant that rulers had to find new sources of income for their armies and a new bureaucracy to administer them.
	www.coursework.info /i/41875.html (1002 words)

	GlobalizationBlog: April 03, 2005
		The West was able to conquer the rest of the world because they were militarily superior.
		Geoffrey Parker’s thesis on the reason the Europeans were militarily superior: 1) in the 16th century the Europeans revolutionalized the way they conducted warfare by using gunpowder-based weaponry and trace italienne artillery fortress, organizational and tactical discipline, standing armies and ships.
		The Europeans acquired their capitalistic techniques from the long-distance network all tracing back over five thousand years.
	www.fordham.edu /politicalsci/profs/jkr/archive/2005_04_03_globalizationblog.html (2095 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Fortifications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The development in Europe of efficient siege artillery and the explosive, subterranean mine turned the medieval castle's strengths into weaknesses: unobserved "dead space" at the bases of round towers represented opportunity for gunners and miners, and high walls brought down by cannon fire filled the ditch with rubble for assault parties.
		(Interestingly, the Japanese developed the angle bastion independently.) Progressively reinforced with outlying ravelins, hornworks, and crownworks by Dutch and French engineers, the trace italienne fortress with stone-clad earthen ramparts and sunken profile set the standard for permanent fortress design from about 1500.
		In the eighteenth century it was challenged by "vertical" systems, which employed layers of heavily casemated guns piled several stories high to drive the enemy back with sheer firepower.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_018400_fortificatio.htm (906 words)

	The SocioWeb: Sociology Books » The Military Revolution : Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800
		In the Second Edition, Parker answers his critics in an updated addendum (for those who enjoy conversational footnotes, Parker does seem to have a particular axe to grind with the historian John A. Lynn and vice-versa)..Parker incorporates a thread of cause and effect to illustrate his claims.
		For example: the technological advancements in firepower in the form of larger canons, prompted the wide spread development of the bastion fortifications system known as trace italienne.
		These improved fortifications required larger garrisons as well as larger siege armies of the opposing enemy.
	www.socioweb.com /sociology-books/book/0521479584 (822 words)

	HISTORY 598
		Or in Vietnam how the North Vietnamese used tunnels carved out of the land to defeat the Vietnamese, and the Americans.
		Or maybe how the Italians used the land to help defend their new style castles, "trace Italienne".
		I intend to investigate the conflicting views over the ownership and ideal use of the Southeast region of the United States during the political ascent and Presidency of Andrew Jackson.
	isthmia.osu.edu /teg/hist59801/project.htm (818 words)

	- Chapter 34
		Pitched battles on the open field between huge armies were a thing of the past.
		For well over a century, warfare had been dominated by the trace italienne, the new system of fortifications developed in Italy and perfected by the Dutch in their struggles against Spain.
		War was a thing of long campaigns and sieges, not battles.
	www.baen.com /Library/0671319728/0671319728__34.htm (2813 words)

	Military History Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		He argues that the reversal of despoliation of the world must begin in earnest now so as to prevent the international anarchy that will undoubtedly follow if nations choose not to cooperate and instead chase after and fight over diminishing resources.
		Tracing the rise of war from our early ancestors to the present day, Dyer relates a convincing story of increasing technological efficiency in the art and machinery of death, where the technology of war comes to outstrip the capacity of most human societies to contain and direct it.
		Early on when our species lived in egalitarian societies of roughly thirty individuals to a band, killing one's neighbors was a rare occurrence.
	www.e-book-store.com /History/Military_History/Military_History_149.html (5219 words)

	World History I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The French used these cannons against the English in the 100 years war to destroy walls and fortifications
		They develop the Trace Italienne style of fortifications.
		There is an increase in siege warfare due to the new fortifications.
	www.auburn.edu /~mortopm/2004_Test_Three.htm (2360 words)

	Changes for Version 0.4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Mary Defies Council become normal T7 cards; no conditions on play.
		Trace Italienne also gives you a new regular in a space where the fortress has been built.
		Give 1 or 2 VP instead of a card for
	home.comcast.net /~ebeach/0-4Changes.htm (366 words)

	The Cradle of War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Within the wall stood a circular tower thirty feet high with an interior stone stairway.
		(The high wall and tower are elements of military architecture that would be used in the West until the widespread use of cannons led to the adoption of the low, thick-walled trace italienne during the Renaissance.)
		In addition to these skills, the ability of hunters to kill quickly and without any trace of sentiment contrasted with the agrarians' tendency to value domesticated animals as long-term investments and companions.
	www.thehistorynet.com /mhq/blwarscradle (1843 words)

	Amazon.com: The Reader's Companion to Military History: Books: Robert Cowley,Geoffrey Parker,Society for Military ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		SIPs: spherical projectiles, ballistic weapons, trace italienne, gunpowder weapons, air strategy
		Born the son of a Berber tribal leader, Abd el-Krim (Mohammed Abd el-Karim el-Khattabi, "Wolf of the Rif") became a Muslim judge at Melilla, the chief town in Spanish Morocco, where he also edited a newspaper.
		spherical projectiles, ballistic weapons, trace italienne, gunpowder weapons, air strategy
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/ASIN/0395669693/ref=nosim/isidoreofseville (1387 words)

	Web Gallery
		Plan for the Defenses of the Dutch Town of Breda
		Breda represents a classic case of the new fortifications associated with the angled bastion and the trace italienne.
		These designs gave the defenders interlocking fields of fire.
	www.anselm.edu /academic/history/hdubrulle/WarandRevolution/text/generalinfo/gallery/militaryrevolution.htm (726 words)

	Amazon.com: The Oxford History of Modern War: Books: Charles Townshend (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		SIPs: subconventional war, military technological progress, imperial warfare, trace italienne, civil resistance (more)
		subconventional war, military technological progress, imperial warfare, trace italienne, civil resistance, absolute war, bombing strategy
		The Second World War : An Illustrated History by A. Taylor on page 17, and Index
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0192853732?v=glance (1266 words)

	/RMADocs/syst.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Some have argued that there were significant expenses associated with the fortress revolution and trace italienne fortifications.
		Arnold reviews the literature and historical record and concludes that the new military architecture was widely available to weaker powers.
		ISSUE : A problem that, when approved, requires a proposed resolution
	jciss.llnl.gov /cgi-bin/docomment?NCom/text129/RMA_Doc1/RMADocs/syst.htm (101 words)

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