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Topic: Trade war

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	Trade war - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A trade war refers to two or more nations raising or creating tariffs or other trade barriers on each other in retaliation for other trade barriers.
		Economists generally believe trade wars are very non-productive and decrease the economic welfare and total social surplus of all nations involved.
		In addition, poor countries are more vulnerable than rich countries in trade wars; in raising protections against dumping of cheap products, it risks making the product too expensive for its people to afford.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trade_war (242 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- Whiff of U.S./China trade war may jar world economy
		The severity of the impact a tit-for-tat trade war between the United States and China would have on the global economy may mean cooler heads in Washington and Beijing will prevail.
		A trade war between the main engines of the world economy would be a big negative for growth, and investors would likely seek top-rated government debt and retreat from equity.
		Trade dependency between the two powers is intense, as is their interlinking with the rest of the world economy.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20050602-1207-economy-global.html (836 words)

	Free Trade Is War
		In a country where 50 percent of the population is living in poverty, the IMF is demanding that multinational water and electricity companies be allowed to increase their rates by a staggering 30 percent.
		War because those who resist and "refuse to disappear," as the Zapatistas say, are routinely arrested, beaten and even killed.
		War because when this kind of low-intensity repression fails to clear the path to corporate liberation, the real wars begin.
	www.thenation.com /doc/20030929/klein (1313 words)

	Economic interdependence and war: a theory of trade expectations.
		Importantly, the decision for war does not hinge on what the present trade levels are; rather, it is leaders' expectations for the future that drive whether the expected value of trade is positive and peace-inducing or negative and war-inducing.
		Their declining expectations of future trade on the eve of World War I are revealed by the extensive documentary work of Fischer.(56) His evidence shows a clear relation between initial German war aims and the increasing economic anxieties of a diverse group of individuals before July 1914.
		War in such a situation of marked power imbalance and low expectations of future trade is thus overdetermined; it would be difficult to tell whether war occurred because of the positive expected value of war, the negative expected value of trade, or both.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/copeland.htm (12849 words)

	Sample Chapter for Katznelson, I. and Shefter, M., eds.: Shaped by War and Trade: International Influences on American ...
		IR scholars working on subjects as diverse as crisis bargaining, the sources and outcomes of wars, the democratic peace thesis, and trade policy have been exploring how the international behavior of states is influenced by their domestic institutions, decisions, and policies.
		Wars, they observe, affect voluntary organization by their patterns of mobilization, the manner in which the line between friends and enemies is defined and redefined, and by the character and impact of victory and defeat.
		Rogowski's "Trade and Representation" argues both deductively and empirically that domestic political outcomes with respect to international trade are greatly influenced by the geographic concentration of particular kinds of economic activity.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/s7287.html (5665 words)

	Make Trade, Not War: Garvey Essay
		Wars between Canada and the United States, Britain and France or any other of a few dozen democracies that come to mind are unthinkable.
		Wars are destructive, people are forced to fight and die, and both victor and vanquished are burdened with war debts after the peace is signed.
		Free trade makes war less likely for democracies because it adds to the costs of war for the majority of citizens who elect their leaders.
	www.independent.org /students/garvey/essay.asp?id=1456 (2521 words)

	Centre for Research on Globalisation (CRG)
		The failed attempt to ratify the Small Arms Trade Agreement in 2001 is due in large part to the refusal of the USA to recognise the loss of life of women and children in war zones.
		Trade, especially the trade in arms, is too important to let slip just because women and children in poor countries are losing their lives.
		War hurts women, not only because they get to dissociate through violence but because they are subjected to so much violence, as are those whom they are attempting to protect, children and the old or the incapacitated.
	globalresearch.ca /articles/HAW308A.html (4981 words)

	Trade Trumps War
		Commerce, not the legally sanctioned murder called war, is the engine of peace, said the MP Richard Cobden, the leader of the Manchester School, a group of radical parliamentarians in Mid-Victorian England.
		The war scare of 1859-60 was one of many panics that plagued Britain in the last few decades.
		Nations that trade with each other, that develop intimate economic relations, are unlikely to go to war, even if they have a history of enmity.
	www.antiwar.com /orig/bresiger1.html (5371 words)

	Asia Times Online :: Asian news and current affairs
		Apart from China, at which its ire is primarily targeted, the US report names dozens of other countries for blocking trade, even as the European Union and Canada have joined hands to slap an extra 15% tariff on a range of US goods in retaliation to the Bush administration's use of anti-dumping duties.
		It is the third report of its kind to be issued by the ministry's Bureau of Fair Trade for Imports and Exports, summing up Chinese firms' trade and investment difficulties in the nation's 22 major trading partners.
		Trade remedies, technical standards, quarantine, quality inspection, intellectual property rights, customs procedural requirements, environmental protection and labor standards were among the measures used against Chinese exports and investment, according to the report.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Global_Economy/GD02Dj02.html (1164 words)

	The Banana Trade War - Global Issues
		This has affected the way the European Union (EU) has it's trade agreements with the African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP countries) and the Lomé; convention which is based on cooperation and partnership between the EU and 71 ACP member states.
		The convention was the world's largest trade and aid pact and following the expiry in 2000, has to be replaced by a system designed to open up the markets of the poor nations to the industrialized nations of Europe.
		Washington claimed that they are protecting their interests and want to show that free trade can work, while the EU battled over questions regarding the right to decide, claiming that the US is manipulating WTO rules to implement sanctions against countries trading with regimes it does not like.
	www.globalissues.org /TradeRelated/Bananas.asp (1476 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Business \| New US-EU trade war looms
		The United States is considering a fresh trade war with Europe over the issue of genetically modified (GM) foods.
		US trade officials are urging the Bush administration to begin proceedings against the EU in the World Trade Organisation for blocking imports of GM food.
		That is because in principle, trade ministers have agreed that in future, environmental agreements like the Montreal protocol should have equal legal weight in trade law treaties.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/business/2534179.stm (678 words)

	AFTERMATH OF WAR / Trade Agreements / Allies rewarded with trade pacts / U.S. pays back nations that supported war
		In this polarized environment, free trade agreements are a carrot, and their absence can be viewed as a stick, trade experts say.
		Singaporean officials said they embrace the agreement chiefly because it will increase trade and investment at a time when their country, like much of East Asia, is struggling with the economic impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome, the lingering effects of the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis and the worldwide financial slump.
		But the trade deal was put on hold after the rancorous debate in the United Nations Security Council, in which Chile -- supported by a poll showing 85 percent of the Chilean public opposing U.S. military intervention -- refused to back a U.N. resolution authorizing the use of force against Saddam Hussein.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/05/11/BU57666.DTL (2010 words)

	Fair Trade - Global Issues
		But, how fair is trade when a nation's own global trading policies together with international corporations' desire to increase their profits result in manipulated international trade pacts and agreements, so that they are most favorable for themselves?
		For example, some believe that one of the main problems causing the 1998/99 financial crisis around the world is a lack of global regulations to help protect developing nations as they enter a global market.
		There is already a growing fair trade movement around the world, where local producers are able to fairly trade their products.
	www.globalissues.org /TradeRelated/FairTrade.asp (549 words)

	World News & Prophecy > December 2003 > A Looming EU-U.S. Trade War? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		In an article titled "The Trade Trap" in The World in 2004 (published by The Economist), the author predicted, "The [coming] year would be hazardous for the world economy." A U.S.-EU trade war would make this prediction all but a certainty.
		A trade war might be one important avenue to the fulfillment of many important biblical prophecies in this region of the globe.
		The Independent adds: "The steel row is only one of a number of trade disputes which threaten to poison relations between the EU and the U.S. and could help stymie prospects for economic recovery" (Nov. 11, 2003).
	www.ucg.org /wnp/wnp0312/tradewar.htm (1331 words)

	Angola: Diamond Trade and War
		The war cost the lives of at least 500,000 Angolans, with thousands more maimed due to land mines - a continuing blight for the population.
		This illegal trade is made possible through a combination of inadequate control and verification of CO's from the GURN, and the fact that diamonds imported from neighbouring countries do not require any effective verification of source.
		As Global Witness investigations into the trade in rough diamonds from Angola show, the lack of transparency and corporate responsibility in the diamond industry has been central to the continued financing of UNITA, and hence the fuelling of civil war in Angola.
	www.africaaction.org /docs98/ang9812.htm (2446 words)

	Protectionism
		There were some trade between Mycenaeans and Trojans, and Troy was a major trading post as the people of Troas controlled the trade routes to the Black Sea.
		During the cold war, military experts were inclined to view future wars in terms of an all-out thermonuclear war, rather than in terms of potential production capacity.
		If modern wars were to use conventional weapons, they do not last long (e.g., operation desertstorm.) and hence most of ordinary consumption goods do not raise military potential, and they need not be protected for military reasons.
	www.econ.iastate.edu /classes/econ355/choi/prot.htm (3182 words)

	EconLog, Trade War?, Arnold Kling: Library of Economics and Liberty
		As an economist, I would say that of all the ways to express disagreement with another country's policies, cutting off trade is one of the least effective.
		Finally, a trade barrier against one country might simply divert trade to another country with equally odious policies.
		Trade barriers, like acts of terrorism, are weapons of the weak.
	econlog.econlib.org /archives/2003/03/trade_war.html (657 words)

	Vigilant Investor \| Ernharth Perspective » Trade War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Trade deficits, from a purely theoretical point of view, are not as much of a big deal as many make them out to be.
		However, not all trade deficits are benign: And that includes the United State’s. So when it hits a record 804.9 Billion, beating the previous record of $668.1 billion set in 2004, […]
		Politicians are turning up the trade war rhetoric, fingering China and Dubai, instead of admitting they are responsible for the malignancy slowly rotting the U.S. economy.
	www.ernharth.com /category/economy/trade-war (664 words)

	Avoid a Trade War over U.S. Antidumping Measure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The United States already is engaged in trade disputes with the EU over such issues as bananas, genetically modified food, and export subsidies.
		The Bush Administration and the 107th Congress should make clear that this is not their intention and take steps to avoid a trade war by reversing this ill-advised policy.
		Aaron Schavey is a Policy Analyst in the Center for International Trade and Economics at The Heritage Foundation.
	www.heritage.org /Research/TradeandForeignAid/EM713.cfm (1004 words)

	CNN.com - Snow: Trade war on steel 'remote' - Nov. 17, 2003
		The World Trade Organization recently ruled that U.S. steel import tariffs imposed in March 2002 were illegal, and the European Union said that unless they were lifted it would impose its own penalties on $2.2 billion of U.S. goods.
		On a television interview, Snow said the United States remained a believer in free trade and denied it was protecting more of its own industries ahead of approaching elections.
		Snow, who is scheduled to address the British Confederation of Industry's annual conference in Birmingham on Tuesday, offered a backhanded defense of the steel tariffs that were supposed to give American steelmakers breathing-time to restructure their businesses in the face of stiff competition.
	edition.cnn.com /2003/BUSINESS/11/17/us.snowsteel.reut (649 words)

	CNN.com - U.S. and UK pledge on trade war - Nov. 18, 2003
		At the center of the trade row is President Bush's decision to impose tariffs on steel imports into America.
		In his speech in front of business leaders in Birmingham, Brown warned that a trade war between the EU and the U.S. will cut economic growth in Europe and will limit job creation.
		The chancellor announced a series of initiatives to strengthen trade links between the two countries including a transfer fund to allow British students to study in American universities.
	www.cnn.com /2003/BUSINESS/11/18/brown.trade (398 words)

	Truth About Trade & Technology - Commentary: Trade War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The trade panel's pro-consumer ruling allows the administration a graceful exit from one of its more bone-headed economic policy decisions: the imposition of the lumber tariffs in 2002.
		These are the first grenade launches in a potentially ugly trade war -- precisely the sort of thing Nafta was enacted to prevent.
		If he does the same with lumber, not only will he help avert a mutually destructive trade war with Canada, but he can advance another long-stated administration goal of helping record numbers of Americans own their own homes.
	www.truthabouttrade.org /article.asp?id=4277 (974 words)

	Asia Times Online :: Trade Wars - Henry C K Liu
		The rapid rise of China as a major economic force has provoked US policymakers to wonder whether free trade is still in the US national interest; after all, "free" trade always favors the strong.
		Early in that century, rigid adherence to the gold standard was exacerbated by sterling hegemony, ultimately leading to the Great Depression and World War II.
		Trade protectionism is re-emerging, but the irony is that it is being driven not by the poor economies that have been hurt the most by the globalized neo-liberal trade regime, but by the wealthy economies, especially the US.
	atimes.com /atimes/others/trade-war.html (364 words)

	The Looming Trade War over Plant Biotechnology
		The EU has banned all food containing GMOs on the basis of the "precautionary principle," under which regulators do not need to show scientifically that a biotech crop in unsafe before banning it; they need only show that it has not been proved harmless.
		Jettisoning scientific risk assessment and replacing it with a precautionary approach will open the entire trading system to interruptions based on arbitrary justifications.
		Consequently, all U.S. negotiators involved with trade in biotech crops must make it unalterable U.S. policy to oppose the application of the precautionary principle and insist instead on scientifically based risk standards in all international trade forums.
	www.freetrade.org /pubs/pas/tpa-018es.html (346 words)

	WorldNetDaily: U.S.-China trade war? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		WASHINGTON – The U.S. and China could be on the verge of an explosive trade war that could damage an already shaky global economy, says a top financial analyst.
		"That is an early sign for Asia in general, and you in China in particular, to prepare for the likelihood that trade frictions could intensify, in large part because of actions taking place in Washington rather than in Beijing," he said.
		As a result, the value of the yuan would increasingly be part of a debate on trade issues between Beijing and Washington, Roach said.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=41367 (494 words)

	BW Online \| July 9, 2001 \| China vs. Japan: A Phony Trade War
		From all appearances, then, the trade battle is causing irreparable harm to the two giants' relationship.
		Bilateral trade hit an all-time high of $85.73 billion in 2000 and, according to the Japan External Trade Organization, is on track to surpass the $100 billion mark this year (chart).
		The trade spat is, in effect, a side show to the real story: that Japan already is China's biggest trading partner, while China ranks as Japan's No. 2 after the U.S. This is a rapidly growing relationship that will alter the dynamics not just of Asia, but the entire world.
	www.businessweek.com /magazine/content/01_28/b3740141.htm (1252 words)

	Stop Provoking a Trade War
		But we’re also in the midst of a trade war -- and chances are it’s affecting your wallet.
		Then-U.S. Trade Representative Robert Zoellick promised to comply with the WTO’s decision, but in the more than two years since, the United States has not done so.
		In the years after World War II, the United States became the most powerful economy in history by encouraging free trade.
	www.heritage.org /Press/Commentary/ed061305a.cfm (620 words)

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