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Topic: Trade barrier

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	Trade barrier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of cost on trade that raises the price of the traded products.
		Economists generally agree that trade barriers are detrimental and decrease overall economic efficiency, this can be explained by the theory of comparative advantage.
		In theory, free trade involves the removal of all such barriers, except perhaps those considered necessary for health or national security.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trade_barrier (203 words)

	International Economics Glossary: T
		Trade that occurs between members of a preferential trading arrangement that replaces what would have been production in the importing country were it not for the PTA.
		Trade that occurs between members of a preferential trading arrangement that replaces what would have been imports from a country outside in the PTA.
		In a diagram measuring quantites of exports and imports, a curve representing amounts of trade among which a freely trading country is indifferent, based on its community indifference curves and its transformation curve.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~alandear/glossary/t.html (3707 words)

	Is Food Safety an Intractable Trade Barrier?
		A discussion of food safety and global trade must begin with the premise that freer trade is good for America, and that is a premise that USDA strongly supports.
		Despite our commitment to international food safety standards and bilateral consultations as a means of improving trade relations, there are instances where food safety is being used by countries as a barrier to trade.
		We will be aggressive in challenging unfair trade barriers relating to meat, poultry, and other foods by going to the WTO to fight on the merits of sound science.
	www.fsis.usda.gov /oa/speeches/1997/farmjour.htm (2400 words)

	Clearing Up Telecom Trade Barrier Dust
		This enables nontariff barriers to be limited to a minimum set of essential safety, health and environmental requirements rather than prescriptive regulatory requirements promulgated with a public good (service) or asset (operator network) in mind.
		As regulatory barriers are driven downward, what remains is an environment where the underlying relationship between carriers and equipment manufacturers will become the primary driver of market access requirements.
		Regional trade agreements are a profound improvement over the past, and they have at least started the world in the right direction.
	www.ce-mag.com /archive/1999/julyaug/panger.html (3551 words)

	TST: The World Trade Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		If free trade is truly beneficial, as so many claim, unilateral free trade is an end in itself and requires neither treaties nor international management by politicians and bureaucrats.
		The CRS report on the World Trade Organization (August 25, 1999) is explicit in its explanation: "As a member of the WTO, the United States does commit to act in accordance with the rules of the multi-lateral body.
		If you are not a resident of the 14th district of Texas and would like to know where your representative stands on this issue, I encourage you to call his or her office and ask them.
	www.house.gov /paul/tst/tst2000/tst032000.htm (649 words)

	EconPapers: Anarchy and Autarky: Endogenous Predation as a Barrier to Trade
		EconPapers: Anarchy and Autarky: Endogenous Predation as a Barrier to Trade
		Anarchy and Autarky: Endogenous Predation as a Barrier to Trade
		Trading equilibria, two-thirds of them secure, are supported only in a narrow range of security parameter values.
	econpapers.repec.org /paper/bocbocoec/383.htm (304 words)

	Eldis - Trade policy
		This brief looks at the ways in which trade liberalisation can impact on children, and uses two case studies, Peru and Ethiopia, to verify how these impacts play out in practice.
		It analyses the influences of trade liberalisation on gender balance and resulting implications f....
		This report reviews what is known about ecolabelling as an environmental policy tool and as a potential trade barrier.
	www.eldis.org /trade (611 words)

	China sees more trade barrier cases than other countries: report(03/31/05)
		The report introduces the trade and investment regulatory policies of each country, barriers to trade and investment, the barriers Chinese companies come across in foreign markets, China'sconcern over these barriers and its efforts to eliminate them.
		Trade barriers were classified into 14 categories, such as tariffs and tariff administrative measures, import restrictions, customs barriers and trade remedy measures.
		Wang Shichun, director of MOC Bureau of Fair Trade for Import and Export, said the report aims to help companies and organizations learn the investment systems and practices of China's trading partners and understand their barriers to investment, inorder to participate in international competition on equal grounds.
	www.china-embassy.org /eng/zt/1/t189679.htm (329 words)

	ANNUAL EUROPEAN UNION REPORT ON UNITED STATES TRADE BARRIERS SHOWS POTENTIAL FOR RESOLVING OUTSTANDING TRADE DISPUTES
		The European Commission’s twentieth annual report on barriers to trade and investment in the US, released today, underlines the importance of the 2004 EU-US summit decision to define a new strategy to strengthen the transatlantic economic relationship to add new impetus to efforts to resolve these trade problems.
		At their 2004 summit, the EU and the US jointly committed themselves to pursuing the elimination of trade and investment barriers on both sides of the Atlantic.
		Given the unrivalled EU-US trade and investment relationship, further US efforts to tackle these problems would be a positive development for both economies.
	www.eurunion.org /News/press/2004/200400174.htm (956 words)

	Welcome
		The World Trade Organisation and the developed nations yesterday came under severe criticism from the least developed countries (LDCs) at the opening session of the three-day second conference of trade ministers of the world's poorest nations.
		He stressed the LDCs should be given the opportunity to increase their share of world trade to three per cent by 2007 and seven per cent by 2010 through duty and quota free market access, realistic and flexible rules of origin, substantially expanded special and differential treatment and separate GSP scheme.
		Addressing the session Dr Juma A Nagasongwa, Minister for Industry and Trade of Tanzania said that the objectives of the Zanzibar meeting were realised, and LDCs had reasonable success in influencing the outcome of the 4th WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha in November 2001.
	www.sdnbd.org /sdi/issues/economy/ldc_dhaka/news1.htm (2872 words)

	3-99 World of Standards & Regulations: Using ISO 14000 as a trade barrier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Concerns about countries using ISO 14000 as a trade barrier are on the rise worldwide.
		Critics raised concerns over ISO 14000 and potential trade barriers even before the standard was published in Sept. 1996.
		Despite the concerns about the possibility of ISO 14000 being used as a barrier to trade, I know of no formal complaints that have been lodged with WTO or with other regulatory agencies worldwide.
	www.newsteel.com /features/ns9903zu.htm (828 words)

	Is a safe environment an unnecessary trade barrier? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The answer to both questions would be "yes", if one were to accept the stance of trade and industry officials, who question proposed legislation seeking to protect the country's rivers and other waterways by regulating the use of harmful chemicals used by the soap and detergent industry.
		Trade and industry officials had proposed a bill revising Executive Order 259, which requires that 60 percent of detergent surfactants should be local oleochemicals, largely composed of fatty alcohol sulfate (CFAS).
		Angelo S. Benedictos, head of the WTO Division of the Bureau of International Trade Relations, said that the explanatory notes of the proposed amendment to EO 259 pose "possible inconsistencies" with Articles III, XI, and XX of GATT 1994, as well as with the country's obligations under the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.
	www.cyberdyaryo.com /features/f2000_0627_01.htm (929 words)

	U.S. Soybean Exports Affected By China Trade Barrier
		That means positive and open trade relations with other countries is key to the continued successful marketing of U.S. soybeans.
		While all countries are entitled to determine their own trade policies, ASA emphasizes that trade regulations need to be based on sound scientific principles, with fair and transparent guidelines.
		"Trade sources indicate that some cargoes are able to enter on a piecemeal basis, but few traders are willing to accept the risk that their shipments will be rejected due to the lack of a safety certificate," Bean said.
	www.soygrowers.com /step/step/step2001/trade-article3.htm (909 words)

	RCW 43.23.280: Trade barrier matching fund program.
		Further, the world trade organization highlighted the need for "a fair and level playing field." The legislature finds that both large and small commodity groups need adequate resources to address trade barrier issues.
		(2) There is created within the department of agriculture a trade barrier matching fund program to assist agriculture [agricultural] industries in fighting trade barriers.
		The purpose of the program is to allow the department of agriculture and the agricultural industry to combine funds in order to address trade barriers issues impacting the agricultural industry.
	apps.leg.wa.gov /rcw/default.aspx?cite=43.23.280 (127 words)

	Review on Technology Barriers Related with Intellectual Property
		In this tariff verses non-tariff era, the standards set for technology barriers are said to protect the welfare of the consumer and thus favored by all countries.
		Overall, the technology barrier protection tactics for the developed countries are summarized to be in three aspects.
		We often run into trade barriers based on technology when they are in conflict with the foreign manufacturing communities.
	www.simmtester.com /page/news/showpubnews.asp?num=103 (2680 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Business \| US launches GM trade war
		US Trade Representative Robert Zoellick said that the US had run out of patience after years of EU procrastination on the issue.
		"The EU's persistent resistance to abiding by its WTO obligations has perpetuated a trade barrier unwarranted by the EC's own scientific analysis, which impedes the global use of a technology that could be of great benefit to farmers and consumers around the world," he said.
		EU trade commissioner Pascal Lamy questioned the motives behind the US case, and denied there was a "moratorium" on GM foods.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/business/3025217.stm (669 words)

	$175 Billion Dollar Barrier to Trade
		If the President signs this bill, a complaint to the World Trade Organization is likely as well as an arms race of subsidies and tariffs between the EU and the United States.
		President Bush should move forward with his free trade agenda by vetoing this bill.
		is a Trade Policy Analyst in the Center for International Trade and Economics.
	www.heritage.org /Research/TradeandForeignAid/WM87.cfm (437 words)

	Mr. Bush, Tear Down This Trade Barrier - How we could really help Ukraine. By Peter Savodnik
		There are political interests: U.S. lawmakers like holding on to the trade provision because it gives them leverage when haggling with Ukraine or other former Soviet governments.
		Naturally, members of Congress, who live in perpetual fear of the next election despite the near certainty that they'll be re-elected, must defend their turf—against NAFTA or military-base closings or shady trading practices in the former Soviet Union.
		The national interest—fostering a democratic trading partner in Ukraine—must override the more parochial concerns of a particular congressional district or state.
	www.slate.com /id/2115995 (1257 words)

	CalTrade Report - TELECOM TRADE BARRIER REPORT RELEASED
		Three key barriers cited by the report include: the "proposed exclusionary" standards for equipment and services in China and Korea; the "high interconnection rates" for mobile and wireline networks in Europe and Asia; and the restrictions on accessing wholesale transmission capacity in Germany, India, Switzerland, and Singapore.
		New free trade agreements (FTAs) now in force with Chile and Singapore, and recently completed ones with six countries in Central America, Australia, and Morocco, "offer disciplines to address these issues in a growing list of markets," it said.
		But other telecom issues remain unresolved recently with the USTR stepping up direct engagement with governments to address potential barriers - in particular, measures are scheduled to come into force in June in both China and Korea that would have the effect of excluding US technology from those markets.
	www.caltradereport.com /eWebPages/page-two-1082065798.html (634 words)

	EU food safety structure a barrier to trade?
		As a result, Brussels has signed off a four-year project aimed at helping Asia, one of the Europe's largest trade partners, to mirror the EU's standards of food quality and meet the demands of the European market.
		The SELAMAT project (which means safety in Malay) is funded under the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), and aims to create a network for international co-operation on food safety issues between Europe and Asia, writes CORDIS.
		“The network has identified three research topics linked to ensuring liberal trade: the impact of food on health, the traceability of food along the whole food chain, and methods of detecting contaminants,” say the Project partners.
	www.foodnavigator.com /news/printNewsBis.asp?id=58754 (394 words)

	Pahrump Valley Times - Nye County's Largest Newspaper Circulation
		WASHINGTON - The Senate voted last week for the Central America Free Trade Agreement, a deal to eliminate trade barriers between nations in that region and the United States.
		The House rejected, 250-169, an amendment aimed at lifting the U.S. trade embargo on Cuba.
		Introduced by Rep. Charles Rangel, D-N.Y., the amendment would block funds to enforce sanctions that prohibit trade and travel with the island nation.
	www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com /2005/07/06/news/digest.html (597 words)

	Trade Barriers
		Influence peddling - A corporate entity or country is interfering with fair trade practices at your expense.
		If you feel your company’s exports or foreign bids have been, or may be adversely affected by a trade barrier or unfair business practice, you may file a complaint electronically with the Trade Compliance Center within the International Trade Administration.
		Access user guides and the text of trade agreements by title, service/goods industry, issue or country.
	www.export.gov /tradebarriers.html (226 words)

	NCPA - Trade Issues - A New Look At Trade Barrier Costs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Surprisingly few studies exist which estimate the total costs of trade barriers.
		He has used what he thinks is a superior model and come up with his own figures -- which are considerable.
		In the same year, the U.S. exported nearly $500 billion in merchandise -- but would have exported $130 billion more if the rest of the world had free trade.
	www.ncpa.org /pd/trade/pd052699e.html (251 words)

	IndustryWeek : China Counterfeiting Tops Trade Barrier List
		USTR released the 2005 inventory of foreign trade barriers on March 30.
		Separately, acting U.S. Trade Representative Peter F. Allgeier, is "deeply concerned" about the "tepid commitment" several foreign countries have made to opening up their telecommunications markets to U.S. companies.
		China, India and Japan are among the nations he is specifically criticizing in the wake of his office's latest annual analysis of telecommunications trade agreements, known formally as a Section 1377 Review.
	www.industryweek.com /ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=10131&SectionID=27 (338 words)

	U.S. Farmers Break Trade Barrier of China’s Great Wall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		With the new climate of open markets into China, U.S. agricultural trade is expected to increase by as much as $2 billion annually by 2005.
		For American farmers and ranchers, trade is an essential part of their livelihoods.
		Already, China has agreed that as a condition of its membership in the World Trade Organization, it would remove a variety of trade barriers against the United States in agriculture, industrial goods, and services, and to reduce its restrictions on foreign investment.
	agriculture.house.gov /press/106/pr000919.html (305 words)

	HKUST Institutional Repository: Item 1783.1/1822
		This paper develops a model of informal procurement within Japanese keiretsu so as to consider effects on intermediate-good imports, such as auto parts.
		Although this investment raises efficiency, it limits the range of imports to less important parts such as tail pipes and it is possible that no parts are imported, despite lower foreign production costs.
		Lack of information concerning investment rents combined with counterintuitive effects on imports and Japanese production costs could create unwarranted perceptions of a trade barrier.
	hdl.handle.net /1783.1/1822 (131 words)

	SitNews - Trade Barrier Resolved for Alaska Log Exports
		It was a privilege to work alongside them on this issue and now to see success." The Division of Agriculture and the state's trade office worked closely with the timber industry to resolve the log fumigation issue.
		Officials designated the Port of Xiuyu as China's first and only zone for the fumigation of round logs.
		Eliminating trade barriers, such as the log fumigation requirements, is good for Alaska, noted the governor.
	www.sitnews.us /0205news/022805/022805_log_exports.html (350 words)

	Keiretsu and Relationship-Specific Investment: A Barrier to Trade?
		If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first.
		"Reverse Importing and Asymmetric Trade and FDI: A Networks Explanation," Working Papers 200215, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Economics.
		"Reverse importing and asymmetric trade and FDI: a networks explanation," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol.
	ideas.repec.org /p/nbr/nberwo/7572.html (484 words)

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