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	AN AMBIGUOUS LEGACY
		Tractarianism did not at first have much to do with liturgy but with the recovery of the theological roots of the ancient faith, not only the biblical Christianity to which evangelicals were faithful but the Church Fathers as well.
		Ironically, although the Tractarians had rejected the indifferentism of the Broad Churchmen, it was to a great extent the latter spirit which allowed their own triumph.
		Here again some of the Tractarians were far ahead of their time, practicing a kind of deconstruction in which no text could be assumed to have a fixed and clear meaning.
	www.catholic.net /RCC/Periodicals/Dossier/jan98/legacy.html (1204 words)

	Project Canterbury: Tractarianism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Tractarians themselves, however, were generally reticent about the ritualist developments which followed in the wake of the Tracts.
		Tractarianism found a welcoming audience in the United States and British North America, and it encouraged missionary endeavours to Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Asia.
		The Spirit of the Oxford Movement: Tractarian Essays, by Owen Chadwick.
	anglicanhistory.org /tractarianism.html (467 words)

	Countrybookshop.co.uk - Tractarians and the condition of England
		Tractarians and the 'Condition of England' challenges the construction of tractarianism as an episode in church history, and the convention that tractarians had little interest in social questions.
		Tractarians and the 'Condition of England' challenges the conventional view of tractarianism as an episode in church history, and the assumption that tractarians had little interest in the 'social condition of England'.
		It argues that, by a natural application of their theory of the church's primacy over the state, first-generation tractarians in fact directed a vigorous commentary against the iniquities of commercialism, of political economy and the new poor law, and of the condition of the labouring poor.
	www.countrybookshop.co.uk /books/index.phtml?whatfor=0199273235 (295 words)

	Oxford movement. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Tractarians preached Anglicanism as a via media between Roman Catholicism and evangelicalism.
		Newman became the acknowledged leader in answering critics and advocating the restoration of practices abandoned in the Church of England since the Reformation.
		When the Tractarians attacked Renn Dickson Hampden, a follower of Richard Whately, the liberals, led by Dr. Thomas Arnold, opposed them openly.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ox/Oxfordmo.html (758 words)

	Newman's Secession, Tractarian Faith and Piety (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Tractarians (like John Wesley) sought to restore the frequency of Holy Communion, to insist upon the importance of fasting and daily prayer, and to revive the practice of private penance.
		Part of the opposition to the Tractarians sprang from a deep-seated prejudice against Roman Catholicism and a suspicion that the Tractarians were papists in disguise.
		Tractarian piety often seems oriented towards a rejection of own desires and joys, treating what we love as though it were opposed to what God loves.
	www.st-petersweb.org /lesson23.html (2164 words)

	The Tractarian Movement
		Thus the Evangelicals were natural allies of the Tractarian movement, although by the time the Tracts began appearing in 1833, the Clapham generation was either dead or soon to be dead, and their successors were not as promising as colleagues.
		Liddon portrayed the Tractarians as being concerned about the penetration into the Church of liberalism; they believed that the only defense against it was through the appropriation of aspects of the Church's traditions that the Evangelicals were content to ignore.
		Such an undulating and fuzzy border between the two movements was natural, when it is considered that the main preoccupations of the Tractarians were not in the externals, as their accusers often charged, but in the inner religion of the heart--which is what the Evangelicals always emphasized.
	www.victorianweb.org /religion/herb7.html (1332 words)

	The Oxford Tractarians, Renewers of the Church
		Eventually the leaders of the Tractarian Movement (as it came to be called) saw their mistake and began advising priests as follows.
		The Tractarians defended what is sometimes called High Anglicanism, or High Churchmanship, which involves emphasis on the continuity of the Anglican Church from earliest times (in the third century or earlier) through the sixteenth century, and down to the present.
		It was taken as proof that the Tractarians were undercover agents for the Pope, dishonest men who cleverly twisted the words of creeds around to mean something quite different from their plain meaning.
	justus.anglican.org /resources/bio/249.html (3239 words)

	The Oxford Movement, Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Judy may well be correct in supposing that it was not to be expected that they would cease to lean upon an arm of flesh, and that the kind of disruption that would have been caused by disestablishment was beyond their comprehension in the early 19th century.
		The Tractarians were Roman Catholic at heart and could not think of the Church of England as Protestant, in which any and everyone could interpret the Scriptures and doctrines.
		The irony is that--sometimes implicitly, sometimes explicitly--the Tractarians exclude the Church of England from its pretext of unparochial Catholicism.
	www.st-petersweb.org /lesson22.html (4979 words)

	AKC 2001-2002 Spring: Lecture 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tractarians tended to see the Fathers as representing an absolute standard against which doctrine and practice should be judged.
		The Tractarians: the Church was a divine society whose authority rested on its Apostolical descent - an unbroken succession from the Apostles and bishops of the first century.
		Some Tractarians advocated a separation of Church and State and were concerned that the Church of England as established by the Reformation was inherently Erastian in character.
	www.kcl.ac.uk /ip/timditchfield/akc/2001-2002/20020121.htm (729 words)

	§20. F. E. Paget. XII. The Oxford Movement. Vol. 12. The Romantic Revival. The Cambridge History of English and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In humbler literature, “tractarianism” may be thought to have created an epoch by inaugurating the dreary succession of religious novels.
		And that was the motto of the tractarians.
		That was a far-reaching principle, fruitful long after the tractarians had ceased to work.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/222/1220.html (466 words)

	Theological Space, 1835-1880
		The Oxford Movement insisted that theology was the sole source for an answer that preserved the integrity of the Church.
		Their emphases and their theological perspective on the Church helped stimulate interest in worship and in church architecture - although the Tractarians themselves were wary of ritual changes that might be unnecessarily provocative.
		If the Tractarians had asked "what is the Church?" Neale and his colleagues asked "what enables the worship of the Church?" How are men and women to be led to the divine service of praise and prayer?
	www.etss.edu /hts/hts3/info14.htm (2080 words)

	Christ in his church: Newman and the Tractarians - Christian History & Biography - ChristianityTodayLibrary.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Church of England was ripe for a new movement, and in 1833 she got it; the leaders were to be called - as well as other things less complimentary - Tractarians'.
		The Tractarians were accused of popery and dubbed 'Puseyites' (after Edward Pusey, the noted Oxford academic who joined the group in 1834).
		Tractarian hymns (especially those by F. Faber, J. Neale and Newman himself) matched those of the Wesleys.
	www.ctlibrary.com /4547 (940 words)

	The Anglo-Catholic Vision
		In saying this, Keble and the Tractarians rejected a notion common among those conservatives who pride themselves on their Catholic credentials: the belief that the Church is a guardian of national morality, civic virtue, and patriotic sentiment, as if sanctity were synonymous with respectability.
		The Tractarians were reviled, the ritualists were assaulted and imprisoned, and priests who championed the poor were denounced by the powerful and even rebuked by their bishops.
		The Tractarians, acutely aware of the growing power of unbelief and terrified of its consequences, took refuge behind the wall of Church authority.
	www.allsaintssanfran.org /anglo_catholic_vision.htm (11897 words)

	Underhill: Evelyn Underhill: Middle-Way Within the Via Media?
		Underhill describes the Tractarians as restoring a sense of the Catholic tradition to the church, of reviving liturgical and sacramental worship, advocating a disciplined life, and emphasizing Christian sanctity.
		While an advocate of the recovery of an epiclesis in the liturgy, she maintains that it is neither the epiclesis nor the words of Institution which consecrate, and quotes St. John Chrysostom in arguing that it is the entire act of offering which makes both the gift and the givers sacred.
		Underhill in her day, like the Tractarians before her, attained that rare perspective of religious insight that came from constructing her theology within the Anglican communion in a most tempestuous period.
	www.evelynunderhill.org /her_work/articles/johnson2.shtml (678 words)

	Quodlibet Online Journal: The Oxford Movement and the 19th-Century Episcopal Church: by Larry Crockett (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Not all of this larger movement was Tractarian but it has been easy to slip into the habit of assuming that Tractarianism was responsible for the renovations, writings and controversies generated by this larger cultural, literary, and architectural movement which swept through the nineteenth century, both in the United States and in Europe.
		Tractarianism was able to move the heart, speak to the soul, and convey a sense of the powerful presence of God that he thought would speak to the religious needs of North Carolinians.
		Tractarianism in America can be seen as an English theological import, convincing the minds and then the practices of American clergy and congregations, or, alternately, it can be interpreted in terms of a much more complicated American cultural and historical situation to which we apply the label, thus seemingly accounting for a stretch of history.
	www.quodlibet.net /crockett-oxford.shtml (13330 words)

	On What Grounds
		After 1845 Tractarianism continued to flourish in the University, as it did within the wider church, but it was more on the basis of a toleration by the state and the University authorities of all theological opinions and not because they had captured the commanding heights of the Anglican or University establishment.
		In their campaign the Tractarians felt themselves to be apostles, not in any episcopal sense, but by their preaching and writing proclaiming the catholic faith and recalling the Church of England to a fully catholic understanding of herself.
		He both recognises that the Tractarian argument was not the only one deployed in the Victorian Church and that the second generation of Tractarians modified the ecclesiology of their forebears.
	trushare.com /47APR99/ap99dava.htm (7291 words)

	Page 483 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pusey, deeply incensed, threatened the separation of Church and State, and he and his followers, including Manning, Keble, and the bishops of Oxford, London, and Salisbury, showed their disapproval by the sensational dedication of the Church of St. $arnabas with the display of a considerable Roman pomp.
		Throughout the country associations were formed for the defense of the church, supported by Non-tractarians and Tractarians alike.
		The verdict of the archbishop's commission, however, denied the Tractarian claim to read between the lines of the Thirty-nine Articles and appeal to the Fathers of the English Church.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/encyc/encyc11/htm/old/0505=483.htm (789 words)

	Watches-The Oxford Movement- A Thematic History of the Tractarians and Their Times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The four scholar-priests, who came to be known as the Tractarians (in reference to their publication of Tracts for the Times), courted controversy as they attacked the State for its insidious incursions onto sacred Church ground and summoned the clergy to be a thorn in the side of the government.
		The advantage of this thematic approach is that it illuminates the frequently overlooked wider political, social, and cultural impact of the movement.
		The questions raised by the Tractarians remain as relevant today as they were then.
	www.minihttpserver.net /z_watches/A_the_oxford_movement_-0271022493.htm (486 words)

	The Oxford Movement
		At a time of liberalism, lethargy and laxity in the Church, Tractarians emphasised a return to the traditions and teachings of the Fathers, and therefore to a much holier approach to worship, piety and living.
		Here Tractarians helped to restore a healthy approach to auricular confession and the advantages of having a Father Confessor for spiritual growth.
		As Tractarians believed in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist they revived, the concept of worshipping God in the beauty of holiness as had been practised by the Caroline Divines in the 17thC.
	mariannedorman.homestead.com /OxfordMovement.html (787 words)

	Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology: Oxford Movement
		Together, the Tractarians successfully reintroduced into the C of E a positive appreciation for the catholic heritage which it had, thereby influencing future generations of Anglican theologians and parish priests, reshaping worship, and providing Anglicanism with a self-identity as a part of the Catholic Church alongside the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.
		But even if the Tractarians did not think the Church was protected from error, they were convinced that there was a consensus of teaching in the Patristic period (where most of the leading theologians were also bishops) which could be relied upon.
		The Tractarians also continually asserted the importance of the idea of the C of E as a middle way between the extremes of Calvinism and Roman Catholicism.
	people.bu.edu /wwildman/WeirdWildWeb/courses/mwt/dictionary/mwt_themes_478_oxfordmovement.htm (4152 words)

	High Church: Tractarianism
		In contrast, Keble, Pusey, and the other Tractarians held that since the Christian religion was superior to government, secular powers had no right to interfere in spiritual matters whatever the cause.
		There were exactly 90 Tracts, the majority written by Newman, arguing in general that the truth of the doctrines of the Church of England rested on the modern church's position as the direct descendant of the church established by the Apostles.
		The Ecclesiological movement, which wanted more ritual and religious decoration in churches and which closely associated with the Gothic Revival, was a natural partner to Tractarianism, for both movements looked back to the Middle Ages as a time when the Church met the needs of its parishioners both religiously and aesthetically.
	www.victorianweb.org /religion/tractarian.html (596 words)

	All Saints Margaret Street - William Butterfield
		The Tractarians sought a proper architectural setting for their historically correct traditions and turned to the Gothic style as the only true Christian architectural language.
		From 1841, the Camden Society (of Tractarians) published a journal called the Ecclesiologist, a practical architectural publication which outlined the proper way to build a church, criticized improperly designed buildings and invited architects to submit their designs for review.
		It was also to express the attitude taken on by the Tractarians in the 1840’s to try to convert city dwellers to Anglicanism, believing this to be a social service.
	www.arch.mcgill.ca /prof/mellin/arch671/winter2000/mchan/precedents/margaret.html (359 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The 19th century Tractarians sought to renew a truly inward religion combined with discipline and order which they saw had become neglected in the Church of England.
		In response to suspicions that the practice might be "un-English" or "popish", the Tractarians replied that the ministers of the Church were instruments of Christ as well as that authority to absolve was given in the ordination of a priest according to John 20.
		Presenter: Richard Bautch, S.J. At the time of the Council of Trent the sacrament of penance was not being received frequently with the exception of monasteries and religious communities, and there were a number of abuses connected to the ministry of confession at the pastoral level.
	www.nd.edu /~mdrisco1/theo681.VII.html (492 words)

	[No title]
		Tractarianism is revealed as a theological fraud, widely denounced as such at the time, but nevertheless attracting a following among those (including some disillusioned Evangelicals) who wanted a consistent framework for their beliefs which could claim divine authority, and not merely parliamentary sanction.
		The Tractarians did not create a Catholic church in England, but they managed to marginalise Protestantism inside the national church—a negative achievement with which we now have to live, whether we like it or not.
		Whatever the reasons may be, there is a deficit of true spirituality in our midst, and this allows counterfeit versions, put forward by the Tractarians in their day and by a wide assortment of charismatics, catholics and liberals in ours, to claim the field instead.
	www.churchsociety.org /churchman/documents/Cman_117_2_Editorial.doc (1668 words)

	ANGLO-CATHOLICISM IN SCARBOROUGH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Some Tractarians ran away with Newman's arguments and asserted the continuing Catholic nature of the Church of England (as if the Reformation had not happened) and openly admired the Roman Catholic church, advocating high ceremonial and confession.
		There were Tractarian sympathisers amongst the Northern clergy, but in the 1850s hardly any out-and-out Tractarian churches, with the big exception of Leeds parish church, then presided over by Pusey's great friend, Dr Walter Hook (vicar of Leeds 1837-59).
		Although a dedicated Tractarian, he was not an out-and-out Anglo-Catholic, and the ritualist experimentation at St Martin's ground to a halt in his time.
	www.st-martin-hill.freeserve.co.uk /dc2.htm (3030 words)

	Not by Books Alone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Though its opening chapter may assume a bit too much knowledge of English church and secular history on the part of a general reader, and though the end may be a bit short on the implications and impact of the movement, Chandler’s Introduction does provide a thorough timeline of the events comprised by it.
		The Movement was a response to perceived threats to the Church of England, threats mostly in the form of increased Parliamentary control over Church governance and the widespread belief that the devotion of the laity and clergy was somewhat lacking.
		By the end of the century, Tractarian priests could be found throughout England, though they were in greatest concentration in the southeast and southwest.
	eny.dioceseny.org /0704/nbba.html (2739 words)

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