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Topic: Trade sanctions

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	Trade sanctions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trade sanctions are trade penalties imposed by one or more countries on one or more other countries.
		Trade sanctions are distinguished from economic sanctions, which are used as a punitive measure in international relations (examples being recent US or multilateral sanctions against Cuba, Iraq, or North Korea).
		Sanctions can be a coercive measure for achiveing particular policy goals (such as United States sanctions against Brazil over patent law in the late 1980s).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trade_sanctions (465 words)

	Trade sanctions -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Trade sanctions are (The skilled practice of a practical occupation) trade penalties imposed by one or more countries on one or more other countries.
		Typically the sanctions take the form of import (A government tax on imports or exports) tariffs (duties), licensing schemes or (additional info and facts about other administrative hurdles) other administrative hurdles.
		For example, American (An alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon; widely used in construction; mechanical properties can be varied over a wide range) steel companies requested, and were at times granted, protection from steel imports that they claimed enjoyed an unfair advantage due to the economic policy of the steel exporting country.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/tr/trade_sanctions.htm (434 words)

	Sanctions, by Kimberly Ann Elliott and Gary Clyde Hufbauer: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics ...
		Sanctions often have taken the form of a naval blockade intended to weaken the enemy during wartime.
		Specifically, economic sanctions are the deliberate, government-inspired withdrawal, or threat of withdrawal, of customary trade or financial relations.
		Judging the effectiveness of sanctions requires sorting out the various goals sought, analyzing whether the type and scope of the sanction chosen was appropriate to the occasion, and determining the economic and political impact on the target country.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/Sanctions.html (2582 words)

	TST: End Trade Sanctions that Hurt Texas Farmers
		For example, 10 years of trade sanctions against Iraq, not to mention aggressive air patrols and even bombings, have not ended Saddam Hussein's rule.
		The sanctions have, however, created suffering due to critical shortages of food and medicine among the mostly poor inhabitants of Iraq.
		Our sanctions policies undermine America's position as a humane nation, bolstering the common criticism that we are a bully with no respect for people outside our borders.
	www.house.gov /paul/tst/tst2001/tst062501.htm (685 words)

	International Trade: Free Trade with Cuba
		Sanctions cut off necessary goods to the poor and often have little effect on the lifestyle of government leaders.
		Furthermore, sanctions frequently enable Castro to strengthen his hold on power by blaming the impoverished condition of Cuba, not upon a lack of freedom there, but upon the very sanctions imposed by outsiders to challenge his regime and its practices.
		Sanctions are not only economically damaging and politically counterproductive; they are morally dubious as well.
	www.acton.org /ppolicy/trade/cuba (1090 words)

	A User's Guide to Economic Sanctions--free trade, unilateral and economic trade sanctions
		Economic sanctions may be employed to deter military aggression or to force an aggressor to withdraw its armed forces from a disputed territory.
		Sanctions against countries that seek to acquire weapons in violation of international regimes controlling the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and missile technology are far more likely to be effective if applied multilaterally and targeted against the offending country's leaders and armed forces.
		If target countries discourage international trade and investment in general, unilateral sanctions are unlikely to impose a significant financial burden on their governments; and even if they do penalize the target country, the penalty is usually small compared with the overall size of the country's economy.
	www.usaengage.org /archives/studies/users.html (7591 words)

	Co-ops and trade sanctions
		Unilateral trade sanctions are especially controversial because the targeted countries have frequently found alternative suppliers among our agricultural exporting competitors.
		Trading companies, or their foreign subsidiaries, can more easily manage deals between foreign commodity suppliers and sanctioned importers, and thus retain a share of the targeted countries’ import markets.
		Opponents of sanctions reform won some points in the policy debate, which is reflected in the Act’s tougher treatment when it comes to Cuban sanctions.
	www.rurdev.usda.gov /rbs/pub/dec01/trade.html (1994 words)

	My Way - News
		The sanctions, which could run to hundreds of millions of dollars of duties on U.S. goods, aim to force Washington to revoke a scheme under which local companies benefit when anti-dumping duties are imposed on foreign competitors.
		Officials on both sides of the Atlantic have dismissed suggestions the battles over trade rules could weaken their resolve to win a deal at the WTO on lowering barriers to business, which the World Bank says would give a powerful boost to the struggling international economy.
		The EU and its allies have not put a precise figure for what they are seeking, although they have said it should be in line with sums handed out by the U.S. administration to local firms.
	news.myway.com /top/article/id/379263\|top\|01-15-2004::08:09\|reuters.html (539 words)

	NCPA - Trade - Unilateral Trade Sanctions Costly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Unilateral trade sanctions restrict the access of American companies and goods to 40 percent of the world's population, says Donald V. Fites, chairman and chief executive officer of Caterpiller, Inc.
		Yet there is a wealth of evidence that these sanctions rarely achieve their goals and are frequently counterproductive.
		In 1995 alone, between 200,000 and 250,000 U.S. jobs were lost due to unilateral U.S. trade sanctions, according to a study by the Institute for International Economics.
	www.ncpa.org /pd/trade/pdtrade/feb98b.html (322 words)

	Trade, Labor and the Environment
		In reality, openness to trade and investment promotes development and higher incomes, which enable less developed countries to raise their labor and environmental standards.
		Sanctions deprive poor countries of the international trade and investment opportunities they need to raise overall living standards.
		Sanctions tend to strike at the very export industries in less-developed countries that typically pay the highest wages and maintain the highest standards, forcing production and employment into less-globalized sectors where wages and standards are almost always lower.
	www.freetrade.org /pubs/pas/tpa-015es.html (251 words)

	CTPS Issues: Unilateral Sanctions
		The proliferation of trade sanctions in the 1990s has been accompanied by their declining effectiveness.
		Sanctions have managed only to deprive American companies of investment opportunities and market share and to punish domestic consumers, while hurting the poor and most vulnerable in the target countries.
		Sanctions have utterly failed to change the nature or basic behavior of governments in Cuba, Burma, Iran, Nigeria, Yugoslavia, and a number of other target countries.
	www.freetrade.org /issues/sanctions.html (369 words)

	Boston.com / Business / EU Slaps Trade Sanctions on U.S. Goods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The sanctions start at $16 million as an extra five percent duty on selected U.S. goods in March.
		They are due to rise one percent a month to $315 million in 2004 and $666 million if they run throughout 2005.
		At the same time, the EU and United States are major players in getting world trade talks back on track.
	www.boston.com /business/articles/2004/03/01/eu_slaps_trade_sanctions_on_us_goods (586 words)

	Trap for the Unwary: Many Countries Subject to US Trade Sanctions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Trade embargoes are in effect against 10 countries.
		A "sanctions committee" has been set up under US State Department direction to run an administration-wide examination of the purpose, scope, cost and effectiveness of existing sanctions and try to develop standards for using sanctions in the future.
		Stuart Eizenstat, undersecretary of state for economic affairs, said the purpose of the exercise is "not to decrease the use of sanctions but to increase their effectiveness." A similar task force has been set up in the Senate with the goal of making recommendations by September 1.
	www.chadbourne.com /Memo/Tradsanc.htm (1539 words)

	Report on U.S. Trade Sanctions Against Burma
		Thailand, however, has played a critical role for many years as a refuge to Burmese fleeing their country, and we have stressed to the Thai the importance of continuing to fulfill this role and supporting UNHCR in its work with Burmese refugees.
		Our expanded sanctions represent a clear and powerful expression of American opposition to the developments in Burma over the past year and signal strong support for the pro-democracy movement.
		Sanctions are a key component of our policy in bringing democracy to Burma and have been a key source of support for the morale of many democracy activists.
	www.state.gov /p/eap/rls/rpt/32106.htm (2875 words)

	CNN.com - EU delays U.S. trade sanctions - July 19, 2002
		European diplomats are considering sanctions on U.S. goods after Washington slapped tariffs, ranging from eight to 30 percent, on steel imports.
		European Union diplomats agreed unanimously to postponing any introduction of sanctions on Friday and the decision is expected to be endorsed by EU foreign ministers on Monday.
		Peter Carl, trade director in the EU's executive arm, told a news conference: "There was a strong positive signal from the Americans, and we have responded to that.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/BUSINESS/07/18/steel.duties (418 words)

	NCPA - Trade Issues - Buchanan Is Right On Trade Sanctions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Presidential candidate Pat Buchanan is saying some interesting things against trade sanctions, America's all-purpose response for every real or imagined insult by a foreign power.
		According to USAENGAGE, we now have sanctions* of one sort or another against 75 different countries with 73 percent of the world's population, including Canada, Italy, Japan and Saudi Arabia (see figure).
		He argues, rightly, that sanctions have done nothing whatsoever to change Cuba's behavior and have served only to strengthen the communist regime.
	www.ncpa.org /~ncpa/pd/trade/pd010300a.html (354 words)

	News from the High North Alliance
		On a number of occasions the US has threatened to impose sanctions on countries such as Canada, Iceland, Japan, Norway and Russia because of their whaling activities.
		US farm and agribusiness groups are worried that imposing sanctions could damage sales to their most important agricultural export market, Japan.
		"The threat of trade sanctions is very, very worrisome to the wheat industry," said Barbara Spangler, head of the US wheat industry's trade education committee to Reuters on Wednesday (13 September).
	www.highnorth.no /news/nedit.asp?which=253 (629 words)

	Truth About Trade & Technology - Sanctions on China Aren`t the Answer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The problem is trade sanctions are ham-fisted instruments to reshape the Chinese economy.
		The Japanese also were able to ease trade pressure by setting up automobile plants in the U.S., blurring the distinction between a Japanese car and an American one.
		Many jobs were lost to trade during the late 1990s, too, but the domestic economy then produced more than enough jobs to replace the losses.
	www.truthabouttrade.org /article.asp?id=1073 (1109 words)

	World Energy Sanctions
		ILSA provided for the imposition of sanctions on companies, irrespective of their corporate "nationality," that invest more than $20 million annually (in August 1997, this was lowered from $40 million) in the Iranian oil and gas sectors.
		In 1999, the sanctions on Libya were modified to allow shipments of donated clothing, food and medicine for humanitarian reasons (trade in informational materials such as books and movies was also allowed).
		The original sanctions were largely authorized under the Anti-Terrorism and Arms Export Control Act of 1989, which consolidated many of the previously enacted counterterrorism sanctions in legislation.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/cabs/sanction.html (4084 words)

	USA*ENGAGE - Federal Activity--free trade, unilateral and economic trade sanctions
		Given the contagion of foreign policy crises and the increased tendency to use sanctions to resolve them, typically without success, I believe it is time to engage in a serious debate on the merits of using unilateral economic sanctions to achieve foreign policy goals.
		September 9, 1998, before the Senate Task Force on Economic Sanctions, Washington DC While sanctions -- even unilateral ones -- may be appropriate at times, we should all recognize that engagement can be a powerful force for positive change when pursued at all levels -- political, diplomatic, economic, charitable, religious, educational, and cultural.
		Various studies have indicated that unilateral sanctions have cost the American economy between $15 billion and $20 billion a year in lost export sales, and up to 250,000 export-related jobs.
	www.usaengage.org /archives/resources/legcom.html (2484 words)

	Sanctions
		The United States maintains economic and trade sanctions and embargoes against targeted foreign countries, groups, organizations, and individuals.
		For example, a number of the named individuals and entities are known to move from country to country and may end up in locations where they would be least expected.
		Sanctions and embargoes are used for a variety of purposes, including:
	www.itds.treas.gov /sanctions.html (449 words)

	USATODAY.com - Months of European trade sanctions have divergent impact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		After eight months of European trade sanctions, some U.S. exporters say they barely noticed, while others blame the duties for cratering their business in Europe.
		The sanctions targeted an array of goods from candle wax and dental floss to glue, industrial boilers and racehorses.
		It'd be hard to say (a change in results is due to) trade sanctions," he says.
	www.usatoday.com /money/economy/trade/2004-10-27-trade-usat_x.htm (768 words)

	CNN - U.S., EU settle dispute over trade sanctions - May 18, 1998
		To underscore the easing of trade tensions in what Blair called "the most important bilateral relationship in the world," Clinton and Blair announced the launching of a "Transatlantic Economic Partnership" that will enhance efforts to open markets through trade agreements in a number of areas.
		Clinton is returning to the world trade debate after a humiliating rebuff last year when Congress refused to go along with his request for fast-track trade negotiating authority.
		The U.S. proposal to launch a new trade round will be taken up by trade ministers during their meetings this week in Geneva at the WTO conference.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/europe/9805/18/eu.us (1116 words)

	August 26, 1996 U.S. TRADE SANCTIONS: EFFECTIVE TOOL OR SUPERPOWER CUDGEL
		Why doesn't the United States follow the same philosophy in case of Lybia and Iran, too?" "In the last phase of presidential campaign it is important for Clinton to prove to his fellow citizens that he is not going to give in to terrorists and is determined to protect American lives.
		It is not advisable for the United States to use force (sanctions) to achieve a breakthrough in settling its discord with Turkey.
		And no national interest could be nobler than that which seeks to guarantee protection for a citizen wherever he or she may be on the face of the earth.
	www.fas.org /irp/news/1995/960826mr.htm (4089 words)

	Browse Topic: International Trade
		The ITC is a quasi-judicial independent federal agency that provides objective trade expertise to both the legislative and executive branches of government.
		The ITDS system is being developed to improve trade procedures, trade promotion, trade policy development, and trade statistics to benefit both the Public and the Government.
		An excellent international trade site, it provides foreign market research, trade leads, trade data, a wide variety of export assistance programs, detailed reports, foreign buyers lists, and even employment information.
	www.library.okstate.edu /govdocs/browsetopics/itrade.html (1921 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| US slaps trade sanctions on Syria
		The sanctions were authorised under the Syria Accountability Act, signed into law by President Bush in December.
		He accused Syria of continuing to harbour Palestinian militants and supporting the Hezbollah group in Lebanon, and of maintaining a military force in Lebanon against the spirit of peace accords there.
		However, he added that stalled trade and political negotiations with the EU - a hugely more important trade partner, accounting for some 60% of Syria's exports - could be affected by US pressure.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/3705783.stm (446 words)

	Bush Lifts Trade, Transportation Sanctions on Libya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		President Bush has lifted trade, commercial and travel sanctions on Libya with an executive order declaring an end to the national emergency declared by former president Ronald Reagan in January 1986.
		Executive Order 12543 of January 7, 1986, imposed sanctions on Libya in response to policies and actions of the Government of Libya that constituted an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States.
		Those sanctions were modified in Executive Order 12544 of January 8, 1986, Executive Order 12801 of April 15, 1992, and supplemented Executive Order 12538 of November 15, 1985.
	www.usembassy.bg /embassy/bush_libya.html (1747 words)

	U.S. Government Export Portal: European Union (EU) Trade Sanctions Against the United States
		On March 1, 2004, the EU began to impose retaliatory trade sanctions on a number of U.S. products, as a result of the WTO ruling that the FSC/ETI provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code constitute a prohibited export subsidy and are in violation of WTO rules.
		The sanctions will remain in place until they are lifted by the EU or the WTO finds that a U.S. legislative measure has removed the illegal export subsidy.
		The European Commission challenged the DISC provisions in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the pre-cursor of the WTO, on the grounds that it constituted an illegal export subsidy.
	www.export.gov /eu_tsatus.html (1648 words)

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