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Topic: Trait theory

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Big five personality traits

Personality

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	Trait theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trait theory is an approach to personality theory in psychology.
		These traits exist because they are the highest-level factors of a hierarchical taxonomy based on the statistical technique factor analysis.
		Whilst Costa and McCrae (1992) have suggested that traits are a mixture of environment and genetics, the 3F approach suggests explicitly that different personality traits are caused by the properties of the brain, which themselves are the result of genetic factors (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1985).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trait_theory (1771 words)

	Big Five personality traits - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These traits are usually measured as percentile scores, with the average mark at 50%; so for example, a Conscientiousness rating in the 80th percentile indicates a greater than average sense of responsibility and orderliness, while an Extroversion rating in the 5th percentile indicates an exceptional need for solitude and quiet.
		For example, as an extremely heterogeneous collection of traits, research had found that "personality" (i.e., any of a large number of hypothesized personality traits) was not predictive of important criteria.
		However, using the five-factor model as a taxonomy to group the vast numbers of unlike personality traits, psychologists Barrick and Mount used meta-analysis of previous research to show that in fact there were many significant correlations between the personality traits of the five-factor model and job performance in many jobs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Big_five_personality_traits (2730 words)

	Leading
		Trait theories intended to identify traits to assist in selecting leaders since traits are related to leadership effectiveness in many situations.
		Trait theory posits key traits for successful leadership (drive, desire to lead, integrity, self-confidence, intelligence, and job-relevant knowledge) yet does not make a judgment as to whether these traits are inherent to individuals or whether they can be developed through training and education.
		Theory Y's purpose is to encourage integration, to create a situation in which an employee can achieve his or her own goals best by directing his or her efforts toward the objectives of the organization.
	ollie.dcccd.edu /mgmt1374/book_contents/4directing/leading/lead.htm (3975 words)

	Application of Trait Theory in Personality Synopsis at ALLPSYCH Online
		These five traits, according to many, make up the OCEAN of human personality, as the acronym goes, and are often considered to be the basic traits under which all other aspects of personality fall.
		Where most theories argue for the development (past), the current personality (present) and provide a means for change (future), trait theory is stuck in the present.
		Many argue that the application of trait theory is significantly reduced because it lacks a means for change.
	allpsych.com /personalitysynopsis/trait_application.html (1385 words)

	ERP 9:1 Index of Person Separation in Latent Trait Theory
		The counterpart of the idea of internal consistency in latent trait theory is the idea of unidimensionality, that is, that a person may be represented by a single value on a single latent continuum.
		With respect to the latter point, in all latent trait theory the emphasis is on the advantages that accrue from having an estimate of a person parameter and on having a standard error for this estimate.
		The main reason for the view that this index is unnecessary in latent trait theory is that in this theory the emphasis is on the explicit tests of fit of responses to the model and on standard errors of the estimates of the parameters.
	www.rasch.org /erp7.htm (3837 words)

	The Five-Factor Model
		The five-factor theory is among the newest models developed for the description of personality, and this model shows promise to be among the most practical and applicable models available in the field of personality psychology (Digman, 1990).
		Given that the purpose of the big five is to provide correlational evidence between traits and specific behaviors, it may aid an employer to predict which of her applicants is most likely to behave favorably in a given situation.
		In the first of these, he questions the two phrases, "[The theory] falls somewhat short of being a great theory in personality because it is not truly a theory," and, "Thorough critical attention is given to the proposal that the five-factor model is in fact a great theory." The first statement is an evaluative conclusion.
	www.personalityresearch.org /papers/popkins.html (6128 words)

	TRAITS
		The traits of the medieval leaders was their connection to the spiritual, being born with the silver spoon, inheriting gold, not being industrious.
		Trait theory is formal bourgeoisie logic embedded in capitalism, that assumes leaders (and followers) can be classified by traits.
		Once again Leadership Theory is restricted to the WILL TO SERVE half of Figure One and there is no dialectic interplay, allowing the traits to emerge from the material condition or for people to be multi-trait.
	cbae.nmsu.edu /~dboje/teaching/338/traits.htm (7564 words)

	Narcissism: A Genetic Trait -- Genetics of Personality Disorders
		The mode of transmission of the traits was deduced from archetypal family pedigrees.
		The theory proposes that the natural character traits A and N are indispensable to human development, being related to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, respectively.
		Perfectionism (P) The trait of perfectionism is not a basic drive of ambition and is not associated with a rage reaction.
	www.homestead.com /narcissism (849 words)

	TRAIT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Even though Trait Theory, one of the earliest leadership theories gave way to the Behavioral Theory and to Contingency Theory, the research on traits has not been abandoned.
		The traits of intelligence, dominance, self-confidence, high energy and activity level and task-relevant knowledge are most often mentioned and are commonly agreed upon across all leadership analyses.
		Trait theory is a more sophisticated, specific version of the great-man theory.
	tech.clayton.edu /eddins/trait.htm (952 words)

	PSY260 - Lesson 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Traits both provide a way to explain the uniqueness of each human personality (different people possess different central traits with different degrees of strength) and provide a way to explain the degree of consistency of thought and behavior for any given individual across various situations.
		Further he distinguished among ability traits, which determine the effectiveness of behavior (e.g., intelligence), temperament traits, which determine style and tempo of behavior, and dynamic traits, which are the general motives of behavior.
		In Cattell's theory sentiments are subsidiary to ergs and attitudes are subsidiary to sentiments.
	www.rio.maricopa.edu /classes/psy/psy260/110402/lessons/lesson07.html (2198 words)

	Gordon W. Allport's TRAIT THEORY at Anthony A. Walsh's Personality Theories Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		ccording to Allport, a trait is "...a generalized and focalized neuropsychic system(peculiar to the individual), with the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and guide consistent(equivalent) forms of adaptive and expressive behavior."(p.
		Traits, on the contrary, are considered wholly within the compass of the individual.
		Another example would be the types of traits that a university student might list as desirable in a roommate and those she might use to describe herself.
	www.sruweb.com /~walsh/allport_3.html (806 words)

	Item Response Theory
		It is not the only modern test theory, but it is the most popular one and is currently an area of active research.
		The line relating the trait and response is called an item characteristic curve or ICC for short (this is not the same ICC as the intraclass correlation coefficient).
		It is theoretically possible to have several different kinds of relations between the trait and observed response, and there is a history of test theories that correspond to different relations.
	luna.cas.usf.edu /~mbrannic/files/pmet/irt.htm (3088 words)

	Hidden Agenda: What Do Personality Trait Assessments Really Assess?
		Modern personality measures are based on trait theory - the idea that a small set of dispositions are largely responsible for the majority of our behaviors.
		Although trait theory appeared in the mid-thirties (Allport and Odbert, 1936) and was researched throughout the intervening decades, it did not gain acceptance until the early 80's.
		The current standard for traits is known as the Big 5 - a group of five factors that are thought to encompass the majority of variation in personality.
	www.nickyee.com /ponder/big5.html (1232 words)

	Trait Theory
		Trait theory is a way to describe/predict but it is not a theory of development
		Secondary disposition - influential traits that are less consistent and generalized than central or cardinal traits.
		He took the theories of Jung, and others before him (eg., Hippocrates, etc) and conceived of a basic 2X2 matrix of super traits.
	www.unc.edu /~erim/lecture3.htm (228 words)

	Essay or Coursework : "Trait theory is better at describing than explaining personality" Discuss?
		There are many different personality theories made by many different psychologists that attempt to account for individual behaviour.
		Trait psychologists regard the individual as being broadly describable in terms of a few key characteristics.
		There are a range of opinions in regards to how traits can be defined and measured and very little agreement as to what the basic trait units are.
	www.coursework.info /i/46703.html (316 words)

	Haley Downing
		The functionally autonomous traits that will be discussed later were derived from the Freudian system of instinct theory and the theorizing of William James and his idea of the transitoriness of instincts (Allport, 1937).
		The terms trait and habit may seem to be initially synonymous, but an important distinction and relationship exist between the two.
		His description of the circular reflex describes the human tendency to repeat an action as long as it produces a pleasurable outcome (this term is often used to describe the babbling of an infant).
	www.augustana.edu /users/psjohnson/adlerallportsamplepaper.htm (1828 words)

	Trait Theory
		Response to personality as consisting of broad, internal traits that are consistence across situations and time.
		Personality traits exert a stronger influence on an individual’s behavior when situational influence is less powerful.
		Link between traits and situations specified: more limited and narrower a trait is, more likely it will predict a behavior; not everyone consistent on the same trait; traits give a strong influence on an individual’s behavior when situational influences are less likely to affect personality.
	www.revision-notes.co.uk /revision/71.html (904 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Trait Theory
		This is the theory that has spawned the empirical breed of 'personality tests', rather than the projective, open-ended tests which characterise psychology.
		Tests are used to see which of the two possibilities for each trait are preferred, and then gather that information to make a rather accurate explanation of the person's overall behaviour.
		The trait theory describes what is probably the closest to the actual definition of 'personality' in general - noticeable characteristics which makes a person who they are.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/ww2/A147160 (344 words)

	Personality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Theories of personality try to explain how personality develops and predict reactions to events.
		Trait approach is not concerned with how a personality develops, but with more the content of what constitutes a personality.
		Central theory is that people differ in their personalities due to differing traits that they possess.
	www.misu.nodak.edu /psych/faculty/Burke/chapter12.htm (571 words)

	Trait Theory
		Attention was thus put on discovering these traits, often by studying successful leaders, but with the underlying assumption that if other people could also be found with these traits, then they, too, could also become great leaders.
		There have been many different studies of leadership traits and they agree only in the general saintly qualities needed to be a leader.
		For a long period, inherited traits were sidelined as learned and situational factors were considered to be far more realistic as reasons for people acquiring leadership positions.
	changingminds.org /disciplines/leadership/theories/trait_theory.htm (289 words)

	Trait Theory in Personality Synopsis at ALLPSYCH Online
		After all, traits are what make us who we are; they are the relatively permanent aspects of each of us evidenced by the consistency in our interactions.
		Third, unlike many other theoretical orientations, trait theorists are interested in the comparison of people through based on not just aspects, but also degrees.
		Because trait theory is so concerned with identification, we will also discuss various assessment techniques that have become commonplace in the psychological community.
	allpsych.com /personalitysynopsis/trait.html (229 words)

	Intro to Psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The study of personality traits is the most common approach to the study of personality.
		The term "trait" refers to any single aspect of personality which as a label is reliable across all human beings.
		Examples of measurable traits that you will encounter in the reading include, for example, "passive", "reliable", "easygoing", etc. (there can be hundreds).
	www.napier.ac.uk /depts/pas/psycho/topic4/topic4_4.htm (127 words)

	The social scientific study of leadership: Quo Vadis
		Earlier critics of trait theory argued that traits must be stable and predict behavior over substantial periods of time and across wide variety of situations
		The effects of traits on leader behavior and leader effectiveness are enhanced to a great extent by the relevance of the traits to the situation in which the leader functions
		Leadership traits are seen as important constructions of perceivers that help them make sense of social situations.
	home.ubalt.edu /tmitch/642/house.htm (1735 words)

	What is the Big Five Trait Theory
		The earliest form of Trait Theory is traced back to Ancient Greece at the time of the famous physician Galen.
		In more recent years personality theories have leaned more towards the notion that we all have similar personality traits but we differ in terms of the extent to which we exhibit that trait.
		A trait is considered to be a stable, cross situational individual difference.
	www.bdrum.com /group_07 (200 words)

	Trait Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The film confirms the weakness of trait theories-that we can't tell what traits will be needed until a particular situation arises.
		One trait Stodgill fails to mention is that the leader usually has to be alive.
		The evidence against trait theories is as strong in Saving Private Ryan as it is in other studies.
	newton.uor.edu /FacultyFolder/JSpee/film/Trait.html (1658 words)

	An Introduction to the Leadership Trait Paradigm
		Meta-Analysis: several traits (intelligence, dominance, and masculinity) were all significantly correlated with follower perceptions of leadership
		Trait driven behaviors are contingent on situational characteristics
		Trait driven behaviors are more likely to surface in weak environments
	home.ubalt.edu /tmitch/642/mcgrath.html (280 words)

	MGMT 363 - Employee Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Which leadership traits are successful depends on the situation the leader is in
		Traits are not powerful enough predictors of leadership to make them useful as a basis for choosing leaders
		Assess the critical leader trait using the least preferred coworker scale (16 dimensions—identify the one that would be most difficult to get the job done with
	www.uwosh.edu /faculty_staff/rau/leadership.htm (631 words)

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