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Topic: Traffic grooming

	Groom -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A (A man participant in his own marriage ceremony) groom is a person responsible for the feeding and care of (Solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times) horses.
		(additional info and facts about Grooming a child) Grooming a child is befriending a child, often in the negative context of preparing for the child to accept inappropriate behavior from the other person.
		A (A man participant in his own marriage ceremony) groom is a type of (A person authorized to serve in a position of authority on a vessel) officer- (A person working in the service of another (especially in the household)) servant in the British royal household.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/groom.htm (169 words)

	Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of WDM Optical Networks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Traffic grooming, in which low-rate circuits are multiplexed onto wavelengths, with the goal of minimizing the number of add-drop multiplexers (ADMs) and wavelengths has received much research attention from the optical networking community in recent years.
		In this paper, we consider survivable traffic grooming, or grooming traffic which contains a mix of circuits that need protection and that do not need protection.
		As it turns out, survivable traffic grooming presents a significant tradeoff between the number of wavelengths and the number of ADMs, which is almost non-existent in non-survivable traffic grooming for this type of traffic.
	home.gwu.edu /~venkat/cost/submission1.htm (176 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Traffic grooming refers to techniques used to pack low-speed traffic streams onto high-speed wavelengths in order to minimize the network wide cost in terms of line terminating equipment and/or electronic switching.
		Grooming should be performed at the edge, so a lightpath is unable to be terminated to added some requests even if the load on the lightpath may be very light.
		Traffic grooming in MPLS over GMPLS is dynamic grooming, which means not only the connection requests arrive randomly, but also the groomed traffic in a wavelength may terminate at any time.
	www.faqs.org /ftp/pub/pub/internet-drafts/draft-xushao-ipo-mplsovergmpls-01.txt (5593 words)

	Traffic grooming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As a result, uploads have been disabled until further notice, and images may not be displayed.
		Traffic grooming is the process of taking telecommunications traffic and sorting it into the most efficient arrangement possible.
		This process includes considering the topology of the network and the different routes in use.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Traffic_grooming (102 words)

	Project-Team - mascotte
		Another way for reducing the cost of the network is to group the traffic in such a way that some units of traffic may share some optical channels.
		Assuming this model and a traffic matrix - with unity elements in layer 0 - minimizing the cost of the network will consist in grooming traffic in such a way that as much traffic as possible will be switched in the highest possible layer (fibers in our example).
		When some traffic is switched along a path in the network within the same layer, we represent it as a pipe.
	www.inria.fr /rapportsactivite/RA2003/mascotte2003/module9.html (988 words)

	Seminars and Events: SFU Computing Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In this lecture, we consider traffic grooming in networks where requests are routed at different hierarchical (electronic or optical) levels (like SONET/SDH versus WDM).
		We restrict ourselves to two levels with a given grooming factor C (i.e we can group at most C requests at some level in a "pipe" of the next level).
		We mainly consider the case where the traffic matrix is that of a total exhange.
	www.cs.sfu.ca /news/index.cgi/events/2003-10-03-1.html (155 words)

	WDM Technology and Issues in WDM Optical Networks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The traffic is assumed to be routed on the virtual topology using the shortest paths.
		The traffic grooming is said to be valid only if the total bandwidth of the SONET connections carried by any wavelength on a fiber does not exceed the wavelength capacity.
		The traffic grooming is valid because, for any wavelength on a fiber, the number of OC-x connections carried does not exceed the multiplexing factor.
	www.informit.com /articles/article.asp?p=26931&seqNum=8 (8480 words)

	Wang Yao : abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		While WDM technology brings huge transmission capacity potential to a single fiber, the capacity requirement of a single traffic request might be far less than the capacity of a single wavelength running on a fiber.
		Traffic grooming tries to address this capacity mismatch problem by packing low-rate traffic requests into high-rate wavelength channels (lightpaths) in a cost-effective way that either resources requirement is minimized when traffic requests are given or network throughput is maximized when the amount of network resources is given.
		This presentation gives an introduction to the traffic grooming problem in SONET/WDM ring networks and WDM mesh networks, including issues such as concepts and benefits of efficient traffic grooming, key technologies enabling grooming, mathematical formulation of the traffic grooming problem, computational complexity of traffic grooming problem, grooming heuristics and traffic models.
	www.math.unl.edu /~regionws/5thAnnual/abstracts/parallel/wy.html (195 words)

	[No title]
		However, when traffic modeling is oriented towards modern applications such as bursty arrival process as in compressed video, or non-uniform destination distribution as in Internet sites popularity, detailed and quantitative simulation results prove that algorithm performances are significantly degraded from over 95\%to less than 60\%of maximum throughput.
		Other studies of IP traffic have shown that a small number of flows carry the main part of the network traffic, these flows are referred to as elephants.
		We assume that the traffic is adversarial to the extent permitted by the regulators.
	www.cs.columbia.edu /~hgs/bib/net02.bib (10186 words)

	Optical Networks Magazine - Abstracts from Volume 2, Issue 3
		Traffic grooming in WDM networks, is defined as the act of multiplexing, demultiplexing and switching lower rate traffic streams onto higher capacity lightpaths.
		In order to move toward the goal of a true all-optical network, two objectives should be met: (i) signaling for dynamic path set up and removal should be independent of the payload traffic; (ii) a mechanism should be devised for the simultaneous transport of heterogeneous (particularly IP) and other traffic on the same wavelength.
		The goal of this work is to determinate where and how to groom low speed traffic into lightpaths in such a way that the network cost is minimized.
	www.optical-networks.com /may01_abstracts.html (1498 words)

	University of Trento - Italy - UNITN-Eprints - Analysis of Elastic Traffic Effects on WDM Dynamic Grooming Algorithms
		Traffic grooming in IP over WDM networks introduces a coupling between the optical layer and the IP layer.
		Grooming algorithms are normally studied with a very simple traffic model that completely ignores this interaction.
		This paper compares the performance of two simple grooming algorithms with a traditional, Poisson based traffic model and a more complex one that takes into account the IP traffic elasticity and the inherent interaction between the IP routing and the optical layer.
	eprints.biblio.unitn.it /archive/00000657 (209 words)

	Lightwave - Simplifying interoffice facilities using RPR technology
		With resilient-packet-ring-based transport architectures, local traffic is groomed and rerouted to and from any node on the ring for efficient network utilization.
		Subsequently, traffic is backhauled to large, expensive crossconnects for grooming and redistribution into the network.
		Traffic paths are dynamically configured based on metrics such as congestion of spans and path availability.
	lw.pennnet.com /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Article_ID=184409&CFID=58602&CFTOKEN=94099243 (1194 words)

	Research and Industry Liaison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Traffic grooming is the process of packing low rate signals into higher rate streams which share a wavelength, an optical communication medium.
		The setting we consider is a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) network; each wavelength connects all nodes in a cycle, and may be unidirectional or bidirectional.
		In general, there are two main goals, given a set of traffic requirements between nodes.
	www.ucfv.bc.ca /dril/Profiles/josephyu.html (282 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Traffic grooming is about multiplexing low-speed traffic streams over high capacity optical channels to reduce the cost and to maximize network throughput and efficiency.
		Grooming Edges (GrmE) – this is an edge from the input port to the output port on access layer if the node has grooming capability.
		Therefore, minimizing the traffic hops is equivalent to minimizing the number of grooming edges in the path found by IGABAG.
	www.utdallas.edu /~gbg021000/ONProjectReport.htm (3144 words)

	Network Research Facilitation Project Awards - 2004
		Traffic grooming in heterogeneous mesh networks based on high-speed optical interfaces and connections becomes an important research problem as the Internet backbone evolves to its next generation.
		We propose a succinct generic graph model, which is designed to deal with the traffic grooming problem for heterogeneous WDM networks.
		We also propose a dynamic traffic grooming algorithm to route traffic requests according to the succinct model.
	abilene.internet2.edu /observatory/nrfp-awards-2004 (1219 words)

	Traffic grooming for survivable WDM networks: dedicated protection [Invited] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Traffic grooming for survivable WDM networks: dedicated protection [Invited]
		For dedicated protection, we prove that the problem of provisioning a connection under PAC is NP-complete, propose effective heuristics for both schemes, and define comprehensive performance metrics to compare PAL with PAC with respect to wavelength or grooming-port efficiency.
		Under today's typical connection-bandwidth distribution in which lower-bandwidth connections outnumber higher-bandwidth connections, PAC outperforms PAL (in terms of bandwidth-blocking ratio, lightpath use, and wavelength use) if the number of grooming ports is large; however, PAL outperforms PAC (in terms of bandwidth-blocking ratio and grooming-port use) when the number of grooming ports is moderate or small.
	www.osa-jon.org /abstract.cfm?URI=JON-3-1-50 (282 words)

	Optimal traffic grooming for wavelength-division-multiplexing rings with all-to-all uniform traffic
		We consider the problem of traffic grooming in wavelength-division-multiplexing rings with all-to-all uniform traffic.
		When the traffic granularity is equal to 4, we also show that the minimum number of ADMs can be achieved either with the minimum number of wavelengths, a result that was conjectured in earlier research [J. Lightwave Technol.
		J. Hu, "Optimal traffic grooming for wavelength-division-multiplexing rings with all-to-all uniform traffic," J. Opt.
	www.osa-jon.org /abstract.cfm?URI=JON-1-1-32 (184 words)

	Evaluation of Playing Surface Characteristics of Various In-Filled Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This is different from grooming where the granules are loosened.
		Grooming or loosening of the infill granules should be done at least once or twice per year.
		Since the pile fibers breakdown due to both foot traffic and photodegradation, indoor fields will typically outlast fields that are exposed to sunlight.
	cropsoil.psu.edu /mcnitt/Infill8.cfm (1416 words)

	SONET
		Grooming refers to either consolidating or segregating traffic to make more efficient use of the facilities.
		It's possible to groom traffic on asynchronous systems, however to do so requires expensive back-to-back configurations and manual DSX panels or electronic cross-connects.
		Grooming is performed electronically so DSX panels are not used except when required to interface with existing asynchronous equipment.
	home.att.net /~jemstar-jdc/SONET/BusinessImp.html (1151 words)

	Optical Networks Magazine - Abstracts from Volume 4, Issue 6
		Traffic Grooming has emerged as a key technology that can effectively utilize the huge bandwidth in optical networks by aggregating low-speed traffic streams into high-capacity lightpaths.
		With the network topology evolves from rings to meshes, traffic grooming in mesh networks is becoming more and more important.
		The study is concentrated in a metropolitan area of ~3600 km2 and an estimated population of ~4.3 million by 2005.
	www.optical-networks.com /nov03_abstracts.html (2015 words)

	Lightwave - Moving toward all-optical networks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		With appropriate connection management, a significant amount of traffic at any node can be treated as express traffic-traffic that is passing through the node and does not need to be terminated locally.
		With the huge increase in traffic at network transit nodes, there is also an increasing need to manage traffic in groups of wavelengths (bands) or even of entire system fibers.
		The bulk of traffic in next-generation networks is likely to be IP traffic; therefore, routers play a key role in sourcing and sinking network traffic.
	lw.pennnet.com /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Article_ID=86120&CFID=43988&CFTOKEN=12957610 (3069 words)

	On Optimal Traffic Grooming in WDM Rings - Dutta, Rouskas (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Abstract: We consider the problem of designing a virtual topology to minimize electronic routing, that is, grooming traffic, in wavelength routed optical rings.
		We present a new framework consisting of a sequence of bounds, both upper and lower, in which each successive bound is at least as strong as the previous one.
		Traffic Adaptive WDM Networks: A Study of Reconfiguration Issues - Baldine, Rouskas (2001)
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /508930.html (466 words)

	Research Page: Advanced Computer Networks
		By intelligently grooming several multicast sessions with fractional wavelength bandwidth requirements onto a single wavelength, we demonstrate that our algorithms achieve a significant reduction in the maximum number of wavelengths required in a link as well as in the total number of wavelength links needed.
		In this study, although the ILP formulation is based on static traffic, the proposed algorithm is also applicable to routing dynamic connection requests.
		In this work, we study traffic grooming in SONET/WDM BLSR networks under the uniform all-to-all traffic model with an objective to reduce total network costs (wavelength and electronic multiplexing costs), in particular, to minimize the number of ADMs while using the optimal number of wavelengths.
	www.cs.wright.edu /~bwang/projects.htm (2051 words)

	Call for Papers
		The purpose of this special issue is to provide a forum for highlighting advances in methods, technology, and practice brought about by academicians and practitioners solving grooming problems in an industrial setting.
		Issues impacting traffic grooming include firm strategy, demand characteristics of traffic, backup routings, bundling of traffic on the optical layers, capacities on communication arcs, free capacities and premiums for additional capacities on particular arcs, limitations on the number of transitions a commodity can make between the optical and electrical layers, and bifurcated versus non-bifurcated routings.
		Sought are high-quality articles for practitioners and researchers alike on all topics related to the grooming of telecommunication networks, including, but not limited to, the following.
	www.ifors.org /panorama/callfp/list/call_07_00.shtml (419 words)

	An Effective and Comprehensive Approach for Traffic Grooming and Wavelength Assignment in SONET/WDM Rings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In this paper, we propose optimal or near-optimal algorithms for traffic grooming and wavelength assignment to reduce both the number of wavelengths and the number of S-ADMs.
		Some lower bounds on the number of wavelengths and S-ADMs required for a given traffic pattern are derived, and used to determine the optimality of the proposed algorithms.
		In addition, even when using a minimum number of wavelengths, the savings in S-ADMs due to traffic grooming (and the use of WADMs) are significant, especially for large networks.
	www.comsoc.org /net/private/2000/oct/608_08net05-zhang.html (461 words)

	New Page 1
		We will review the latest results on the complexity of the traffic grooming and multigranular switching problems, and we will discuss the implications of these results to the design of practical algorithms.
		We will then review a number of algorithms for traffic grooming in ring topologies (with applications to SONET/SDH), star and tree topologies (with applications to WDM access networks), as well as general network topologies (with applications to metro and backbone WDM networks).
		It is also used by service providers to perform traffic engineering to control inbound and outbound traffic across multiple location and links.
	www.ieee-infocom.org /2004/tutorial.htm (3974 words)

	J.Q. Hu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Hu, J.Q. and Modiano, E., "Traffic Grooming in WDM Networks," manuscript, 2003.
		Zhao, Chenming and Hu, J.Q., "Traffic Grooming for WDM Rings with Dynamic Traffic," manuscript, 2003.
		Hu, J.Q. and Leida, B., "Traffic Grooming, Routing, and Wavelength Assignment in Optical WDM Mesh Networks," manuscript, 2002.
	people.bu.edu /hqiang (1208 words)

	2002-052: Traffic Grooming in Wavelength-Routed Mesh Networks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A promising approach is wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) under which the fiber bandwidth is divided into a number of separate wavelength channels, each operating at peak electronic rate.
		This research project will investigate how to efficiently groom traffic in a multi-wavelength, long- haul backbone mesh network employing wavelength routing.
		By effectively packing (i.e., grooming) these lower-speed OC-N SONET pipes into high-bandwidth wavelength channels - i.e., by appropriate routing, wavelength assignment, and time-slot assignment - the network operator can efficiently utilize the expensive network resources.
	www.ucop.edu /research/micro/abstracts/2002/2002_052.html (211 words)

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