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Topic: Tragedy of the anticommons

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Tragedy of the anticommons
		The tragedy of the anticommons is a situation where rational individuals (acting separately) collectively waste a given resource by under-utilizing it.
		In both anticommons and commons, there is no hierarchy among owners such that the decision of one owner can dominate those of other owners, forcing them to use their resources in ways they would not, if they were permitted free will by the authority.
		The tragedy of the commons is a metaphor that illustrates the sub-optimal use or even destruction of public resources (the "commons") by private interests when the best strategy for individuals conflicts with the common good.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Tragedy-of-the-anticommons (2533 words)

	The Tragedy of the Anticommons: Property in the Transition from Marx to Markets \| Cooperation Commons
		A tragedy of the anticommons results when property theorists and implementers of property redistribution in transitional societies focus unduly on the clarity of rights (who is entitled to a share) while giving short shrift to the content of useful property bundles.
		Anticommons property is defined to be a class of property in analogy to the commons in classical economic literature to explain some of the failures and difficulties in the transition from communist to market economies.
		He maintains that the phenomenon is due to a tragedy of the anticommons, an underuse of scarce resources due to the allocation of multiple new owners with the rights to exclude others from its use.
	www.cooperationcommons.com /node/412 (642 words)

	Tragedy of the anticommons
		An anticommons is contrasted with a commons where too many individuals have privileges of use (or the right not to be excluded) in a scarce resource.
		The tragedy of the commons is that rational individuals, acting separately, may collectively over-utilize a scarce resource.
		In both anticommons and commons, there is no hierarchy among owners such that the decision of one owner can dominate those of other owners, forcing them to use their resources in ways they would not, if they were permitted free will by the authority.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tr/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons.html (144 words)

	Tragedy of the commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The tragedy of the commons is a metaphor that illustrates the sub-optimal use or even destruction of public resources (the "commons") by private interests when the best strategy for individuals conflicts with the common good.
		The key to the tragedy of the commons is when individuals use a public good, they do not bear the entire cost of their several actions.
		One of the leading problems of political philosophy is to articulate a solution to the tragedy of the commons.
	www.dontbeevil.com /tragedy_of_the_commons.html (726 words)

	SSRN-The Tragedy of the Anticommons: Property in the Transition from Marx to Markets by Michael Heller
		Anticommons property can be understood as the mirror image of commons property.
		In an anticommons, multiple owners are each endowed with the right to exclude others from a scarce resource, and no one has an effective privilege of use.
		The difficulties of overcoming a tragedy of the anticommons suggest that policymakers should pay more attention to the content of property bundles, rather than focusing just on the clarity of rights.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=57627 (335 words)

	Tragedy of the anticommons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term "tragedy of the anticommons" was originally coined in a 1998 Harvard Law Review article by Michael Heller, a professor at Columbia Law School.
		The countereffect of the tragedy of the anticommons, the increased usefulness of a resource as the result of many individuals using it, has been dubbed the comedy of the commons by Carol M. Rose in a 1987 article that appeared in the University of Chicago Law Review.
		Patents often provide examples of the tragedy of the anticommons because a patent owner has exclusive rights over the use of the patented technology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons (1206 words)

	EconPapers: The Tragedy of the Anticommons: Property in the Transiton from Marx to Markets
		In an anticommons, by my definition, multiple owners are each endowed with the fight to exclude others from a scarce resource, and no one has an effective privilege of use.
		This article explores the dynamics of anticommons property in transition economies, formalizes the empirical material in a property theory framework, and then shows how the idea of anticommons property can be a useful new tool for understanding a range of property puzzles.
		The difficulties of overcoming a tragedy of the anticommons suggest that property theofists n-fight pay more attention to the content of property bundles, rather than focusing just on the clarity of rights.
	econpapers.repec.org /paper/wdipapers/1997-40.htm (408 words)

	Tragedy of the commons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The tragedy of the commons is a class of social trap that involve a conflict over resources between individual interests and the common good.
		Mostly, it has been applied to theories of social evolution, where it was widely held that altruism could not have evolved because the 'tragedy of the commons' would always favour selfish individuals; whose genes for selfish behaviour would therefore come to predominate.
		Slate: "Awareness bracelets and the tragedy of the commons" by Timothy Noah
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons (3017 words)

	Workshop Research Library Home
		"The Tragedy of the Commons or the Tragedy of Misinterpretation in Economics?" Presented at the second annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Winnipeg, Manitoba, September 26-30, 1991.
		Lipnowski, Irwin F. "Solving the 'Tragedy of the Commons': An Alternative to Privatization." Presented at the second annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Winnipeg, Manitoba, September, 1991.
		Externatlities to the Tragedy of the Commons." Presented at the second annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Winnipeg, Manitoba, September 26-30, 1991.
	www.indiana.edu /~workshop/wsl/tragedy.htm (6294 words)

	Tragedy of the anticommons - Definition, explanation
		The tragedy of the anticommons occurs when rational individuals (acting separately) collectively waste a given resource by under-utilizing it.
		This situation (the "anticommons") is contrasted with a commons, where too many individuals have privileges of use (or the right not to be excluded) in a scarce resource.
		The term "tragedy of the anticommons" was originally coined by Harvard Law professor Frank Michelman and popularized in 1998 by Michael Heller, a law professor at Columbia University.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/t/tr/tragedy_of_the_anticommons.php (244 words)

	MIT Convergence Culture Consortium: Archives
		Lawrence Lessig has an intriguing post up about the "anticommons" problem, wherein excessively restrictive and separated property rights lead to the under-utilization of a resource.
		In addition to anticommons inefficiencies caused by rights-gouging and DRM, there are also a wide range of issues surrounding the perception of 'piracy' on the part of the public.
		The anticommons problem and its cousins, monopolistic and oligopolistic practices, cause most of the public resentment of the current IP regime.
	convergenceculture.org /weblog/2005/12/tragedy_of_the_anticommons.html (355 words)

	Tragedy of the commons Summary
		Overgrazing by domestic animals destroys the grassland and contributes to the tragedy of the commons.
		The basic concept is a giant pasture that is for everyone to have a piece of land and for the herdsman to have as many cattle a possible to sustain the land.
		Thus you have the tragedy of the commons.
	www.bookrags.com /Tragedy_of_the_commons (5421 words)

	GrimReader: Approval authority: Tragedy of the anti-commons
		Many of you familiar with environmental economics are probably familiar with the Tragedy of the Commons, for which the best known essay is Garrett Hardin's.
		Conservationist farmers are able to capture the gains from their practices, and farmers who don't practice conservation either end up either copying the successful practices or going out of business and selling to the others.
		The Tragedy of the Anticommons is the mirror image.
	www.zianet.com /ehusman/weblog/2005/12/approval-authority-tragedy-of-anti.html (647 words)

	The Tragedy of the Anti-Commons at The Sound of Crickets Chirping
		I ran across this arcticle that illustrates a correlary to the Tragedy of the Commons: The Tragedy of the Anti-Commons.
		The tragedy of the commons: when users of a shared resource have no incentive to conserve, the resource becomes exhausted.
		The tragedy of the anticommons: when users of a shared resource all have the ability to block eachother from using it, the resrouce becomes underutilized.
	www.cricketschirping.com /weblog/?p=654 (181 words)

	A New Fishing Tragedy?
		The tragedy of the commons explains why ocean fisheries are prone to overuse (Hardin1968).1 The good news is that individual fishing quotas, called IFQs or ITQs (for individual transferable quotas), have overcome this tendency in a growing number of fisheries around the globe.
		In our enthusiasm for individual fishing quotas, however, we should be aware of the possibility that poor design of an IFQ program could lead to the tragedy of the anticommons.
		One of the problems to watch for is the tragedy of the anticommons.
	www.perc.org /perc.php?id=455 (1304 words)

	Article \| Tragedies of the tele-commons
		Prof Heller’s investigation led him to subtle insights about a phenomenon he dubbed the “tragedy of the anticommons.” This market failure mirrors the famous problem of over-grazing, which occurs when there are too many rights to use a scarce resource, eliminating incentives to conserve.
		The creation of unlimited options for new entrants to use facilities at bargain prices is itself a tragedy of the anticommons - and, strangely, one consciously crafted by regulators.
		A tragedy of the anticommons occurs when such rights are overly broad in scope and insufficiently remunerative in cash, inviting resellers to free ride on risky investments by others.
	www.manhattan-institute.org /html/_ftcom-tragedies.htm (967 words)

	RePEc
		In an anticommons, by my definition, multiple owners are each endowed with the fight to exclude others from a scarce resource, and no one has an effective privilege of use.
		When there are too many owners holding rights of exclusion, the resource is prone to underuse -- a tragedy of the anticommons.
		The difficulties of overcoming a tragedy of the anticommons suggest that property theofists n-fight pay more attention to the content of property bundles, rather than focusing just on the clarity of rights.
	www.inomics.com /cgi/repec?handle=RePEc:wdi:papers:1997-40 (303 words)

	College of Law, University of Illinois
		The conference was attended by twenty scholars and was hosted by Professor Thomas S. Ulen, the Swanlund Chair and Director of the Illinois Program in Law and Economics, and Professor Lee Anne Fennell, Associate Director of the Law and Economics Program.
		The attendees discussed the future of the commons and the anticommons.
		The well-known tragedy of the commons story (which has the structure of a Prisoner's Dilemma) and its more recently developed counterpart, the tragedy of the anticommons, have provided influential focal points for thinking about property regimes and resource allocation.
	www.law.uiuc.edu /content/news/article.asp?id=842 (207 words)

	[No title]
		First, it argues that the over-propertization of broadcast rights through the treaty may lead to a tragedy of the anticommons, or the under-use of the resources in question.
		This is usually referred to as the ‘tragedy of the commons’, in order to make the argument for the propertization of resources. While under-propertization of a resource could result in its detrimental overuse, it remains the case that a symmetrically opposite situation could arise from an over-propertization of a resource.
		An anticommons situation is said to arise when exclusionary rights (ie property rights) are granted to differing persons/entities over the same or essentially related resources, allowing them to block each other.
	www.cptech.org /ip/wipo/Oxfordcasting.doc (4314 words)

	Through a Glass Darkly: Live Blogging: Open Science Symposium
		Most of the fears about a biotechnology anticommons are unfounded.
		Recent empirical studies do not support the "tragedy of the anticommons" in biotechnology (see list in extended entry).
		Empirical studies of the tragedy of the anticommons:
	www.davidopderbeck.com /archives/2006/09/live_blogging_o_3.html (246 words)

	Can Patents Stifle Innovation In Biomedical Research?
		Policy-makers often prescribe privatization to cure a "tragedy of the commons" in which people overuse shared resources.
		But, in solving one tragedy, privatization can go astray and accidentally create a "tragedy of the anticommons" in which people underuse scarce resources because too many owners can block each other.
		Examples of potential anticommons tragedies include patenting of gene fragments and royalty-stacking through the use of reach-through-license-agreements (RTLAs) for patented research tools.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-04/UoM-CPSI-300498.php (271 words)

	Reason Magazine - Don't Label Me and the Tragedy of the Anticommons.
		One way to address the licensing problem is industry consolidation and in fact, most of America's small seed companies have been purchased or merged with larger life sciences companies.
		Citing the work of Rebecca Eisenberg, Wright believes that gene patenting right now is experiencing "The Tragedy of the Anti-commons." The classic tragedy of the commons occurs when nobody owns a resource and it is depleted because no one has an incentive to protect it.
		The tragedy of the anti-commons occurs when everyone claims to own a resource exclusively and refuses to allow anyone else to use it.
	www.reason.com /news/show/34769.html (8541 words)

	Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics, Cambridge - petermr’s blog » Blog Archive » Open Source ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The tragedy of the anticommons is a situation where rational individuals (acting separately) collectively waste a given resource by under-utilizing it.
		The term “tragedy of the anticommons” was originally coined by Harvard Law professor Frank Michelman and popularized in 1998 by Michael Heller, a law professor at Columbia Law School.
		On the Internet and in the digital age the initial cost of manufacture is high, but the cost of copying is effectively zero so it can be argued that there is no tragedy of the commons and that re-use has a beneficial effect (e.g.
	wwmm.ch.cam.ac.uk /blogs/murrayrust/?p=78 (1289 words)

	IPcentral Weblog: Where is the Anticommons?
		Patent critics often use the term Tragedy of the Anticommons, a famous prediction by Michael Heller and Rebecca Eisenberg of the stifling effects of increased patenting resulting in scenarios where users must secure rights from many patent owners to use inventions.
		The AAAS survey, in part, looks at the effects of research patenting from Bayh-Dole, which streamlined the process for patenting of university research, and a series of decisions at the USPTO and federal courts that expanded patentable subject matter; including biological components, which could serve both research and commercial pharmaceutical purposes.
		The important finding is that despite growth of patenting, the study reports no findings of an Anticommons in scientific research.
	weblog.ipcentral.info /archives/2006/06/where_is_the_an_1.html (536 words)

	Aaron Schiff's website » Tragedy of the Anticommons
		Many people are familiar with the “tragedy of the commons”.
		The tragedy of the anticommons doesn’t get as much airtime, but it’s equally important, especially in high-tech industries.
		Thus the tragedy of the anticommons has the opposite effect of the tragedy of the commons.
	www.26econ.com /?p=29 (648 words)

	SSRN-Cyberspace as Place, and the Tragedy of the Digital Anticommons by Dan Hunter
		Cyberspace was once thought to be the modern equivalent of the Western Frontier, a place, where land was free for the taking, where explorers could roam, and communities could form with their own rules.
		The conception of "cyberspace as place" leads to the implication that there is property online, and that this property should be privately owned, parceled out, and exploited.
		Though private ownership of resources of itself is not problematic, it can lead to the opposite of the tragedy of the commons: the tragedy of the anti-commons.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=306662 (562 words)

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