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	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Transatlantic telephone cable
		A transatlantic telephone cable is a submarine communications cable that carries telephone traffic under the Atlantic Ocean.
		Attempts in 1865 and 1866 were more successful but although a telephone cable was discussed from the 1920s it needed a number of technological advances that did not arrive until the 1940s to be practical.
		Until TAT-1 the transatlantic telephone service was radio-based, started in 1927 it cost £9 for three minutes and took around 2000 calls a year.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/tr/Transatlantic_telephone_cable (273 words)

	Transatlantic telephone cable - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A transatlantic telephone cable is a submarine communications cable that carries telephone traffic under the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe.
		Although a telephone cable was discussed starting in the 1920s, to be practical it needed a number of technological advances which did not arrive until the 1940s.
		The TAT series of cables constitute a large percentage of all north Atlantic cables, All TAT cables are consortia joint ventures between a number of telecom companies, e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transatlantic_telephone_cable (307 words)

	Transatlantic telephone cable - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A transatlantic telephone cable is a submarine communications cable that carries telephone traffic under the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe.
		The first direct transatlantic telephone cable was built up by Werner von Siemens in 1875.
		All TAT cables are joint ventures between ATandT and one of several European telecom companies, e.g.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Transatlantic_cable (290 words)

	TAT-1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The developments that made TAT-1 possible were coaxial cable, polyethylene insulation (replacing gutta percha), very reliable vacuum tubes for the submerged repeaters and a general improvement in carrier equipment.
		The armoured cable was manufactured in south east London, England at a factory in Erith, Kent, owned by Submarine Cables Ltd. (owned jointly by Siemens Brothers and Company Ltd and The Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company Ltd).
		The cables were laid over the summers of 1955 and 1956, with the majority of the work done by the cableship Monarch.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/TAT-1 (543 words)

	Cable - Facts from the Encyclopedia - Yahoo! Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		One type of electric cable consists of a core protected by twisted wire strands and suitably insulated, especially when it is used to cross oceans undersea; a message transmitted by cable is known as a cablegram or cable.
		The first permanent transatlantic cable was laid in 1866 by Cyrus West Field, although demonstrations of its possibility had been made in 1858.
		The coaxial cable, which is virtually immune to external interference, consists of two concentric conductors separated by an insulator; the current in the inner conductor draws the current in the outer conductor toward the center rather than letting it dissipate outwards.
	messenger.yahooligans.com /reference/encyclopedia/entry/cable (308 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / THE CABLE UNDER THE SEA
		Thomson and his group were able to locate faults in the thin cable (about the diameter of a garden hose) by using a Wheatstone bridge, a recent British electrical invention, to measure the resistance of the cable between the ship and the break, and converting that figure into miles.
		The effect was to raise the capacity of the cable by 70 percent.
		This was a coaxial cable that worked in essentially the same way as the coaxial cable between the wall and your television set, dividing the thirty-six voices across a bandwidth 240 kilohertz wide.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/it/1987/2/1987_2_34.shtml (4770 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		When the first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid in 1858 by businessman Cyrus Field, it operated for only a month; subsequent attempts in 1865 and 1866 were more successful.
		Although a telephone cable was discussed starting in the 1920s, to be practical it needed a number of technological advances which did not arrive until the 1940s.
		All TAT cables are consortia joint ventures between a number of telecommunications companies, e.g.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=transatlantic_telephone_cable (262 words)

	Telecom History - The 1950s
		Telephones with illuminated dials are announced on October 3rd.
		Plans for transatlantic telephone cable are announced on December 1st.
		On March 27, Southern Bell installs its 5 millionth telephone in the office of the governor.
	www.webbconsult.com /1950.html (932 words)

	1946-1959 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In 1981, Cable and Wireless was a member of the consortium which set up Mercury Communications Ltd., which was to be British Telecom's only competitor in the UK until the ending of the so-called "duopoly" in the provision of telecommunications services in 1991.
		The Tercentenary Scheme for the provision of telephone kiosks was abolished.
		The first transatlantic telephone cable was laid between Oban in Scotland and Clarenville in Newfoundland, a distance of 2,240 miles.
	www.btplc.com /Thegroup/BTsHistory/1946-1959.htm (2879 words)

	Telephone Timeline - Greatest Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century
		Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone in 1876 rang in the era of talking at a distance.
		As telephone transmission extends across and between major cities, "loading coils" or inductors are placed along the lines to reduce distortion and attenuation or the loss of a signal's power.
		What is the world’s longest telephone line consists of 2,500 tons of copper wire, 130,000 poles, three vacuum-tube repeaters, and countless numbers of loading coils.
	www.greatachievements.org /?id=3625 (1679 words)

	AllRefer.com - cable (Technology: Terms And Concepts) - Encyclopedia
		cable, originally wire cordage of great strength or heavy metal chain used for hauling, towing, supporting the roadway of a suspension bridge, or securing a large ship to its anchor or mooring.
		Today a cable often refers to a line used for the transmission of electrical signals.
		Because they can carry a large number of signals simultaneously, coaxial cables are also used in cable television systems.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/cable.html (366 words)

	IEEE - Oliver E. Buckley, 1887 - 1959
		Recognizing the potential of permalloy to increase the speed of telegraph transmission, he supervised the development of a permalloy-loaded submarine telegraph cable and of terminal equipment, which increased the carrying capacity of submarine telegraph cable four-fold.
		The first such cable was laid between New York City and the Azores in 1924.
		He subsequently worked on the development of loaded transatlantic telephone cable in 1929 and on non-loaded multi-channel telephone cable in 1932.
	www.ieee.org /web/aboutus/history_center/biography/buckley.html (569 words)

	IEEE - IEEE History Center: First Submarine Transatlantic Telephone Cable System (TAT-1), 1956
		However, the communication capacity of the first transatlantic cable was very limited while the demand for rapid communication continued to increased.
		Recognition of the technical limitations of radio for transatlantic telephony led to studies of the feasibility of a North Atlantic submarine telephone cable.
		With communications traffic traveling at the speed of light on undersea cable, optical or electrical, the time difference encountered between end points across the ocean or across a city does not disturb communications being barely noticable hence, there is little difference between a voice call to another continent and one within one’s own city.
	www.ieee.org /web/aboutus/history_center/tat-1.html (1159 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Although a telephone cable was discussed at that time, it was not practical until a number of technological advances arrived in the 1940s.
		The developments that made TAT-1 possible were coaxial cable, polyethylene insulation (replacing gutta percha), very reliable vacuum tubes for the submerged repeaters and a general improvement in carrier equipment.
		The cables were laid over the summers of 1955 and 1956, with the majority of the work done by the cableship Monarch.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=TAT-1 (558 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Scotland \| Glasgow and West \| BT chiefs recall Atlantic success
		The transatlantic telephone cable was laid by the cableship Monarch, built by the Post Office in 1945.
		It was the only existing cableship capable of conveying the 1,500 nautical miles of cable, which had to be laid in one piece across the deepest part of the Atlantic.
		An inaugural ceremony was held at Lancaster House in London at which the postmaster general spoke to the chairman of AT&T in New York and to the Canadian minister of transport.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/5375796.stm (460 words)

	THG-Articles
		After the "Norderney" had sailed from Methil to the Post Office cable depot at Woolwich, where all the prize cable on board was landed, she was taken to Southampton and handed over to Messrs J and I Thornycroft for a major overhaul and refit to bring her up to Post Office standards.
		Cable ship "Alert" number 4 was constructed by the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Co Ltd, and launched on 7 November 1960 at Govan, Glasgow by Mrs Bevins, wife of the then Postmaster General.
		In 1956 the first transatlantic telephone cable was regarded as a major technological achievement, not least as a base for future research and improvements, developments which have led to the sophisticated transatlantic projects of TAT8 and TAT9 involving the use of optical fibre cables and digital technology.
	www.thg.org.uk /articles.htm (5720 words)

	History of Telecommunications Industry \| Tyco Telecommunications About Us
		Not only were we responsible for the first transatlantic telephone cable system in 1956, we also developed and implemented the first transatlantic fiber-optic system in 1988.
		Previously, any transmission through a cable segment was received by an analog amplifier, converted from an electrical signal to an optical signal, boosted or strengthened, and then reconverted back to an electrical signal before being transmitted down the rest of the segment.
		This cable, which stretches from the coast of Oregon in the U.S. to Tokyo, Japan, was the first fault-tolerant system that could automatically switch a call from one fiber to another in the event of problems.
	www.tycotelecom.com /aboutus/HistoryTelecom.asp (1854 words)

	History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - 1957 HAW-1 California-Hawaii Cable
		Manufactured by Submarine Cables Ltd. (2030 nm) and Simplex Wire & Cable Co. (2380 nm), the 1957 telephone cable from California to Hawaii was commissioned by AT&T and the Hawaiian Telephone Co., and was laid by CS Monarch (4) and CS Ocean Layer.
		The final splice was made in the first of these cables on August 2 and the laying of the second cable is scheduled to be completed by the middle of September.
		The polythene-insulated coaxial type cable is designed to provide the same number of telephone channels, namely, 36, as the first transatlantic telephone cables, the greater part of which were also produced by Submarine Cables Limited.
	www.atlantic-cable.com /Cables/1957HAW1 (503 words)

	History of the Telephone Line
		Coaxial cable (commonly used by cable companies) was invented over 60 years ago, and copper wires have been used about 130 years.
		Between 1955 and 1956, cable was laid between Gallanach Bay, near Oban, Scotland and Clarenville, Newfoundland and Labrador.
		TAT-8 was the 8th transatlantic telephone cable, initially carrying 40,000 simultaneous calls between USA, England and France.
	www.easytel.com /services/history.asp (527 words)

	UnderWater Magazine: Submarine Power and Telecommunications Cables
		Historically, submarine cables have been important to our society since the first telegraph and power cables were laid in the mid-19th century.
		Cables have been laid in submarine environments since the 1850's, when telegraph cables connected distant locales with instantaneous communications.
		The cable is specified with regard to the voltage, ampacity, thermal conditions, and lengths.
	www.underwater.com /archives/arch/uw-su95.03.htm (1236 words)

	Articles - Optical fiber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Each end of the cable may be terminated with a specialized optical fiber connector to allow it to be easily connected and disconnected from transmitting and receiving equipment.
		Another critical concern in cabling is to protect the fiber from contamination by water, because its component hydrogen and hydroxyl ions can diffuse into the fiber, reducing the fiber´s strength and increasing the optical attenuation.
		Undersea cables are more heavily armored in their near-shore portions to protect them from boat anchors, fishing gear, and even sharks, which may be attracted to the electrical power signals that are carried to power amplifiers or repeaters in the cable.
	www.seekj.com /articles/Optical_fiber (3903 words)

	The Jakarta Post - The Journal of Indonesia Today
		Although the telephone was patented by Alexander Graham Bell back in 1876, the first transatlantic telephone cable, called the TAT1, went into operation 80 years later.
		The first transatlantic cable was able to carry about 30 simultaneous circuits between the UK and the U.S., allowing only 60 people to speak on the phones at the same time or 30 on either side of the Atlantic.
		Back in the mid 1980s, when the fiber optic cables were beginning to be used to provide high capacity telephone, data or cable TV infrastructure, the challenge was to splice two pieces of strands together so that light could pass through.
	www.thejakartapost.com /yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20030602.Q03 (639 words)

	Important Dates in Global Telecommunication History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Telephone cable directly linking the United States and Europe is completed, links New Jersey to England.
		The first transatlantic fiber optic cable is established between the United State and Europe.
		The cable measured 9,000 kilometers in length and was able to carry the equivalent of 80,000-voice calls simultaneously.
	www.colorado.edu /geography/cartpro/cartography2/spring2003/walsh/Projects/Final/time_line.html (623 words)

	Privateline.com Telephone History Page 9 -- 1951 to 1965
		Dial tone was first introduced into the public switched telephone network in a German city by the Siemens company in 1908, but it took decades before being accepted, with the Bell System taking the lead.
		In the early 1950s The Bell System developed an improved neoprene jacketed telephone cord and shortly after that a PVC or plastic cord.
		General was founded in 1926 as Associated Telephone Utilities by Sigurd Odegard.
	www.privateline.com /TelephoneHistory4/History4.htm (2399 words)

	A fiber optic telephone cable system is used (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The radio spectrum available to transatlantic telephone calls hadn`t been big enough, the transatlantic telephone cable from 1956 also proved to be too limited.
		Characteristic to this new system was its 1.5 miles of glass fiber cables, each containing the equivalent of 672 voice channels, while at the same time it could also transport data and video.
		For more information on telephones and alike go to: 1915 First transcontinental telephone call, 1925 The microphone is invented, 1956 The first transatlantic telephone cable, 1968 Arpanet, 1989 The World Wide Web is developed,...
	dan.moneeek.com /content/random/timeline/fiber.htm (262 words)

	repeater - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The electronic memory device, or computer, had its beginnings at the end of World War II and in the intervening short period it has not only reached a high state of development but has become almost indispensable in solving complicated problems in science, statistics, fire-control equipment,...
		On September 26, 1955, the final splice was made in a transatlantic submarine telephone cable that linked the British Isles and Newfoundland by submarine telephone for the first time.
		The splicing operation, which took about 12 hours, was conducted a few miles south of Oban, Scotland, by the...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /repeater.html (186 words)

	HISTORY OF FIBER OPTICS
		That same year, William Wheeler invented a system of light pipes lined with a highly reflective coating that illuminated homes by using light from an electric arc lamp placed in the basement and directing the light around the home with the pipes.
		In the late 1970s and early 1980s, telephone companies began to use fibers extensively to rebuild their communications infrastructure.
		The first all-optic fiber cable, TPC-5, that uses optical amplifiers was laid across the Pacific Ocean in 1996.
	www.timbercon.com /History-of-Fiber-Optics (1189 words)

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