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	FAO: SD : People : Working with local institutions to support sustainable livelihoods. Traditional Authorities in ...
		Traditional chieftancies in Mozambique are decentralised institutions attached to a given territory (unlike tribal chieftancies).
		Traditional chiefs have legitimacy, on religious and lineage grounds, as mediators between a given ethnic group and its environment.
		Great care is needed to reach an appropriate balance of respect for traditional authorities and their role in representing the interests of local communities, while still aiming to redress grievances that emerge from these same institutions.
	www.fao.org /sd/2002/PE0702a196_en.htm (2230 words)

	Sudan House of Nationalities
		More importantly, the idea was to unify the traditional leadership that had been disintegrated by war and manipulation by the warring parties and to protect cultural diversity and wealth of customs and traditions of all the communities, among other objectives.
		Regarding the role of traditional leaders, the conference agreed that their recognition was a key to the restoration of good government in the New Sudan.
		It was also agreed that the traditional leaders should be involved in the new laws and that there should be both the national and local land commissions to oversee the management and use of the land.
	www.houseofnationalities.org /TraditionalAuthority_intheNubaMountains.asp (995 words)

	Rhodes University / Library / Theses / 2003 / Ntsebeza /
		The thesis argues that the institution of traditional leadership and its officials survived precisely because they were incorporated into the colonial and apartheid administrative structures in the project of indirect rule.
		Traditional authorities were central to the apartheid policy of retribalisation, which was essentially a form of control of Africans in the Bantustans.
		In explaining the recognition of the institution of traditional leadership, the thesis focuses on the policies of the ANC, the majority party in the Government of National Unity, towards traditional authorities.
	www.ru.ac.za /library/theses/2003/ntsebeza (376 words)

	IFP Speeches - August 2004
		Traditional leadership is the pinnacle of both a system of governance and the overall rules organizing and defining daily life in a community, including family law, commercial transactions, use of the land and all that which defines rights and obligations in an organized society.
		Traditional leaders put forward their concerns and demands, clearly indicating that they were not concerned about themselves as individuals, but rather about the institution of traditional leadership, which is inclusive of both traditional leaders and traditional authorities.
		Both documents carefully avoided dealing with traditional authorities, limiting themselves to the laconic statement that a conflict between the powers of municipalities, and those of traditional authorities, had to be dealt with at a different juncture and level.
	www.ifp.org.za /Archive/Speeches/030804sp.htm (3413 words)

	Tradition on the move - introduction
		It is about democracy, tradition and change in one small part of the Northern Province: Sekhukhune, and describes how people try to get to grips with the tension between traditional authority and democracy in everyday life, and what solutions they come up with.
		The traditional authorities have protested vehemently against the process of municipal demarcation that has often split their communities in two, leaving each half to fall under a different elected local government.
		Traditional authority often seems to stand for a patriarchal culture, and thus to be diametrically opposed to the new constitution, which promotes equality.
	www.niza.nl /nl/publications/006/intro.htm (3235 words)

	Profile KwaZulu-Natal
		Ambiguity as to the precise role that traditional leaders should play in local government resulted in the intense discussions and politicking around the issue in the run-up to the municipal election, which was held on December 5, 2000.
		Traditional authorities complained that public hearings organised by the Municipal Demarcation Board were poorly advertised and that their submissions were ignored.
		The institution of traditional leadership is considered commonly to exclude women from decision-making positions and to limit their participation at traditional gatherings.
	www.profilekzn.co.za /archive/vol2-no4-june2002/latest3.asp (1457 words)

	Vhavenda: Manifesto of the Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front
		Traditional authorities in the countryside should be empowered to act as local government and not to duplicate authorities and bounderies of such local areas.
		Traditional affairs are more local than so-called national and provincial and therefore deserve our attention at local level, and this would mean that all problems pertaining to Indigenous affairs and their traditional authorities shall be entertained.
		If the will of the people is that traditional authorities must be left intact, then we have to utilise these institutions at local level for proper governance.
	www.unpo.org /article.php?id=3995 (920 words)

	Home Page - Traditional Architecture Group UK
		The Traditional Architecture Group wrote to the ODPM and asked to be told “unambiguously” whether the words in Clause 11 of PPS7 “are intended to exclude traditional architecture”.
		Based on this clarification, local authorities and planning inspectors will no longer be able to exclude a proposal for an isolated new house in the country simply because it is traditional.
		Traditional designs will be judged only on whether they are “truly outstanding and ground-breaking” examples of their own genre, their setting and “sensitivity to the defining characteristics of the local area”.
	www.taguk.net (585 words)

	Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities (ICDRA) - Bahrain, 10-13 November ...
		Herbal medicines can be used either as crude botanical drugs by local traditional practitioners, as a special type of health-food, as self-medication in the form of crude botanical drugs, or in the form of industrially-prepared formulations.
		Traditional medicine has been practised by the Malays and, since the founding of Singapore in 1819, this kind of medicine has been introduced by Chinese immigrants.
		At present, prepared traditional medicines are subject to regulation such as advertising control, surveillance of imported consignments and investigation of adverse events.
	www.who.int /medicinedocs/library.fcgi?e=d-0edmweb--00-1-0--010---4----0--0-10l--1es-5000---50-about-0---01131-0011cbMB3ocm9ee80ca70000000044c8ab49-0utfZz-8-0-0&cl=CL2.1.4&d=Js4924e.14&az=A>=0&gc=&ihs=0>=2& (2359 words)

	IFP Speeches - 3 December 2000
		Traditional authorities will no longer have the power to exercise basic functions such as deciding which land is to be planted, and which is to built upon, or to give the permission to erect buildings, or conduct other developments.
		Traditional leaders throughout the country are now united and recognise the necessity of closing ranks against a common threat.
		Traditional leaders have been united in a coalition which is comprised of all provinces of South Africa.
	www.ifp.org.za /Archive/Speeches/031200sp.htm (2733 words)

	General News of Wednesday, 17 May 2006
		Adjei Yeboah in personal remarks advised the youth to support programmes and processes of land administration of the traditional council instead of taking the law into their hands and contesting decisions taken by the traditional authorities.
		He called for a downward review of the cost of land to avail Ghanaians the chance to own land and houses and directed members of the traditional council that the practice of selling land, which for sometime now had remained their prerogative must give way to directives from the customary land secretariat.
		Oseadeyo Agyeman Badu tasked the area's land administration committee, under chairmanship of Barima Ansu Agyei, chief of Wamfie and Krontihene of Dormaa Traditional Council, to ensure that land given out to individuals and groups in the traditional area were utilized for the overall development of the area.
	www.ghanaweb.com /GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=104411&nav=next (650 words)

	Managing Ghana's wetlands: a national wetlands conservation strategy
		Traditional harvesting of fuel-wood, timber, fish and good water supply are lost when wetlands are converted to other forms of land use.
		Traditional management practices, which underscore socio-cultural values, are accepted as means of regulating the utilisation of wetland resources.
		Empowerment of Traditional Authorities and Local Communities: Legal instruments designed to protect wetland sites and species shall not alienate, but rather strengthen the hands of the traditional authorities and local populations to manage the resources of the wetland in a judicious manner and derive benefits from the management of the resources.
	www.ramsar.org /wurc/wurc_policy_ghana.htm (7119 words)

	Privacy International - COE Recommendation No. R (95) 13
		During execution of a search, investigating authorities should have the power, subject to appropriate safeguards, to extend the search of other computer systems within their jurisdiction which are connected by menas of a network and seize the data therein, provided immediate action is required.
		Subject to legal privileges or protection, investigating authorities should have the power to order persons who have data in a computer system under their control to provide all necessary information to enable access to a computer system and the data theirin.
		In order to enable the competent authorities to keep abrest of new phenomena in the field of computer related offenses and to develop appropriate counter-measures, the collection and analysis of data on these offenses, including modus operandi and technical apsects, should be furthered.
	www.privacy.org /pi/intl_orgs/coe/info_tech_1995.html (1402 words)

	the first traditional leaders conference in Nuba Mountains
		More importantly, the idea was to unify the traditional leadership that had been disintegrated by war and manipulation by the warring parties and to protect cultural diversity and wealth of customs and traditions of all the communities, among other objectives.
		It was also agreed that the traditional leaders should be involved in the new laws and that there should be both the national and local land commissions to oversee the management and use of the land.
		He said that the traditional authority was ready to take their positions again and hoped that a paper would be written after the conference outlining what the traditional authority need in the discharge of their responsibilities.
	home.planet.nl /~ende0098/content/documents/Traditional_leaders_conference.htm (13901 words)

	Traditional Authorities Have Important Role In Customary Law - Justice Brobbey \| Ghana Official Portal
		Mr Justice Samuel A. Brobbey, Justice of the Supreme Court of Ghana yesterday emphasised that traditional authorities still have an important role to play in the development of customary laws in the country.
		He said traditional authorities contributed to the development of customary law by ensuring social justice, social values and virtues. He explained that the practice is best seen in the criteria for consideration of appointment as a chief.
		He said the selection of a chief is meticulously done by examining the candidate from head to toe and also ensure that ex-convict, philanderer, a person with a bellicose traits or undesirable character were disqualified.
	www.ghana.gov.gh /ghana/traditional_authorities_have_important_role_customary_law_justice_brobbey.jsp (426 words)

	Prometra Home in English (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This official traditional welcoming ceremony served as the debut to a scientific conference filled with presentations on multiple aspects of African traditional medicine.
		In partnerships with the laboratory component, traditional medicines are being evaluated for safety and efficacy.
		Traditional medicine generally centered on the traditions and the endogenous knowledge of the community does not cease playing its role.
	www.prometra.org /english.html (2323 words)

	Agreements on indigenous rights and culture
		The competent authorities shall undertake the gradual and orderly transfer of resources, so that they can themselves administer the public funds they are assigned and in order to strengthen indigenous participation in the different levels and spheres of government, control, and administration.
		Priority shall be given to the intervention of the indigenous authorities in appointing the experts or testifying to the veracity of the latters' credentials.
		Both State and Federal agrarian authorities promise to carry out an agrarian census, to be led by the civil authorities and in coordination with indigenous communities and peoples, as well as social organizations, so as to determine the situation of land ownership in the State.
	www.ezln.org /san_andres/documento_3.en.htm (4314 words)

	Projects - Ghana : Promoting Partnerships with Traditional Authorities Project
		The main purpose of the Promoting Partnerships with Traditional Authorities Project is to test in a limited number of areas approaches to: 1) substantively integrate and improve deprived remote and rural communities' involvement in development activities; and 2) help focus the contributions/influence of Traditional Authorities (TA) in socio-economic development.
		Component 1 seeks to strengthen the capacities of the traditional authorities (chiefs, queenmothers, and village headpersons) and communities in the Asanteman Council areas, and the Akyem Abuakwa Traditional Council areas to effectively participate in activities to improve health and fight HIV/AIDS in their communities.
		Component 3 improves the financial and management capabilities of the two councils' respective secretariats; and the capacities of the traditional authorities who are members of these two councils, on decentralization and community development issues.
	web.worldbank.org /external/projects/main?pagePK=104231&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P071399 (430 words)

	GRAIN \| BRL \| Special intellectual property regime
		This registration shall be requested by the general congresses or indigenous traditional authorities in order to protect their dresses, arts, music and any other traditional rights susceptible of protection.
		The public institutions vested with legal power are authorized to disclose and to promote, in agreement with the general congresses and indigenous traditional authorities, the history, customs, values and artistic and traditional expressions (including the garments) of the indigenous communities, as integral part of the national culture.
		The rights of use and commercialization of the art, crafts and other cultural expressions based on the tradition of the indigenous community, must be governed by the regulation of each indigenous communities, approved and registered in DIGERPI or in the National Copyright Office of the Ministry of Education, according to the case.
	www.grain.org /brl/?docid=461&lawid=2002 (5447 words)

	UNFPA: POPULATION ISSUES: Culture
		The faith community and traditional leaders in Malawi represent a vast, largely untapped resource that must be effectively supported through awareness-raising and capacity-building programmes if HIV/AIDS is to be successfully combated at all levels of society.
		In addition to the Church, traditional authorities (former chiefs) also wield power in Malawian society as administrators of local government and the perceived custodians of local culture.
		In some areas governed by these traditional authorities, as many as a quarter of the population are estimated to be living with HIV or AIDS.
	www.unfpa.org /culture/case_studies/malawi_study.htm (784 words)

	Articles
		However, the recognition of traditional law is still just nominal and no legislation has been enacted to enforce such recognition on the prevailing majoritarian government.
		Traditional Indian law is based on Indian cultures, and for that reason, is an actual expression of Indian societies and ways of government.
		“[t]he authorities of the indigenous peoples shall exercise functions of justice, applying their own norms and procedures for the resolution of internal conflicts in conformity with their customs or customary law, as long as these are not in conflict with the Constitution and the law.
	tlj.unm.edu /articles/volume_2/agustin/content.php (4042 words)

	General News of Friday, 9 December 2005
		He observed that, the continuous removal of traditional authorities from the power to administer the wealth of the land they live on and investing such power in the state was denying the country the growth of rich citizens to champion the private sector development to become the engine of growth for the country.
		He described the laws which invested the administration of the minerals and forestry resources of the stool lands in the state as "socialist in nature", saying now that the country had adopted free enterprise economy, there was the need for such laws to be reviewed.
		Mr Barimah said it was the desire of government to work closely with the traditional authorities in the country, saying the government and its functionaries would often need the advice of traditional authorities in its development efforts.
	www.ghanaweb.com /GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=95801 (248 words)

	Sweets 'N' Eats-traditional scottish sweets,hand made chocolates
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		overall standards were weakened traditional scottish sweets by the performance of one authority which consistently traditional scottish sweets underperformed the other two hand made chocolates in most aspects of practice.
		We are a small traditional family business covering 3 generations based in Lockerbie, Scotland.
	www.sweetsneats.co.uk (291 words)

	General News of Wednesday, 2 July 2003
		He said the amendment would enable the Councils since they are on the ground and close to their areas of authority to monitor the operations of timber firms in order to check excesses.
		He suggested that lands previously acquired in the past by the central government which were not being utilised should be re-allocated back to the traditional authorities.
		He indicated that Traditional Authorities which required direct support for specific projects could satisfy these wishes through the District Assemblies on which they are represented and exhibit the same level of transparency and accountability which the NPP Government has shown.
	www.ghanaweb.com /GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=38524 (470 words)

	Traditional authorities to charge annual levy
		He said services provided by traditional authorities include the hearing of cases by traditional courts and the attending of traditional events by village headmen and other traditional leaders, who were representing their communities.
		At present, homestead and mahangu field owners in the North usually pay tribal authorities once for their land and this is often done by giving cattle.
		However, the traditional authorities have decided to raise revenue for themselves by imposing the levy, which has been received favourably by many villagers.
	www.namibian.com.na /2002/February/news/024714FA5B.html (367 words)

	Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Ch. 11)
		(1) (a) The legislature of each province in which there are traditional authorities and their communities, shall establish a House of Traditional Leaders consisting of representatives elected or nominated by such authorities in the province.
		(c) The traditional authorities resident in a province shall before the introduction of draft legislation referred to in paragraph (b), be consulted, in a manner determined by resolution of the provincial legislature, to establish their views on the content of such legislation.
		(b) Any provincial Bill pertaining to traditional authorities, indigenous law or such traditions and customs, or any other matters having a bearing thereon, shall be referred by the Speaker of the provincial legislature to the House for its comments before the Bill is passed by such legislature.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Govern_Political/SouthAf_Const_11.html (603 words)

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