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Topic: Traffic Collision Avoidance System

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	Traffic Alert/Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
		The research also found that a warning to a pilot that potential collision danger exists is not sufficient information for prevention of a collision, and that relative bearing of an existing collision threat must be known to the pilot to give him enough time to see the other aircraft and execute an avoidance maneuver.
		One of the earliest collision avoidance systems that was proposed, developed in the 1950s, was a three range device for high-speed jet aircraft.
		The operative element in this system is a mechanism that prohibits the transponders that responded to the whisper from responding to the shout and vice-a-versa, thus reducing the number of transponders responding at one time.
	www.allstar.fiu.edu /aero/TCAS.htm (3116 words)

	Traffic alert and collision avoidance coding system - Patent 5636123
		The traffic alert and collision avoidance transmitter of claim 22, wherein the carrier signal is derived from and phase coherent with a reference frequency from a GPS satellite signal.
		The traffic alert and collision avoidance transmitter of claim 21, further comprising a second modulator for controlling the transmission of the collision avoidance signal in a binary manner such that the collision avoidance signal is randomly transmitted over a beacon antenna.
		The traffic alert and collision avoidance receiver of claim 34, wherein the reception of collision avoidance signals by the receiver is controlled by a binary transmit/receive sequence such that signals are received when the binary transmit/receive sequence is high and collision avoidance signals are not received when the binary transmit/receive sequence is low.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5636123.html (12818 words)

	Traffic collision avoidance system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
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	traffic-collision-avoidance-system.szc.sk (461 words)

	Traffic alert and collision avoidance coding system (US5636123)
		A system for coding and transmitting traffic alert and collision avoidance data between vehicles (A, B and C) traveling within a given airspace (12).
		A collision avoidance signal is then generated by modulating a carrier signal with the PN code representing the volume element containing the transmitting vehicle and with the navigation message.
		The collision avoidance signal is transmitted on a common communications channel using time-multiplexing based on a pseudorandom sequence.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US05636123 (520 words)

	Traffic Collision Avoidance System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (or TCAS) is a computerised avionics device which is designed to reduce the danger of mid-air collisions between aircraft.
		Although research into collision avoidance systems has been ongoing since at least the 1950s, authorities such as the Federal Aviation Administration were only spurred into action after several major mid-air collisions involving great loss of life.
		TCAS III is the "next generation" of collision avoidance technology which is currently undergoing active development by aviation companies such as Honeywell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Traffic_Collision_Avoidance_System (1138 words)

	Formation surveillance and collision avoidance - Patent 6657578
		The system of claim 1 wherein the processor is configured to generate a first alarm signal when a potential collision with a non-formation aircraft is detected and a second alarm signal when a potential collision with a formation aircraft is detected.
		The methods, systems and apparatus of the present invention also enable nearby ATC non-formation aircraft and other aircraft in the formation, to be displayed on the traffic displays of the formation members having non-interrogating surveillance and collision avoidance systems.
		Conversely, a surveillance and collision avoidance system in "active mode" means that the system is actively performing surveillance by transmitting interrogations to solicit replies from transponders of nearby aircraft.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6657578.html (8847 words)

	Report: flights avoid potential collision near Miami (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The American flight's traffic collision and avoidance system activated and the pilot climbed, and turned away from the BWIA flight, Bergen said from her office in Atlanta, Ga.
		Bergen, however, said it is a "fairly uncommon occurrence" for a traffic collision and avoidance system to activate.
		Traffic collision and avoidance systems, or TCAS, alerted the pilots of both planes they were getting too close to each other, authorities said.
	www.abcactionnews.com /stories/2005/04/050426flights.shtml (410 words)

	COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The system provides for decision-making based on a common set of rules, that are decided in advance and upon which all agents can rely.
		The system provides for safe holding patterns for each agent until its turn to leave the area of contact and resume its path to its destination.
		Collision avoidance motion, when implemented by the system, will not be hazardous to or uncomfortable for passengers because it is based on planar motion, not vertical motion.
	www.research.ucla.edu /tech/ucla05-279.htm (398 words)

	MITRE CAASD \|\| Projects - Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System
		The Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System, or TCAS, is an instrument integrated into other systems in an aircraft cockpit.
		Companies soon began designing collision avoidance systems, but two problems hampered their efforts.
		The system interpreted these signals to determine the location, speed, and course of each plane and used the data to avoid a potential collision.
	www.caasd.org /proj/tcas (1746 words)

	Mid-Air collison over Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		At nearly the same instant, the Boeing 757's TCAS (Traffic Collision Avoidance System) issued a Resolution Advisory (RA) in response to the threat of a collision with the TU-154, and the pilots began a descent in an attempt to avoid the Russian aircraft.
		Some 45 seconds prior to the collision pilots of the Boeing and Tupolev, still almost 11 km apart, both received commands from their collision avoidance systems to change their altitude: Boeing was to descent and the Tupolev was to gain altitude.
		Numerous systems were proposed in a number of countries, with the US leading the way because of the greatest number of mid-air collisions due to relatively heavy air traffic.
	www.aeronautics.ru /news/news002/news053.htm (2605 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| Was anti-collision system turned off? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The absence of a functioning system would help explain why the Tupolev crew reacted so late to instructions from Zurich air traffic control to descend to avoid a Boeing 757 cargo plane at the same 36,000ft flight level.
		Investigators believe that had the Russian pilots been guided by a functioning TCAS system, they would have begun their descent well before the second instruction and passed harmlessly beneath the Boeing, which was operating a DHL flight from Bergamo, near Milan, to Brussels.
		It remains possible that the Boeing's TCAS system may have slightly misjudged the Tupolev's position and triggered an overly-sharp descent.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/07/03/wcrash103.xml (811 words)

	Swiss air system was turned off - smh.com.au
		A spokesman for Skyguide, the Swiss air traffic controllers' body that was monitoring the flights over southern Germany late on Monday, said the system that indicated whether two aircraft were on a collision course was not working at the time.
		The Swiss air traffic controllers in charge of the airspace at the time have said the Russian passenger jet that collided in mid-air with a cargo jet, killing 71 people, most of them children, was ordered to decrease altitude just before the collision.
		Swiss air traffic controllers said earlier it was only on their third order that the Russian pilot began to reduce altitude to avoid collision.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2002/07/03/1025667009135.html (638 words)

	TCAS-4000: TCAS-4000: Traffic Alert Collision Avoidance System
		The system operates as an airborne secondary surveillance radar that interrogates the ATC transponders of nearby aircraft.
		If an omnidirectional antenna is installed on the bottom and nearby traffic is masked from the top mounted antenna, TCAS continues to compute avoidance maneuvers from range and altitude information but may not be able to display the relative bearing of the traffic.
		Traffic display controls may be located on the display, the Electronic Flight Instrument System range and mode controller, or on the transponder control.
	www.rockwellcollins.com /ecat/br/TCAS-4000_PrintFriendly.html (1075 words)

	TCAS
		Traffic situations can be created and reloaded: Position, altitude, heading, vertical speed and airspeed of all targets can be saved on the hard disk.
		TAs are given to the pilot in form of the word TRAFFIC displayed in yellow on the ND, and the aural voice annunciation "traffic, traffic".
		When the traffic separation is increasing, the pitch command is removed from the PFD accompanied by the aural annunciation “clear of conflict”.
	www.aerowinx.de /html/tcas.html (1909 words)

	[No title]
		The system operates as an airborne secondary surveillance radar that interrogates the ATC transponders of nearby aircraft.
		If an omnidirectional antenna is installed on the bottom and nearby traffic is masked from the top mounted antenna, TCAS continues to compute avoidance maneuvers from range and altitude information but may not be able to display the relative bearing of the traffic.
		Traffic display controls may be located on the display, the Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) range and mode controller, or on the transponder control.
	www.omnijet.com /mods/tcas-94.doc (889 words)

	Airbus studies emergency traffic avoidance system to act without pilots-22/03/2006-Toulouse-Flight International
		Airbus is studying development of an advanced traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) that would automatically manoeuvre the aircraft away from a potential mid-air threat without input from the flightcrew.
		Although the “autopilot traffic collision avoidance system” has been presented to Airbus customers, Roy cautions that the technology is “not mature and is in the early stages of development – it has not been flight tested yet”.
		Nor is the system included in the preliminary specification for a new traffic computer for the A320, for which an RFP is expected soon.
	www.flightglobal.com /articles/2006/03/22/205580/airbus-studies-emergency-traffic-avoidance-system-to-act-without.html (603 words)

	CNN - False alarm on jet causes 2 near-crashes - January 14, 1998
		The incident occurred Friday when the traffic collision avoidance system on the Southwest jet sounded a false alarm, forcing the jet to climb rapidly.
		An air traffic controller who witnessed the event said it was the worst incident he had seen on the job in 16 years.
		The collision avoidance system is mandatory on all commercial jets.
	www.cnn.com /US/9801/14/briefs.pm/near.collisions/index.html (202 words)

	Boeing 777: Air Traffic Control Transponder (ATC) & Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
		The Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) consists of two Mode S transponders, a TCAS Transponder control panel, a computer processor, a TCAS EFIS control panel, two NDs capable of traffic display, two PFDs capable of pitch guidance to avoid transponder-equipped airplanes, an aural message system, and two directional antennas.
		TCAS is on but only the Traffic Advisory function of TCAS is operational.
		TA / RA - The transponder is on and all Traffic Advisory and Resolution Advisory function of TCAS is operational.
	www.meriweather.com /777/ped/atc.html (334 words)

	Guardian \| Warning system was off
		Switzerland's air traffic control company yesterday admitted its automatic collision warning system was turned off for maintenance on Monday when a Boeing 757 and a Russian Tupolev 154 slammed into one another and exploded in a fireball above Lake Constance.
		The sole air traffic controller on duty at the time of the accident, who told the Russian pilot to dive a mere 50 seconds before the impact, was reportedly too traumatised to talk to investigators yesterday.
		The company insisted one air traffic controller was adequate to supervise five planes crossing Swiss airspace at that time and denied that their behaviour breached regulations.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,,4454113-108958,00.html (604 words)

	Pilot paradox at heart of disaster - smh.com.au
		A back-up telephone line was available for the radar controller's work, but further technical difficulties prevented German air traffic control advising the Swiss that at 11.33 their collision alert system had warned of the looming collision.
		Fifteen seconds after the traffic alert was given, the 757's TCAS requested "descend, descend" and the Tupolev's requested "climb, climb".
		The DHL crew advised air traffic control that a TCAS descent was initiated but it appears that their instruction may have overlapped with air traffic control's second call to the Tupolev to descend.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2002/07/12/1026185109872.html (937 words)

	3-D Audio Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Visual gaze must first be directed down towards the map display, and then upwards for search of the traffic "target," which is inefficient compared to target acquisition by immediately directing the gaze to the correct direction out the window.
		With this system, the out-the-window position of the traffic can be linked to the virtual auditory position of the word "traffic" heard through headphones.
		This is because pilots can keep their head "out the window" looking for traffic without needing to move the head downwards to the planform map display and then back up.
	vision.arc.nasa.gov /HST/Brief/Auditory.S.T./3-D.A.T.html (534 words)

	Mode S: An Air Traffic Control Data-Link Technology
		The system is running 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and can not be shut down at any time to install new technologies or upgrade the old.
		Air traffic control is safety-critical, and new systems can not be easily tested in a real-world situation, since any bugs will cost lives and millions of dollars in equipment.
		Because air traffic control is such a complicated task, and requires compliance by everyone in a given airspace, the Mode S system had to be perfectly interoperable with its predecessor, the Air Traffic Control Radio Beacon System (ATCRBS).
	mit.edu /6.933/www/Fall2000/mode-s/index.html (838 words)

	The Other Wing - Dec 1992
		Traffic Collision Avoidance System is the system the air carriers are using.
		Although the traffic picture is the same, a separate copy would be sent to each TIS recipient.
		Traffic management involves TCA and ARSA and tower and approach control and clearance delivery and a hundred other creatures of the government.
	www.airsport-corp.com /towarticles/dec92.html (1287 words)

	Elliott Aviation - Consulting
		To review briefly, both systems provide a map-like display of surrounding traffic, and both provide a TA whenever another aircraft is within about 48 seconds of its closest point of approach.
		During a TA, a synthesized voice announces, "Traffic, traffic," and the symbol for the intruder aircraft changes from a white diamond shape to a solid yellow round dot.
		System enhancements include increased surveillance range options and bearing accuracy, improved reliability and an advanced communication datalink, while ensuring the system meets the full range of ACAS II and Mode S regulatory requirements.
	www.elliottaviation.com /consulting/consulting10.asp (2275 words)

	Air Traffic Control
		This legislation authorized the Department of Commerce to “establish air traffic rules for the navigation, protection, and identification of aircraft, including rules as to safe altitudes of flight and rules for the prevention of collisions between vessels and aircraft.” The first rules were brief and basic.
		As traffic increased, some airport operators realized that such general rules were not enough to prevent collisions.
		In 1960, the FAA began successful testing of a system under which flights in certain “positive control” areas were required to carry a radar beacon, called a transponder, that identified the aircraft and helped to improve radar performance.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Government_Role/Air_traffic_control/POL15.htm (1771 words)

	DefenseLink: Contracts for Friday, February 13, 2004
		Northrop Grumman Space and Mission Systems Corp., Redondo Beach, Calif., is being awarded a $391,218,530 cost-plus-award-fee contract modification to provide for the replan of the acquisition and operations contract for the National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS).
		Northrop Grumman Systems Corp., St. Augustine, Fla., is being awarded an estimated value $48,840,543 indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract for services and material to perform minor inspections, repairs, maintenance, miscellaneous aircraft support and minor modification installations on the EA-6B aircraft.
		Specialty Defense Systems*, Dunmore, Pa., is being awarded a $10,405,538 firm-fixed-price with indefinite-quantity type of contract for modular lightweight load carrying equipment for the Army.
	www.defenselink.mil /contracts/contract.aspx?contractid=2698 (1368 words)

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