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Topic: Tradeable emissions permits

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Environmental economics

	[No title]
		Trades will take place until each firm's cost of an additional unit of abatement is exactly equal to the cost of a permit.
		If emissions exceed allowances at the end of a period, a firm would be subject to sanctions such as fines or a reduction of allowances for the next period.
		The primary role of the government in the permit system is to establish incentives such that costs incurred by firms who pollute are sufficient to achieve the desired level of aggregate pollution control and to monitor and enforce compliance.
	www.undp.org /pppue/library/files/schwar01.txt (7470 words)

	WHY REGULATORS TURN TO TRADEABLE PERMITS: A CANADIAN CASE STUDY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Emissions trading and the individual quota programs that Canada uses to manage many of its fisheries are alike not only because they are premised on the distribution of quantitatively defined rights of access to environmental resources but also because they allow for the transfer of the quantitatively defined rights of access.
		Among the remaining restrictions on trading, the key ones are the restriction of trading to fishers licensed for the fishery and the existence of a concentration limit.
		Emissions trading may now be growing in popularity because of the significant cost savings that it offers, as regulators contemplate both more stringent targets for pollutants that have been regulated for many years and regulating previously controlled sources for emissions only now recognized as harmful, such as greenhouse gases.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/utlj/524/524_wyman.html (14470 words)

	Tradeable CO2 emission permits in Europe : a study on the design and consequences of a system of tradeable permits for ...
		Tradeable CO2 emission permits in Europe : a study on the design and consequences of a system of tradeable permits for reducing CO2 emissions in the European Union
		Because of the increase in anthropogenic CO2 emissions, starting with the industrial revolution and the rise in the use of fossil fuels which it has caused, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen by 25 percent since 1750.
		The approach taken here is to study the micro-economic consequences of a system of tradeable carbon permits with respect to entry barriers, both with grandfathering and with auctioning of CO2 emission permits.
	dissertations.ub.rug.nl /faculties/eco/1996/p.r.koutstaal (964 words)

	President Announces Clear Skies & Global Climate Change Initiatives
		These cuts will be completed over two measured phases, with one set of emission limits for 2010 and for the other for 2018.
		By making the permits tradeable, this system makes it financially worthwhile for companies to pollute less, giving them an incentive to make early and cost effective reductions.
		Yet, developing nations such as China and India already account for a majority of the world's greenhouse gas emissions, and it would be irresponsible to absolve them from shouldering some of the shared obligations.
	www.whitehouse.gov /news/releases/2002/02/20020214-5.html (2572 words)

	[No title]
		Emissions trading is an intelligent way to lower the cost LIMITS on the emissions of the “greenhouse gases”, notably carbon dioxide, that have caused the gradual rise in the earth’s temperature are an obvious way to tackle the problem of global warming.
		Witness the fact that while emissions of greenhouse gases are rising fastest in poorer countries, these nations, under the terms of the agreement negotiated so far, do not have to try to curb their output.
		A subset of emissions trading is “joint implementation,” in which one country does something that reduces carbon dioxide levels in another country, perhaps replanting a logged-out forest or modernising a smoke-belching smelter, and applies part of that reduction against its own commitments.
	www.nd.edu /~etrubac/EconAust/Moneytoburn.doc (1034 words)

	Taxation and the Environment - Background Paper
		An alternative property rights approach, which is not vitiated by the publicness of the damage, involves identifying the efficient total of emissions, and then issuing tradeable emissions permits in amount equal to the efficient total.
		Tradeable permits have the attraction that where assumption (iii) is not applicable, they are both least cost and dependable.
		They are dependable because the total quantity of permits created by the EPA is equal to the emissions total that corresponds to the desired x% cutback.
	www.deh.gov.au /about/publications/economics/taxation/bgpaper.html (5883 words)

	marklynas.org
		Global carbon dioxide emissions rose by 200 million tonnes in 2005, according to the latest estimates.
		Global carbon emissions are now growing four times faster than they were in the past decade, according to a report in the scientific journal Nature.
		A bit of background: Canada’s Kyoto target is -6% from 1990 levels, whereas its emissions are currently at +35% and are set to rise even further due to rapid development of the Albertan oil sands.
	www.marklynas.org /blog (1620 words)

	Achieving Sustainability
		Tradeable permits also represent a promising market-driven technique for reducing the environmental impacts of larger-scale polluters.
		Empirical studies of tradeable permits are limited to a few countries, but data from the United States, which has been introducing tradeable permit systems since 1976, show that such permits help curb air and water pollution.
		In economic terms, permit trading, unlike regulatory controls, provide an incentive for a company to reduce its pollution levels in the most efficient way.
	forum.ra.utk.edu /1999winter/achieving.html (2712 words)

	4. Abatement Proposals
		Table 3 presents the impact that various target reductions requested by 2010 for Annex II countries—the countries with both high levels of emissions and the financial means to reduce them—would have on the level and inequality in emissions.
		In terms of climatic effects, the key unit of analysis is global emission totals (column 1), obtained by multiplying per capita emissions by population across all countries in the sample, and scaling up to reflect global totals.
		When imposing target reductions to groups of countries, the distributional objective is typically to reduce the gaps in per capita emissions levels between countries, not to change the ranks or relative positions of countries in terms of their per capita emissions.
	www.worldbank.org /research/peg/wps20/indexp5.htm (1539 words)

	FORMULATION OF RESPONSE STRATEGIES
		Estimates of current greenhouse gas emissions are not precise because of uncertainties regarding both total emissions and emissions from individual sources.
		Global emissions from certain sources are particularly difficult to determine, e.g., CO2 emission from deforestation, CH4 emission from rice cultivation, livestock systems, biomass burning, coal mining and venting of natural gas, and N20 emissions from all sources.
		The cumulative effect of these emissions was calculated using the concept of equivalent CO2 concentrations (e.g., the contributions of all greenhouse gases to radiative forcing are converted into their equivalent in terms of CO2 concentrations).
	www.ciesin.org /docs/003-079/003-079.html (11270 words)

	GEO-2000: Chapter Three: Policy Responses - Global and regional synthesis - Economic instruments
		Tradeable emissions permits enable pollution reduction measures to be applied where reductions are most cost-effective.
		Companies can trade emissions among sources within a company, as long as combined emissions stay within a specified limit, or trade them with other companies.
		The allocation of the emission reductions agreed in Kyoto will lead to a system of national allowances for greenhouse gas emissions which could be distributed via tradeable permits.
	www.unep.org /Geo/geo2000/english/0138.htm (1541 words)

	Trade Policy and Global Environmental Change Home Page
		Principles 12 and 16 of the Rio Declaration suggest that environmental policies should not obstruct trade, although alternative trade treaty written by a group of nongovernmental organizations at the 1992 Global Forum criticizes the existing international trade regime's impact on the environment.
		Agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) directly address environmental concerns, and the Treaty on European Union (also known as The Maastricht Treaty) and Regional Economic Integration Organizations deal with trade-environment issues both in relations between their members and in global policy activities.
		Whalley (1991) examines the use of trade measures in international environmental policy in "The Interface Between Environmental and Trade Policies," using tradeable emissions permits as an example of a trade instrument applied in an environmental regime.
	www.ciesin.org /TG/PI/TRADE/tradhmpg.html (577 words)

	Canada's National Climate Change Process - National Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		A Tradeable Permits Working Group has been created to manage work relating to options which would involve mandatory permit requirements for at least some sources of greenhouse gases.
		The Tradeable Permits Working Group was created to undertake analysis relating to options that would involve mandatory permits.
		The report will assist in the formulation of a broad policy view as to whether there is a potential role for a mandatory coverage tradeable permits approach as part of the overall national implementation strategy and, if so, what the general nature of such an approach might be.
	www.nccp.ca /NCCP/national_process/issues/tradable_e.html (311 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The US has been experimenting with tradeable permit programmes, however, in general, it has not endorsed this idea in the global context, because there must be overall limits and the current Climate Change Convention does not have such a cap system on which permits can be based.
		UNCTAD reported that its extensive studies on tradeable permits indicate that they are feasible and can be useful in increasing the resource base of developing countries.
		As for tradeable permits, Algeria thinks that it is premature to discuss it, since it has to be examined in depth in appropriate fora.
	www.iisd.ca /download/asc/enb0528e.txt (14577 words)

	lec21
		Tradeable emissions permits can combine an advantage of direct controls (setting of a standard to limit the total quantity of pollution) with an advantage of emissions taxes (allowing firms to find the lowest cost methods of reducing pollution).
		Tradeable emissions permits can achieve the same outcome as emissions taxes but their great advantage is that they don’t require as much information.
		Many people like the idea of tradeable emissions permits because they represent what is effectively a market solution to a market failure.
	lamar.colostate.edu /~alex/EC202H/lec21.html (1652 words)

	ENB:05:28 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Innovative instruments at the domestic level could include: ecolabelling, ecofunds, bioprospecting fees, ecotourism fees, scientific tourism fees, watershed charges, tradeable reforestation credits, relocation incentives, tradeable water shares, betterment charges, differential land use charges, tradeable emissions permits, waste delivery incentives, bonds, deposit refund systems, competitive bidding and property taxes.
		Global innovative mechanisms include: joint implementation, patents, intellectual property rights, water trading across borders, tradeable permits, carbon offsets, carbon taxes, air travel tax, oil spill bonds, and transport bonds.
		(3) Which is better for implementation in the near future — joint implementation or tradeable emissions permits.
	www.iisd.ca /vol05/0528003e.html (1013 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		A domestic emissions trading (DET) system is being considered as a major economic instrument to assist Canada in meeting its GHG obligations during the Kyoto Commitment Period, should Canada ratify the Kyoto Protocol.
		The national target is to reduce our GHG emissions to six per cent below our 1990 level for the 2008-2012 period, though some of the requirements might be met through international emissions trading.
		Trading has the potential to provide participants with access to lower-cost emission reductions that can be used for compliance purposes.
	www.iisd.org /climate/detwg (346 words)

	GEO-2000: North America
		Emissions of CO, VOCs, particulates, SO and lead have been markedly reduced over the past 20 years.
		Whilst emissions of many air pollutants have been markedly reduced over the past 20 years, the region is the largest per capita contributor to greenhouse gases, mainly due to high energy consumption.
		In the United States, the impetus for introducing new types of environmental policies has increased and the country is developing market-based policies such as the use of tradeable emissions permits and agricultural subsidy reform.
	www.unep.org /Geo2000/ov-e/0008.htm (528 words)

	MIT Global Change Joint Program Report 19
		Under a tradeable permit scheme, the total allowable level of emissions is set in advance, and this quantity is allotted in the form of permits among polluting firms.
		The definition of the emissions baseline level and allocation of entitlements is relatively straightforward for the countries that have accepted country-specific emissions reduction targets.
		Emissions reductions achieved in 1995 were 3.4 million tons greater than the target level for the first year of the program, and these reductions have benefited the national environment (Figure 1).
	web.mit.edu /globalchange/www/rpt19.html (15607 words)

	Market-based instruments
		A relatively new addition to MBIs is the marketable (or tradeable) permit system which originated from the U.S. Under this system, the government issues a fixed number of permits or "rights to pollute" equal to the permissible total emissions and distributes them among polluting firms in a given area.
		A market for permits is established and permits are traded among firms.
		Firms that maintain their emission levels below their allotted level can sell or lease their surplus allotments to other firms or use them to offset emissions in other parts of their own facilities.
	www.unescap.org /drpad/vc/orientation/M5_3.htm (1676 words)

	Mercury Blues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		It is aimed at reducing the emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) through a system of tradeable emissions permits.
		This is all the more ironic when one keeps in mind that environmentalists favor tradeable emissions mechanisms for reducing carbon dioxide.
		While SO2 emissions are about 10 million tons a year, total mercury emissions are no more than a few hundred tons a year.
	www.pacificresearch.org /pub/cap/2003/cap_03-12-10.html (604 words)

	NBER Research Summary
		For example, they fundamentally affect the costs of tradeable emissions permits, and they indicate that a great deal is at stake in choosing whether to freely allocate or auction these permits.
		Our results suggest that in the context of NOx regulation, tradeable emissions permits will not yield cost savings over performance standards or technology mandates unless the permits are auctioned and the revenues used to cut other taxes.
		To the extent that agricultural policies or international trade policies raise the costs of output and thereby reduce real factor returns, they exacerbate the distortions in factor markets from pre-existing taxes and imply higher social costs than would be indicated by partial equilibrium analyses.
	www.nber.org /reporter/spring00/goulder.html?tools=printit (3407 words)

	Building the Commons Sector \| Capitalism 3.0
		Their plan will limit carbon dioxide emissions from power plants and require utilities to hold emission permits.
		Once trustees are appointed, their loyalty would shift from individual nations or regions to future generations.
		Each year, they’d issue tradeable carbon emission permits up to that year’s limit.
	www.capitalism3.com /chapters/building (465 words)

	geol150
		Sooner or later, we will run out of the fossil fuels that are the main source of GHG emission...
		The Kyoto Protocal is an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by using the global marketplace to protect the environment.
		Some industries can take actions to prevent carbon dioxide emissions from entering the atmosphere by pumping the CO into spent oil or gas wells or into the deep ocean.
	earth.usc.edu /~geol150/docs/mitigation.html (1121 words)

	Environmental Economics: Stavins: marketable pollution permits ... the new It Girl
		marketable pollution permit systems were given a chance to shine because they were implemented with newly regulated pollutants
		He says that tradeable permits were used in the 1980s to reduce airborne lead from gasoline and to reduce CFCs.
		Can you give specifics concerning these markets...where they were located, how the trades worked, what the volumes and prices were, etc.
	www.env-econ.net /2006/03/stavins_marketa.html (575 words)

	Improve the Efficiency and Reduce the Emissions of the Existing Power Plant Fleet
		If grandfathered plants were required to meet the same emissions standards as new plants, many would be shut down.
		Alternatively, the same general objectives would be achieved by adopting new emissions standards as part of a Clean Air Act "four pollutant" strategy that has been proposed in order to address sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, and carbon dioxide emissions in an integrated fashion.
		Such a strategy would include tradeable emissions permits, with the number of emissions allowances based in part on the phase-out of old power plants.
	www.aceee.org /Energy/powerkey.htm (335 words)

	eBooks.com - Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading and Project-based Mechanisms eBook
		Greenhouse gas emissions trading and project-based mechanisms for greenhouse gas reduction are emerging market-based instruments for climate change policy.
		The papers cover the experience of developing and transition countries with greenhouse gas emissions trading and project-based mechanisms.
		In addition, the papers examine the use of tradeable permits in policy mixes and harmonisation of emissions trading schemes, as well as transition issues relating to greenhouse gas emissions trading markets.
	www.ebooks.com /cj.asp?IID=236057 (464 words)

	FIELD - Climate Change - Networks
		Concerted Action on Tradeable Emissions Permits (CATEP) Network: FIELD is a member of the Concerted Action on Tradeable Emissions Permits Network.
		CATEP is co-ordinated by The Environmental Institute, University College Dublin, and funded by DG Research of the European Commission under the 5th Framework Programme for Research.
		The project organises a series of workshops on key issues related to emissions trading.
	www.field.org.uk /climatenrg_networks.php (259 words)

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