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Topic: Trading With the Enemy Act

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	Trading with the Enemy Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Trading with the Enemy Act is a United States federal law, 12 U.S.C. § 95a, was enacted in 1917 to restrict trade with countries hostile to the United States.
		The Trading with the Enemy Act is often confused with the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, which grants somewhat broader powers to the President and is invoked during states of emergency when not at war.
		March 9, 1933, Chapter 106, Section 5, subdivision (b) of the Trading with the Enemy Act of Oct.6 1917 (40 Stat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trading_with_the_Enemy_Act (267 words)

	The Trading With the Enemy Act
		That the word "enemy," as used herein, shall be deemed to mean, for the purposes of such trading and of this Act--
		enemy, and no partnership of which he is a member or was a member at the beginning of the war, shall for any purpose assume or use any name other than that by which such enemy or partnership was ordinarily known at the beginning of the war, except under license from the President.
		If the President shall have reasonable cause to believe that any act is about to be performed in violation of section three hereof he shall have authority to order the postponement of the performance of such act for a period not exceeding ninety days, pending investigation of the facts by him.
	www.conservativeusa.org /eo/1917/enemy.htm (1628 words)

	US CODE--TITLE 50, APPENDIX--WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE
		The Trading with the enemy Act was expressly excepted from the operation and effect of Joint Res.
		Act Sept. 24, 1918, inserted provisions relating to hoarding or melting of gold or silver coin or bullion or currency and to regulation of transactions in bonds or certificates of indebtedness.
		Act Mar. 10, 1928, § 12(b), inserted "; nor shall a debt be allowed under this section unless notice of the claim has been filed, or application therefor has been made, prior to the date of the enactment of the Settlement of War Claims Act of 1928" before period at end.
	www.access.gpo.gov /uscode/title50a/50a_2_1_.html (6279 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		ACT REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS The Trading with the enemy Act is referred to in section 1982 of this Appendix; title 8 section 1227; title 12 section 4407; title 19 section 2581; title 22 sections 1382, 1384, 1631a, 1631o, 6009; title 26 section 911; title 28 section 2680.
		Designation of Act This Act [sections 1 to 6, 7 to 39, and 41 to 44 of this Appendix] shall be known as the "Trading with the enemy 1 Act." __________ 1 So in original.
		Act Mar. 10, 1928, § 12(b), inserted "; nor shall a debt be allowed under this section unless notice of the claim has been filed, or application therefor has been made, prior to the date of the enactment of the Settlement of War Claims Act of 1928" before period at end.
	www.divestmentwatch.com /usdocs/TITLE50.doc (5506 words)

	Trading With The Enemy Act - United States Declares Its Citizens To Be The Enemy
		Trading With The Enemy Act - United States Declares Its Citizens To Be The Enemy
		However, The Trading With the Enemy Act of 1917 was granted an exemption.
		This was clearly a time of financial crisis, not of war, and hence was not within the literal terms and purposes of the Act.
	www.criminalgovernment.com /docs/enemy.html (555 words)

	[No title]
		I. I hereby establish a War Trade Board to be composed of repre- sentatives, respectively, of the Secretary of State, of the Secretary of the Treasury, of the Secretary of Agriculture, of the Secretary of Commerce, of the Food Administrator, and of the United States Shipping Board.
		And I hereby vest in the War Trade Board the power conferred upon the President by section 5 (a) to make such rules and regulations, not inconsistent with law, as may be necessary and proper for the exercise of the powers conferred upon said board.
		The sum of $35,000 or so much thereof as may be neces- sary is hereby allotted out of the funds appropriated by the trading with the enemy act, to be expended by the Postmaster General in the administration of said section 19 thereof.
	www.uhuh.com /laws/donncoll/eo/1917/EO2729A.TXT (670 words)

	Jon Christian Ryter
		A peacetime application of the Trading With the Enemy Act without some form of universal modification that would allow Roosevelt to apply the tenets of that law against the citizens of the United States would be meaningless.
		As defined under the Act of October 6, 1917, American citizens were exempted from the classification of an "enemy." However, in the Roosevelt version, the only people under scrutiny for punitive action are American citizensÑor those who haplessly fall within the jurisdiction of the United States government.
		The Trading With the Enemy Act has now been duly codified, and is now a permanent part of the U.S. Federal Code.
	www.jonchristianryter.com /2004/101004.html (1708 words)

	[No title]
		Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act shall be known as the "Trading with the enemy Act." SEC.
		The words "to trade," as used herein, shall be deemed to mean-- (a) Pay, satisfy, compromise, or give security for the payment or satisfaction of any debt or obligation.
		(h) All powers of attorney heretofore or hereafter granted by an enemy or ally of enemy to any person with- in the United States, in so far as they may be requisite to the performance of acts authorized in subsections (a) and (g) of this section, shall be valid.
	www.uhuh.com /laws/donncoll/eo/1917/enemy.txt (1203 words)

	US to firms trading with Cuba: Watch it \| csmonitor.com
		Trade with Cuba is permitted under Canadian law.
		But under the 1992 Cuban Democracy Act, US companies and their foreign subsidiaries are specifically forbidden to trade with Cuba.
		The Trading With the Enemy Act was introduced in 1917.
	www.csmonitor.com /2002/0426/p06s01-woam.htm (916 words)

	Cuban travel law
		But they and their U. government friends passed their act and dishonestly attached it to The Trading With The Enemy Act by calling Cuba's move to socialism a "national emergency," because that's the way corrupt people with power typically do these things.
		The Trading With The Enemy Act of 1917 was meant to control business dealings with countries with which the U.S. was actually at war.
		The constant revisors, endorsers, and champions of these regulations defend their outdated and never justifiable rat's nest of quasi-legal blather in shrill and expediently incoherent terms that imply national security is at stake, the connection between these regulations and the "Trading With The Enemy Act," is contrived, tenuous, and dishonestly protracted.
	www.angelfire.com /amiga2/enclavista/cubantravellaw.htm (379 words)

	Economic Crimes and Cuban Cigars (September 2000)
		The “Trading with the Enemy Act” is arbitrary, however, not simply in the determination of enemies but also in the application of the law.
		For not every American who “trades with the enemy” by purchasing Cuban cigars is guilty of a crime, but only those who have done so without the permission of a federal bureaucrat.
		Ironically, “trading with the enemy” is the type of arbitrary economic crime to which the Cuban people are subjected as part of their socialist economic system.
	www.fff.org /comment/ed0900h.asp (730 words)

	Freedom Site -- articles and essays concerning wrongful and unconstitutional expansion of federal powers into the daily ...
		In Section 5 (b) of this act, we see that the President was given unlimited authority to control the commercial transactions of defined enemies, but we see that credits relating solely to transactions executed wholly within the United States were excluded from that controlling authority.
		Condemnation to the use of the captor is equally the fate of the property of the belligerent and of the property found engaged in anti-neutral trade.
		This authorization of trading under licenses constitutes the principal modification of the rule of international law forbidding trade between the citizens of belligerents, for the power to grant such licenses, and therefore exemption from the operation of law, is given by the bill."
	www.freedomsite.net /emergncy.htm (13589 words)

	Trading With the Enemy Act - SourceWatch
		The Trading With the Enemy Act, Title 12, §95(a) and §95(b) of the United States Code, is considered by many to constitute a declaration of war made in 1933 against the people of the United States by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
		Documentation by one writer connects the origin of the Trading With the Enemy Act with events of March 27, 1861.
		That which is called Congress today assembles and acts under the authority of the President acting in capacity of being Commander-In-Chief of the Armed Forces, under emergency war-powers rule, i.e.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Trading_With_the_Enemy_Act (333 words)

	Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications
		Under the traditional laws of war enemy combatants can be killed, prisoners of war taken, the enemy's property seized or destroyed, enemy aliens interned, and other measures necessary to subdue the enemy and impose the will of the warring state taken.
		A declaration triggers the Alien Enemy Act, which gives the President substantial discretionary authority over nationals of an enemy state who are in the U.S. It activates special authorities to use electronic surveillance for purposes of gathering foreign intelligence information without a court order under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.
		Among the few rights recognized under the Act, alien enemies subjected to removal may, if not chargeable with "actual hostility" or other crime against public safety, be entitled to the time allowed by applicable treaty or order to wind up his or her affairs here.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/NHC/DeclWar.htm (13848 words)

	II. U.S. Policy on Travel to Cuba
		The travel ban on Cuba is authorized by the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, granting the President the power to prohibit financial transactions in time of war.
		The following year, the Free Trade in Ideas Act26 was enacted as part of the State Department Authorization Act, which contained a non-binding resolution that the President should not restrict travel for educational or other similar purposes between the U.S. and any other country.
		The President’s authority under the Trading with the Enemy Act was subsequently delegated to the Secretary of the Treasury where it is regulated under the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control.
	shr.aaas.org /rtt/report/two.htm (649 words)

	Worden2
		Congress passed the Trading with the Enemy Act on Oct. 6, 1917, six months after the US entered World War I. Although the Constitution gives the power to regulate commerce to Congress, Congress felt that the President needs the flexibility to regulate - and even Embargo - trade with the enemy in time of war.
		To promulgate valid regulations under the Act, the country must be in either a War declared by Congress or a National Emergency declared by the President.
		Accordingly, in 1977 Congress amended the Trading with the Enemy Act by revoking all authority for the President to act in a "National Emergency." Thus, since 1977 the Act only empowers the President while the country is at war.
	www.letcubalive.org /Worden2.html (2477 words)

	Tuesday, January 21, 2003 3:49 p.m. PST
		FDR had this amendment to the trading with the enemy act passed within 5 days of FDR being sworn into office for the first time.
		The Act specifically excluded citizens of the United States, because we realized in 1917 that the citizens of the United States were not enemies.
		The people of the United States were now subject to the power of the Trading with the enemy Act of October 6, 1917, as amended.
	www.quatloos.com /dove_report.php?id=304 (2796 words)

	Cuba Reconciliation Act
		This Act may be cited as the `Cuba Reconciliation Act'.
		Any common carrier within the meaning of section 3 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 153) is authorized to install, maintain, and repair telecommunications equipment and facilities in Cuba, and otherwise provide telecommunications services between the United States and Cuba.
		This Act, and the amendments made by this Act, shall take effect 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act.
	www.theorator.com /bills109/hr208.html (739 words)

	Trading with the Enemy — Bush Family
		Under the Trading with the Enemy Act, the government took over the Union Banking Corporation, in which Bush was a director.
		Enemy nationals were said to own 49 percent of the common stock and 41.67 percent of the preferred stock of the company.
		The Times omitted the fact that the Union Banking Corporation had been seized by the government for trading with the enemy, and even the fact that 120 Broadway was the address of the government's Alien Property Custodian.
	www.geocities.com /notowaroniraq/Prescott.html (7241 words)

	Corporate Crime Reporter
		In your press packets, you have a copy of the press release, the charts detailing the 59 companies caught trading with the enemies of the United States, a copy of my statement, and a copy of Michael's statement.
		The Trading with the Enemy Act imposes sanctions against Cuba and North Korea.
		While there is an ongoing public policy debate about who exactly is an "enemy of the United States" and whether or not these sanctions laws actually work in achieving their desired ends, there is little debate that when the government enforces the law against major American corporations, the results should be made public.
	www.corporatecrimereporter.com /russellstatement.html (1474 words)

	[No title]
		Despite Trading with the Enemy Act prohibiting trade in enemy currency, finance minister approves trade in Iraqi dinar for another year.
		Despite the Trading with the Enemy Act, which forbids trade in enemy currency, Finance Minister Abraham Hirchson renewed authorization to traffic in the Iraqi dinar for another year this week.
		Since the days of the British Mandate, Israeli law prohibits trading with the enemy and bans, among other things, trade in the currency of enemy countries like Iran and Syria.
	www.ynetnews.com /articles/0,7340,L-3282124,00.html (421 words)

	Trading with the Enemy Act
		Chapter 1, Title 1, Section 48, Statute 1 of this Act of March 9, 1933 is the exact same wording as Title12, USC 95(b) quoted earlier, proving that we are still under the Rule of Necessity in a declared state of national emergency.
		This Act originally excluded citizens of the United States, but in the Act of March 9, 1933, Section 2 amended this to include "any person within the United States or any place subject to the jurisdiction thereof".
		Yes you, dear reader, are the enemy subject and have never, ever, been a sovereign, and neither have your relatives dating back to 1787, UNLESS your relatives were one of the aristocracy having land and money and possibly a grant from the Crown.
	www.apfn.org /apfn/1933.htm (4426 words)

	Is the Constitution Suspended?
		According to Schroder, the foundation for the current crisis was laid on October 6, 1917 with the passage of the Trading With the Enemy Act.
		Looking in section 95(b) of USC Title 12, this writer found, in place of Dr. Schroder's reference to the 1917 Trading With the Enemy Act, a reference to "section 95(a) of this title." Section 95(a) refers only to a time of war, not to a period of national emergency.
		But even this portion of the act, though always unconstitutional, was amended in 1977 to read: "During time of war, the President may...." What was deleted from the original by the 1977 amendment, of course, is the reference to a "national emergency declared by the President."
	www.constitution.org /pub/nam6205a.htm (1502 words)

	US CODE--TITLE 50, APPENDIX--WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE
		839, amended section 5 of the Trading with the Enemy Act, which is classified to section 5 of this Appendix and section 95a of Title 12, Banks and Banking.
		50, amended the Trading with the Enemy Act by adding a section 32, and was transferred to section 32 of this Appendix.
		925, amended the Trading with the Enemy Act by adding sections 33 to 37, and was transferred to sections 33 to 37 of this Appendix.
	www.access.gpo.gov /uscode/title50a/50a_11_1_3_.html (238 words)

	THE CHINATOWN FILES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Immigration Act passed by Congress excludes "Chinese women, wives and prostitutes." An immigration quota of 105 Chinese immigrants a year is established, based on one-sixth of one percent of the existing Chinese population in the U.S. according to the 1920 census.
		The Editor of the China Daily News is charged with violating the Trading with the Enemy Act when he publishes an ad for a Chinese bank, through which Chinese Americans can send money to their families in China.
		The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 repealed the national origins quota, essentially abolishing race as a criteria for allocating immigration quotas to various countries.
	www.chinatownfiles.org /history.html (1459 words)

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