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Topic: Trade liberalisation

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Trade liberalization

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		Trade allows countries, and the firms and individuals within them, to specialise in economic activities which best allow them to exploit their relative strengths, abilities, resources and expertise, and to buy from and sell to other countries doing likewise.
		Although there is no simple formula for economic success, and trade liberalisation alone is no panacea, over the past thirty years those countries with the highest levels of integration in the world economy have achieved the fastest growth in living standards.
		The virtue of trade liberalisation is as part of a package of measures to strengthen markets - promoting greater use of the market, more stable and less arbitrary policy intervention, stronger competition and macro-economic stability.
	www.dti.gov.uk /europeandtrade/trade-policy/page10188.html (934 words)

	Free trade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In international trade, free trade is an idealized market model, often stated as a political objective, in which trade of goods and services between countries flows unhindered by government-imposed tariff and non-tariff barriers.
		Economically, global free trade is an unambiguous good, but the selective application of free trade agreements to some countries and tariffs on others can lead to economic inefficiency through the process of trade diversion.
		Such restrictions on trade are often due to domestic political pressure by powerful corporate, environmental or labor interest groups seeking special protections of their perceived interests.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trade_liberalisation (2306 words)

	SSRN-Relationship Between Trade Liberalisation, Growth and Balance of Payments in Developing Countries: An Econometric ...
		It is expected that trade liberalisation would promote economic growth from the supply side by leading to a more efficient use of resources, by encouraging competition, and by increasing the flow of ideas and knowledge across national boundaries.
		Trade liberalisation could lead to faster import growth than export growth and hence the supply side benefits may be offset by the unsustainable balance of payments position.
		The major finding of the study is that trade liberalisation promotes growth in most cases, (Part 1 of this study) the growth itself has a negative impact on trade balance and this in turn could have negative impacts on growth through deterioration in trade balance and adverse terms of trade.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=575963 (360 words)

	ZNet Commentary: Trade Liberalisation Is Not Development
		Aid for Trade should aim to help developing countries, particularly LDCs, to build the supply-side capacity and trade-related infrastructure that they need to assist them to implement and benefit from WTO Agreements and more broadly to expand their trade.
		Trade liberalization of agriculture has been imposed by changing national laws related to land and seeds facilitating corporate control over seed supply and agriculture.
		The convergence of trade liberalization as imposed by the WTO and the World Bank in the "Aid for Trade" package needs to be responded with a clear peoples agenda that exposes that trade liberalization is not development, it is in fact anti-development and maldevelopment.
	www.zmag.org /sustainers/content/2005-12/10shiva.cfm (922 words)

	Australian Trade Liberalisation
		Trade liberalisation tends to be a scapegoat for any adverse effects of a range of changes in the way we work and live.
		Since liberalisation is beneficial, globalisation is inevitable and the international momentum of liberalisation continues, the real issue is the appropriate pace and management of liberalisation, including the effect on short-term employment and ways to help those affected by the changes.
		Trade liberalisation is not the answer for Australia's future but it is a big part of an answer that must involve a range of coordinated policies.
	www.dfat.gov.au /trade/trade_lib_opps.html (1945 words)

	Africa: The Costs of Free Trade
		Trade liberalisation has cost the 22 African countries in the modelling exercise more than US$170 billion in that time.2 According to our model, this is the amount that the GDP of these countries would have increased had they not liberalised their trade in the 1980s and 1990s.
		Trade liberalisation means a 'double whammy' for poor people, stifling the development of industry which would replace lost jobs in agriculture.
		Trade liberalisation is not a good policy that has unfortunate consequences for a small minority of people.
	www.africafocus.org /docs05/trad0507.php (3159 words)

	The impact of trade liberalisation on food security and poverty
		By contrast, the AoA centres on trade liberalisation measures - it calls, for example, on member countries of the WTO to reduce tariffs on food imports by 24 per cent over a ten year period, (the 48 least developed countries are excluded from this and from other reduction commitments).
		More priority for export crops Trade liberalisation means more food imports; often it reduces the priority that governments give to their food crop sector, while increasing the priority they accord to crops for export.
		GATT and trade liberalisation in agriculture: an analysis of the Philippines and Southeast Asia, Fransisco Lara, CIIR, 1994.
	www.agobservatory.org /library.cfm?refID=29799 (4538 words)

	Trade
		Trade liberalisation is the process of removing or reducing trade restrictions in the form of quotas, tariffs and exchange controls.
		Trade pessimists tend to focus on three basic themes: (1) the limited growth of world demand for primary exports (2) the deterioration in the terms of trade for primary exports (3) the rise of new protectionism against the exports of developing countries in both manufactured and processed agricultural goods.
		Trade liberalisation is the prime objective of the WTO and liberalising policies have been adopted by most countries.
	www.ncf.org.za /docs/trade.html (18933 words)

	Resources on Forests and Trade
		Trade liberalisation and its impact on forests: An overview of the most relevant issues, July 2000.
		Liberalisation and ethical trade in the forest sector, October 1999.
		By Duncan Brack and Jade Saunders (Chatham House).
	www.trade-environment.org /page/theme/nat_res/forest.htm (1631 words)

	South Bulletin 07 - LDCs: Trade, Liberalisation and Poverty Reduction
		The implication of all this is that "mainstreaming trade" into PRSPs entails the adoption of policy conditionalities which LDCs, owing to the lack of alternative sources of finance, must lock themselves into and abide by.
		The logic behind efforts to ensure that trade occupies an important place in poverty reduction strategies is that international trade is necessary for economic growth, and economic growth is necessary for poverty reduction.
		When the analysis focuses on indicators of trade policy, we find no evidence that rapid/deep trade liberalizers did better than other countries (and some evidence to the con-trary)...The authors' claims regarding the beneficial effects of trade liberalization on poverty have to be seen as statements based on faith rather than evidence".
	www.southcentre.org /info/southbulletin/bulletin07/bulletin07-05.htm (2085 words)

	Benefit of trade liberalisation
		TRADE policies in South Asia have been reviewed by a team of experts of the World Bank.
		The tariff measures vis-a-vis bilateral trade among member-countries in the region, have to be made pragmatic.
		The prevailing mis-matches in the field of trade and economic development have to be removed in the region and that for ultimate achievement of fabourable balance of trade needed for growth of economies of member countries.
	nation.ittefaq.com /artman/exec/view.cgi/24/13774 (431 words)

	United Nations Division for Sustainable Development-Sustainable Development Issues- Trade and Environment
		Trade and Sustainable Development is addressed in Chapter 2 of Agenda 21, and in Chapters V and X of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.
		Trade liberalisation and globalisation can have both positive and negative effects on sustainable development.
		Trade and and sustainable development were discussed at the first, second, third, fourth and fifth session of the Commission.
	www.un.org /esa/sustdev/sdissues/trade/trade.htm (230 words)

	Reforming agricultural trade: subsidies, market access and sustainable development
		There is increasing public concern that the current direction of trade liberalisation under the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) is detrimental to the environment, food security, consumer health and safety and, in some WTO members, the very development it should be encouraging.
		Trade has had a profound impact on the pattern of agricultural production throughout the world and has been a crucial factor in the transformation of near subsistence forms of agriculture into highly specialised and intensive production systems.
		While it is possible to derive some environmental benefits from a liberalisation strategy, an entirely free market will fail to take account of environmental externalities such as the over-exploitation of soil, water and biodiversity, and of the role played by agriculture and farming in maintaining natural habitats and ecosystems of high conservation value.
	www.tradeobservatory.org /library.cfm?refID=23996 (2409 words)

	Stability Pact: Trade Task Force
		The Trade Initiative of the Stability Pact focuses its efforts on the liberalization and facilitation of trade through a regional approach to the reduction and elimination of tariffs and non tariff barriers to trade in the SEE region.
		The overall objective of the Stability Pact in the trade sector is the liberalisation and facilitation of trade in the region.
		Organised by EFTA and SP WG on Trade
	www.stabilitypact.org /trade (924 words)

	What is the real relationship between trade liberalisation and poverty?
		Liberalising trade and so dealing a serious blow to poverty may, however not be that simple, and it may well be that the complexities have escaped the model or simply defy being captured in a neat equation.
		Trade liberalisation will be a key focus in the discussion on poverty alleviation during 2005.
		I spite of all trade liberalisation policy decisions, the pro-poor effect thereof will be determined by events outside the scope of the WTO or regional integration.
	www.tralac.org /scripts/content.php?id=3297 (598 words)

	Tembo against trade liberalisation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Wholesale trade liberalisation has created a situation whereby the country is full of imported materials which have suffocated most local industries that could not stand the competition.
		Trade liberalisation is believed to have exposed local markets and industries to stiff competition resulting into the collapse of many of them.
		A senior government trade official is on record to have said last November that suspending trade liberalisation will only isolate Malawi from global trade.
	www.nationmalawi.com /print.asp?articleID=15787 (357 words)

	SSRN-Relationship between Trade Liberalisation, Economic Growth and Trade Balance: An Econometric Investigation by ...
		This is a study of 42 developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America in which we first examine the impact of trade liberalisation on economic growth, investment share of GDP, openness, trade balance and current accounts (as percentages of GDP).
		Both panel data and country by country data are used to measure the impact of liberalisation on domestic economic growth measured in PPP terms from the data available in Heston, Summers and Aten (2001) study.
		Trade balance is normalised by GDP to take into consideration different sizes of countries.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=567065 (529 words)

	WTO \| Trade Statistics
		Trade liberalization is negatively correlated with income growth among the poorest 40 per cent of the population, but positively correlated with income growth among higher income groups.
		The implication of that is that trade negotiations should focus on making existing trade rules fairer—an agenda proposed by most developing countries—rather than on the agenda currently in sway of further opening up markets of the poorest countries and the extension of WTO rules to investment and services.
		The number of livelihoods lost in the maize sector as a consequence of trade liberalization and the subsequent fall in maize prices is estimated at between 700,000 and 800,000, representing 15% of the economically active population in agriculture.
	www.gatt.org /trastat_e.html (4522 words)

	Trade:Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		OECD work on trade provides analytical underpinnings to support continued trade liberalisation and foster an understanding of trade policy linkages of public concern.
		Trade and investment liberalisation has proven to be both a powerful stimulus to economic growth and a key factor in integrating an expanding number of countries in the world economy.
		Multilateral trade negotiations have momentarily stalled, but it is important to keep sight of the benefits of further opening up markets in agriculture, industrial and consumer goods, and services.
	www.oecd.org /topic/0,2686,en_2649_37431_1_1_1_1_37431,00.html (450 words)

	Trade (within the Directorate for Trade and Agriculture) :Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The key objective of OECD work on trade is to support a strong, rules-based multilateral trading system that will maintain the momentum for further trade liberalisation, while contributing to rising standards of living and sustainable development.
		This Policy Dialogue between OECD and non-OECD countries on Aid for Trade brought together a wide range of stakeholders from developing and developed countries to share experiences and information on how best to support developing countries' trade expansion and make it an engine of economic growth and poverty reduction.
		A successful outcome from the currently suspended Doha Development Round of WTO trade negotiations is still possible, according to experts meeting in Buenos Aires on 10 -11 October 2006, but agriculture remains a key issue of difficulty.
	www.oecd.org /ech (572 words)

	The hopes and illusions of world trade liberalisation for women in Africa
		Studies conducted into the liberalisation of the water sector in many African countries have shown that it is mainly women who carry the burden of the fresh constraints brought about by the privatisation of these strategic sectors.
		The developed countries are calling for the developing countries to impose drastic cuts in customs duties on industrial goods and to commit to the liberalisation of the trade in services, whereas the developing countries are calling for the other nations to reduce their agricultural subsidies.
		The failure of trade negotiations would allow the status quo to gain acceptance once and for all, and would reinforce current trade relations, which are mostly to the detriment of African nations.
	www.whrnet.org /docs/issue-trade-0609.html (2145 words)

	OMC \| Nouvelles - allocutions - Mike Moore - How Trade Liberalisation Impacts Employment
		As you are all aware, the WTO provides an agreed set of rules for the orderly conduct of trade between its members, allowing them to efficiently enhance and reap the gains from trade.
		With specific reference to how trade liberalisation affects employment, I would refer you to the report prepared by the WTO Secretariat and circulated at the November meeting of the Working Party on the Social Dimension of Globalization, which discusses the different mechanisms through which trade liberalisation affects employment, and more explicitly workers.
		It refers to the fact that trade liberalisation may result in a permanent reduction in demand for certain types of labour services.
	www.wto.org /french/news_f/spmm_f/spmm80_f.htm (2301 words)

	Press Release September 2005 - UNEP Warns of Trade Liberalisation Failure if Environment Forgotten - United Nations ...
		The reports, published in advance of the crucial World Trade Organization (WTO) meeting to take place in Hong Kong, argue that economically costly soil degradation, water pollution, loss of biodiversity and destruction of forests can be the consequences of environmentally-insensitive trade liberalization.
		The environmental impacts of increased trade in agricultural products are potentially devastating, and countries must urgently establish policies to protect their natural resources as well as those that enable them to reap the economic and social benefits.
		It also comes just days after world leaders meeting in New York re-affirmed their commitment to trade liberalisation and with just three months to go before a critical WTO meeting in Hong Kong where trade ministers will push for further liberalization under the round of negotiations agreed to in Doha, Qatar.
	www.unep.org /Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=452&ArticleID=4953&l=en (888 words)

	Trade and Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		During the 90s, we have been witness to widespread and rapid trade liberalisation, particularly in developing countries, undertaken not only in the context of multilateral trade negotiations, but also as part of the conditionality attached to structural adjustment and stabilisation programmes.
		Indeed, the average trade deficits in the 90s for developing countries have, by and large, been higher than in the 1970s by almost 3% of GDP, while the average growth rates have been lower by 2%.
		We attach importance to the various rounds of trade liberalisation that have taken place, particularly the consensus that has emerged from them on the need for security and predictability which a rule-based system should provide.
	www.indianembassy.org /policy/trade/eco_fin_nov_12_99.htm (1846 words)

	Why Developing Countries Should Liberalise Trade
		NGOs and most developing-country governments interpret it to mean one-sided liberalisation: the North should open its markets, but the South should be exempt from further liberalisation and rules commitments, in addition to receiving more aid.
		There is less enthusiasm for trade liberalisation in the developing world and there is greater all-round enthusiasm for aid.
		Hence Oxfam's one-sided trade liberalisation is a policy of self-harm for developing countries in the WTO.
	www.globalenvision.org /library/15/1054 (1155 words)

	European Commission - External Trade - Trade Issues
		These studies suggest that gains from liberalisation in agriculture would be unevenly distributed, benefiting few very competitive exporters (Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Argentina, Thailand) and consumers in developed countries that liberalise their agriculture trade (EFTA, Korea, Taiwan, and to a lesser extent the EU).
		For CEPII, a round restricted to liberalisation in agriculture would not favour developing economies taken as a whole, notwithstanding the large gains to be expected by some of them.
		However, the studies conclude that countries gain in efficiency and productivity from their own liberalisation, it is thus for their own sake that the poorest countries should undertake some tariff reduction.
	ec.europa.eu /comm/trade/issues/newround/doha_da/memo230606c_en.htm (815 words)

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