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Topic: Transcaucasian Republics

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Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic

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Russia

1991

	The Union of the Soviet Republics
		The delegation from the R.S.F.S.R., in collaboration with the delegations from the Ukraine, the Transcaucasian Republic and Byelorussia, is to be instructed to draft a declaration on the formation of the Union of Republics, setting forth the considerations which dictate the union of the republics into a single union state.
		On the basis of the approval of the terms of union by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the delegation is to be empowered to conclude a treaty between the R.S.F.S.R. and the Socialist Soviet Republics of the Ukraine, Transcaucasia and Byelorussia for the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
		The will of the peoples of our republics, who recently assembled at their congresses and unanimously resolved to form a Union of Republics, is incontestable proof that the cause of union is on the right road, that it is based on the great principle of voluntary consent and equal rights for nations.
	www.marx2mao.com /Stalin/USR22.html (2826 words)

	Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Information
		The Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was a short-lived (1922–1936) Soviet republic, consisting of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, which were traditionally known as the Transcaucasian Republics in the Soviet Union.
		The republic's roots date back to the dissolution of the Russian Empire in 1917, during the Russian Revolution, when the provinces of the Caucasus seceded and attempted to form their own federal state called the Transcaucasian Federation.
		In 1936, the republic was dissolved and the three countries became the Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijan SSR respectively.
	www.bookrags.com /Transcaucasian (369 words)

	Bambooweb: Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Socialist Republic
		The Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic was a short-lived (1922-1936) Soviet republic, consisting of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, which were traditionally known the Transcaucasian Republics in the Soviet Union.
		The republic's roots date back to the dissolution of the Russian Empire in 1917, during the Russian Revolution, when the provinces of the Caucasus seceded and attempted to form their own federal state called the Transcaucasian Federation.
		In 1936, the republic was dissolved and the three regions became individual republics of the Soviet Union.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/t/r/Transcaucasian_Federative_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.html (354 words)

	Gulf Daily News
		Twelve years after the death of the old Soviet Union, the westernmost of the three Transcaucasian republics has at last shaken off the grip of the old Communist mafia.
		For Washington, policy towards the Transcaucasian republics (and the other ex-Soviet republics east of the Caspian Sea) is driven by three considerations.
		In 1992 all three Transcaucasian republics emerged from Soviet rule, but their old Communist Party bosses were soon back in power, now freed of the old Soviet-era restraints.
	www.isagambar.az /2003-2/0412-gulf-DN.htm (1058 words)

	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - MSN Encarta
		In this same region, the Tajik republic (Tajikistan) was demarcated from Uzbek territory in 1929, and the Kazakh and Kirgiz republics (now Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) were likewise formed from RSFSR territory in 1936.
		Also that year the Transcaucasian republic was dissolved, and its three constituent republics—Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan—each became union republics of the USSR.
		In the capital cities of seven of the 14 non-Russian republics, the titular nationality was less than 50 percent of the population, and in two it was 51 percent.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553017/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics.html (2976 words)

	Soviet Union - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The USSR was created and expanded as a union of Soviet republics formed within the territory of the Russian Empire abolished by the Russian Revolution of 1917 followed by the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920.
		In the late 1980s, constituent republics of the Soviet Union started asserting sovereignty over their territories or even declaring independence, citing Article 72 of the USSR Constitution, which stated that any constituent republic was free to secede.
		One republic, Karelo-Finnish SSR, was disbanded in 1956, and the territory formally became the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) within the Russian SFSR.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Soviet_Union (7286 words)

	[No title]
		The purpose of the APF at first was to promote perestroika in the republic, to consolidate the opposition to the corrupted party bureaucracy, and to defend territorial integrity of Azerbaijan.
		In 1956 and 1978, the Georgians protested against Moscow’s attempts to remove the dictator’s monuments in the republic and the Georgian’s status as a state language respectively.
		The vivid demonstration of the determination of the nations to regain independence were the refusal of Georgia, Armenia, Moldova and the Baltic republics to participate in the March 1991 referendum on the future of the Union and the Ukrainians’ vote for independence just before the coup d’état.
	www.geocities.com /Vienna/7124/4-text.html (2178 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Soviet Union
		The Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic was a short-lived (1922-1936) Soviet republic, consisting of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, which were traditionally known as the Transcaucasian Republics in the Soviet Union.
		The USSR was born and expanded as a union of Soviet republics formed within the territory of the Russian Empire abolished by the Russian Revolution of 1917 followed by the Russian Civil War of 1918–1921.
		Initially established as a union of four Soviet Socialist Republics, the USSR grew to contain 15 constituent or "union republics" by 1956: Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonian SSR, Georgian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Kyrgyz SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Russian SFSR, Tajik SSR, Turkmen SSR, Ukrainian SSR, and Uzbek SSR.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Soviet-Union (2969 words)

	Wikipedia search result
		The USSR was born and expanded as a union of Soviet republics formed within the territory of the Russian Empire abolished by the Russian Revolution of 1917 followed by the Russian Civil War of 1918-1921.
		On December 29, 1922 the Russian SFSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR signed a Treaty of Creation of the USSR forming the Soviet Union by a conference of the representatives, which was confirmed on December 30, 1922 by the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR.
		A referendum for the preservation of the USSR was held on March 17, 1991, with the majority of the population voting for preservation of the Union in nine out of fifteen republics.
	feedbus.com /wikis/wikipedia.php?title=Soviet_Union (7247 words)

	Transcaucasian Federation
		The horizontal tricolour yellow-fl-red (better orange-fl-red) was the flag choosen for the Federative Democratic Republic of Transcaucasia, created on 22 April 1918 and disappeared on 26 May of the same year.
		The war between the Transcaucasian Federation and Turkey began on 13 April 1918.
		"Transcaucasian Federation, short-lived state established in 1917 after the Bolchevik seizure of power, declared in April 1918 to be an independent Republic.
	www.allstates-flag.com /fotw/flags/transc.html (225 words)

	Allied territories, republics and occupation areas of Russia
		Batum is the capitol of Adzhar, a territory which, in 1921, became an autonomus republic of the Georgien Soviet Socialist Republic.
		Georgia was formerly a province of the Russian Empire and later part of the Transcaucasian Federation of the Soviet Republics.
		Thus later it became part of the Russian Federation, of which it is one of the constituent republics (the Republic of Tuva, or Tyva Respublika).
	web.inter.nl.net /hcc/Langenberg/republics.html (581 words)

	Transcaucasian Federation
		Transcaucasian Federation, short-lived state established in 1917 after the Bolshevik seizure of power, declared in April 1918 to be an independent Republic.
		In May 1918, the Federation dissolved into the republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.
		After the three republics had been conquered by the Red Army, a Transcaucasian SFSR was formed in 1922.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/transc.html (185 words)

	About Armenia - Armenia Factbook - Armenian People Economy Geography History Population Government Communications ...
		The three republics of Transcaucasia - Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia - were included in the Soviet Union in the early 1920s after their inhabitants had passed through long and varied periods as separate nations and as parts of neighboring empires, most recently the Russian Empire.
		In contrast, the great majority of the world's Georgian population lives in the Republic of Georgia (together with ethnic minorities constituting about 30 percent of the republic's population), after having experienced centuries of foreign domination but little forcible alteration of national boundaries.
		Armenia, in the twentieth century the smallest of the three republics in size and population, has undergone the greatest change in the location of its indigenous population.
	www.parev.net /armenian-factbook.shtml (4317 words)

	Azerbaijan \| Transcaucasian Country \| Middle Eastern Nation \| Questia.com Online Library
		Strategically situated at the gateway to SW Asia, Azerbaijan is bounded by Iran on the south, where the Aras (Araks) River divides it from Iranian Azerbaijan; by the Caspian Sea on the east; by Russia's Dagestan Republic on the north; and by Armenia on the west.
		The republic includes the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic (separated from Azerbaijan proper by Armenia) and Nagorno-Karabakh.
		A large-scale conflict broke out between the two republics in 1992; the Armenian side gained effective control of the region and some adjoining Azerbaijani territory by 1994, when a cease-fire was reached with Russian mediation.
	www.questia.com /library/history/asian-history/central-asia/azerbaijan.jsp (1604 words)

	Soviet Union information - Search.com
		The Soviet Union was created and expanded as a union of Soviet republics formed within the territory of the Russian Empire abolished by the Russian Revolution of 1917 followed by the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920.
		In the late 1980s constituent republics of the Soviet Union started declaring sovereignty over their territories or even independence, citing Article 72 of the USSR Constitution, which stated that any constituent republic was free to secede.
		Many republics proceeded to produce legislation contradicting the Union laws in what was known as "The War of Laws." In 1989 Russian SFSR, which was then the largest constituent republic (with about 2/3 of population and territory) convened a Congress of Deputies.
	www.search.com /reference/Soviet_Union (6580 words)

	Poti
		During the Soviet rule the three Transcaucasian republics - Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan - constituted a united economic area with common intra-economic relations.
		Georgia is the nearest maritime state for Azerbaijan and Armenia (as well as for the countries of Central Asia) with direct access to the Ocean, and the bulk of expert and import of the Transcaucasian countries goes through the ports of Georgia.
		The main task of the project is to ensure the harmonious combination of the port's development with the development of the region and the creation of single complex oriented on international relations.
	iayd.tripod.com /old/poti.htm (1731 words)

	The Georgian - South Ossetian Conflict, chapter 6
		But in comparison to most other republics, the Transcaucasian republics had a higher level of cultural autonomy, and far from as high an emigration of Russians, as for example the Baltic states or Kazakhstan.
		The relationship of the centre of the entire Union, Moscow, to the Union Republic was replicated in the Union Republics in relation to the autonomous units, to the effect that these would have Moscow as a natural allied in relation to the Union Republics.
		While the national movements of most of the Union Republics, like Georgia, went for the realisation of national self-determination through the dissolution of and secession from the Soviet Union, the case of the autonomies was remarkably different.
	www.caucasus.dk /chapter6.htm (5247 words)

	CRS, Vol. 3, nr. 1, Art. 2
		The geographical situation of the Transcaucasian republics lying between Russia, on the one hand, and Iran and Turkey, on the other, and connecting the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea areas, is of primary importance in this respect.
		This is mainly the triad: "bases-borders-peacekeeping" or, to be more precise, maintainance of military bases on the territory of the Transcaucasian republics, participation in the guarding of the CIS external borders and participation in peacekeeping operations in the conflict zones.
		The Transcaucasian states can benefit from the fact the Russian political elite in general looks favourably at establishing broader cooperation with them, regarding their full independence as 'fait accompli' and treating them in complete accordance with international law.
	poli.vub.ac.be /publi/crs/eng/0301-02.htm (4028 words)

	Russian Lenin, bye Lenin, good bye Lenin, Vladimir Lenin of Russia on RussiansAbroad.com
		During the Civil War, the non-Russian Soviet republics on the periphery of Russia were theoretically independent, but in fact they were controlled by the central government through the party and the Red Army.
		The constituent republics of this "Soviet Union" (the Russian, Belorussian, Ukrainian, and Transcaucasian republics--the last combining Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) exercised a degree of cultural and linguistic autonomy, while the communist, predominantly Russian, leadership in Moscow retained political authority over the entire country.
		The giant Central Asian territory was given republic status piecemeal, beginning with the inclusion of the Turkmen and Uzbek republics in 1924 and concluding with the separation of Kazakstan and Kyrgyzstan in 1936.
	www.russiansabroad.com /russian_history_57.html (830 words)

	[No title]
		Batum is the capital of Adzhar, a territory that, in 1921, became an autonomous republic of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
		This was succeeded in 1922 by the establishment of a Soviet Republic.
		From 1919 to 1921 as an independent republic, 1922 issues as a Soviet Republic, to be replaced in 1923 by those of Transcaucasian Federated Republics.
	members.lycos.co.uk /Keke/index-5.html (1359 words)

	Banki - Montly Scientific-Analytical Journal of National Bank of Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For the purpose of loosening the situation connected with the deficit of monetary units "the Regulation on Bones" was approved by the Transcaucasian Regional Commissariat on January 29, 1918.
		After the restoration of state independence of Transcaucasian Republics (May, 1918) it has been decided that before introduction of national currency it was necessary to keep up the solid financial system.
		In some cases the agreement was reached between the two republics that was met by the third one afterwards.
	www.nbg.gov.ge /journal/b8/doc/b8_9_e.htm (443 words)

	Soviet Union. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. 2002
		Officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a nation formerly located in eastern Europe and northwestern Asia.
		In 1917 the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seized the government of Russia, and in 1922 Russia merged with the Ukrainian, Belorussian, and Transcaucasian republics to form the USSR.
		The Baltic republics of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and various republics of the Caucasus Mountains—Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan—declared their independence.
	www.bartleby.com /59/10/sovietunion.html (397 words)

	Azerbaijan - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: )
		THE THREE REPUBLICS of Transcaucasia--Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia--were included in the Soviet Union in the early 1920s after their inhabitants had passed through long and varied periods as separate nations and as parts of neighboring empires, most recently the Russian Empire.
		In spite of these setbacks, Azerbaijan's economy remains the healthiest among the three republics, largely because unexploited oil and natural gas deposits are plentiful (although output declined in the early 1990s) and because ample electric-power generating plants are in operation.
		In Geneva, peace talks between the Georgian government and the Abkhazian Autonomous Republic reached the eighteen-month mark; the major points of disagreement continued to be the political status of Abkhazia and the repatriation of Georgian refugees.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-934.html (11033 words)

	Chapter I
		For the elites of the titular nationalities of the Transcaucasian republics (Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan), breaking loose from the influence of Moscow became a priority.
		The declarations of independence by the latter group of republics have not been recognized by the international community, although the UN de facto recognizes Abkhazia as a negotiating partner by sponsoring peace talks in Geneva between it and Georgia.
		Azeri officers returning to their native republic had to serve in the disparate units which comprised the 20-thousand strong Azerbaijani Army: APF units, the OMON and the National Army (a separate military formation), all without a unified command.
	faculty.oxy.edu /richmond/ENVR/conflicts_in_the_caucasus.htm (16336 words)

	Bolshevism and the National Question
		On the question of 'autonomisation' Lenin opposed the view of Stalin that the various republics including Georgia should enter the projected union of Soviet socialist republics as autonomous republics, considering that safeguards were required against the Russian apparatus.
		Lenin intervened in 1922 in the dispute between the Transcaucasian Committee of the RCP(b) headed by G.K. Orjonikidze and the group of Georgian communists headed by Polikarp Mdivani.
		In the Kazakh SSR it increased 20- fold, in Georgia 27-fold, in the Kirghiz SSR 153-fold and the Tajik SSR by 308-fold.
	www.revolutionarydemocracy.org /rdv1n2/bolnatq.htm (1536 words)

	Soviet Union information - Search.com
		The Soviet Union was created and expanded as a union of Soviet republics formed within the territory of the Russian Empire abolished by the Russian Revolution of 1917 followed by the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920.
		In the late 1980s constituent republics of the Soviet Union started declaring sovereignty over their territories or even independence, citing Article 72 of the USSR Constitution, which stated that any constituent republic was free to secede.
		Many republics proceeded to produce legislation contradicting the Union laws in what was known as "The War of Laws." In 1989 Russian SFSR, which was then the largest constituent republic (with about 2/3 of population and territory) convened a Congress of Deputies.
	webshots.search.com /reference/Soviet_Union (6583 words)

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