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Topic: Transfusion

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	Blood transfusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Blood transfusions may treat medical conditions, such as massive blood loss due to trauma, surgery, shock and where the red cell producing mechanism (or some other normal and essential component) fails (see blood diseases).
		He transfused the blood of a sheep to a 15-year old boy (the boy later died, and Denys was accused of murder).
		While the first transfusions had to be made directly from donor to receiver before coagulation, in the 1910s it was discovered that by adding anticoagulants and refrigerating the blood it was possible to store it for some days, thus opening the way for blood banks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Blood_transfusion (1322 words)

	Blood transfusion -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Blood transfusion is the taking of (The fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped by the heart) blood or blood-based products from one individual and inserting them into the (The organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body) circulatory system of another.
		He transfused the blood of a (Woolly usually horned ruminant mammal related to the goat) sheep to a 15-year old boy (the boy later died, and Baptiste was accused of murder).
		The rare and experimental practice of inter-species blood transfusions is a form of (Tissue from an animal of one species used as a temporary graft (as in cases of severe burns) on an individual of another species) xenograft.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bl/blood_transfusion.htm (1230 words)

	AllRefer.com - blood transfusion (Medicine) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Transfusions are performed to replace a substantial loss of blood and as supportive treatment in certain diseases and blood disorders.
		The most frequent blood transfusion reactions are caused by substances of the ABO blood group system and the Rh factor system.
		In addition to providing for the compatibility of blood groups in transfusion, it is necessary to determine that the donor's blood is free of organisms that might cause syphilis, malaria, serum hepatitis, or HIV, the virus believed to cause AIDS.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/bloodtra.html (482 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Transfusion reaction
		Transfusion reaction is a complication of blood transfusion where there is an immune response against the transfused blood cells or other components of the transfusion.
		Blood samples from the person receiving the transfusion (and from remaining donor blood) may be tested to confirm that symptoms are caused by transfusion reaction.
		Prior to a transfusion, blood is usually crossmatched to further confirm that the blood is compatible.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/001303.htm (827 words)

	TRAUMA.ORG: Transfusion for MAssive Blood Loss (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Massive transfusion is arbitrarily definied as the replacement of a patient's total blood volume in less than 24 hours, or as the acute administration of more than half the patient's estimated blood volume per hour.
		The complications of massive transfusion are exacerbated by inadequate or excessive transfusion.
		Transfusion requirements should be based on the patient's physiologic needs, defined by their oxygen demand (consumption).
	www.trauma.org /resus/massive.html (1154 words)

	TRANSFUSION ALERT
		Transfusing 1 unit of RBC will usually increase the hemoglobin by 1 g/dL and the hematocrit by 2-3 percent in the average 70 kg adult.
		In deciding whether to transfuse a specific patient the physician should consider the person's age, etiology and degree of anemia, hemodynamic stability, and presence of coexisting cardiac, pulmonary or vascular conditions.
		Platelet transfusions at higher platelet counts may be required for patients with systemic bleeding and for patients at higher risk of bleeding because of additional coagulation defects, sepsis, or platelet dysfunction related to medication or disease.
	www.nhlbi.nih.gov /health/prof/blood/transfusion/transfin.htm (834 words)

	Transfusion
		Transfusions are given to restore lost blood, to improve clotting time, and to improve the ability of the blood to deliver oxygen to the body's tissues.
		Transfusion reaction occurs when antibodies in the recipient's blood react to foreign blood cells introduced by the transfusion.
		Transfusion reaction may also cause a hypersensitivity of the immune system that, in turn, may cause tissue damage within the patient's body.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/transfusion.jsp (2995 words)

	Chapter 7: ADVERSE REACTIONS TO TRANSFUSION
		The evaluation of all adverse reactions to transfusion is the responsibility of the medical staff of the Blood Bank and the notification of such a reaction by the patient unit serves as a request for Blood Bank physician consultation.
		The onset of hypotension is during the transfusion, and resolves quickly with discontinuation of the transfusion.
		Supplemental transfusion of blood lacking the antigen corresponding to the offending antibody may be necessary to compensate for the transfused cells that have been removed from the circulation.
	www.pathology.med.umich.edu /bloodbank/manual/bbch_7 (2642 words)

	Acute, Non-Infectious Transfusion Reactions
		Transfusion reaction manifestations may vary with the type of blood product transfused and the clinical condition of the recipient.
		Mild allergic transfusion reactions are frequently observed with transfusion and thought to result from an allergic, antibody-mediated response to donor plasma proteins.
		While the majority of acute transfusion reactions are transient and do not result in lasting sequelae, similarities in the presenting signs and symptoms among the various types of reactions make it impossible to differentiate a relatively benign event from the early stages of a severe, life-threatening transfusion reaction.
	www.itxm.org /TMU2002/Issue6.htm (1048 words)

	Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine: Allergic transfusion reactions: An evaluation of 273 consecutive ...
		Allergic transfusion reactions were estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 4124 blood components transfused, or 1 in 2338 transfusion episodes.
		Allergic (urticarial) transfusion reactions are reported to complicate approximately 1% to 3% of all blood transfusions.1 Most reactions are mild and are usually associated with cutaneous manifestations such as urticaria, rash, pruritis, and flushing.
		The total number of individual platelet pools or apheresis platelets transfused was not known, but since approximately 70% of our non-- red blood cell transfusions were platelets and the average number of platelet concentrates per pool was known, the number of individual platelet transfusions was estimated.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3725/is_200303/ai_n9181780 (1204 words)

	NEW EDITOR NAMED FOR TOP JOURNAL IN TRANSFUSION MEDICINE - PR - December 7, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Transfusion is the official peer-reviewed medical/scientific journal of AABB and focuses on issues regarding scientific, technical and administrative aspects of transfusion medicine.
		During his tenure, the journal’s frequency was increased from a bi-monthly to a monthly publication, Transfusion launched a new Web site, and the journal remained on the cutting edge of transfusion medicine with the inclusion of stem cell transplantation topics.
		Ness is currently the director of transfusion medicine and a professor of pathology, medicine and oncology at The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md. He received his undergraduate degree in life sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
	www.aabb.org /pressroom/press_releases/prtxj120702.htm (702 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 11, Ch. 129, Transfusion Medicine
		If any untoward event (other than localized urticaria) appears to be related to transfusion, the transfusion should be stopped immediately, the IV line should be kept open with normal saline, and the blood bank should be notified to start an investigation.
		Transfusion of large amounts of air into a vein can cause foaming of blood in the heart with consequent inefficient pumping, leading to heart failure.
		Massive transfusion may be defined as transfusion of >= one blood volume in 24 h (eg, 10 U of whole blood in a 70-kg adult).
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section11/chapter129/129f.htm (2370 words)

	Blood transfusion definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Transfusion of your own blood (autologous) is the safest method but requires advance planning and not all patients are eligible.
		Blood transfusion and blood conservation are complementary activities that constitute the clinical arena of transfusion medicine.
		Strategies to avoid blood transfusion will no longer be driven by the known risks, since they are now so low that no alternative is currently as safe as a blood transfusion.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2491&rd=1 (521 words)

	Ensuring Blood Transfusion Safety In Africa
		Transfusion therapy is a form of treatment based on the use of human blood and blood products.
		Priority interventions proposed in the strategy include: the conduct of a situation analysis of blood transfusion safety in countries; the drawing up or implementation of blood transfusion policies; the assessment of staffing needs and the judicious selection of personnel to be trained, and the pursuance of a policy of educating, sensitizing and retaining low-risk donors.
		Others are: ensuring that safety standards are met in the screening of blood for transfusion-transmissible infections; the conduct of blood transfusion research; training for blood transfusion subscribers and care providers, and WHO participation in the training of staff of blood transfusion centres in quality management techniques and procedures.
	www.afro.who.int /press/2001/regionalcommittee/rc51004.html (303 words)

	Oklahoma Blood Institute - Transfusion Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		If you have received a blood transfusion anytime in the past, it is important to tell the doctor or nurse so they can alert the blood bank.
		If during the transfusion you experience any of the following symptoms, tell the nurse or doctor as you may be having a reaction to the blood and need treatment.
		Adults have the right to refuse a blood transfusion; however, you are responsible for the consequences or complications caused by your refusal.
	www.obi2.org /transfusionmedicine/bloodtransfusion.html (807 words)

	Blood Components Reference Manual \| Transfusion Reactions - Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		TRALI is most often caused by passively transfused white cell antibodies in the unit that react with the patient’s white cells causing leukoagglutination in the pulmonary microcirculation and subsequent pulmonary damage.
		It can be seen with transfusion of red blood cells, whole blood, platelets, plasma, granulocytes and cryoprecipitate.
		If suspected clinically, this type of transfusion reaction may be evaluated further by performing WBC antibody studies on both the patient and implicated blood donor(s).
	www.psbc.org /bcrm/03_transfusion_lung_injury.htm (302 words)

	ABC Blood Bulletin: TRALI - Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) is best described as a clinical constellation of signs and symptoms including dyspnea, cyanosis, hypotension, fever and chills along with physical findings of bilateral pulmonary edema.
		The donors of all components transfused within 6 hours of initiation of the reaction should be screened for the presence of granulocyte and HLA class I antibodies.
		Transfusion of pRBCs from such donors when preserved in an anticoagulant-preservative solution like AS-2 probably is acceptable due to the small volume of plasma present in this component.
	www.lifeblood.org /news/abc_v03_n01.htm (1445 words)

	Is a Transfusion the same as eating blood?
		For the last few decades, the WTS has tried to get around this problem by referring to blood transfusions, not as eating blood, but as a sustaining of one's life my means of blood.
		The inconsistency of retaining the ban on blood transfusions while lifting the ban on organ transplants cannot be lost on the Governing Body in Brooklyn.
		Even more, the fact that suitable replacements for blood transfusions have not been forthcoming as the WTS had hoped have caused it to slowly abandon its position on blood, but in a way that many have not become aware of, even elders are often not aware of how the society has softened it's position.
	www.ajwrb.org /science/meal.shtml (1810 words)

	Blood Components Reference Manual \| Transfusion Reactions - Mild Allergic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A mild allergic reaction (urticarial) is one of the most common transfusion reactions occurring in approximately 1% to 5% of all transfusion recipients.
		Allergic symptoms during a transfusion are caused by recipient reactions to plasma proteins in the blood or component unit.
		If symptoms worsen or recur later in the transfusion, the transfusion may need to be to discontinued if antihistamines do not alleviate the patient’s symptoms.
	www.psbc.org /bcrm/03_mild_allergic.htm (287 words)

	TRANSFUSION Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This journal is the foremost publication in the world for new information regarding transfusion medicine.
		Written by and for members of the AABB and other health-care workers, Transfusion reports on the latest technical advances, discusses opposing viewpoints regarding controversial issues, and presents key conference proceedings.
		AABB members receive Transfusion as a member benefit; those who are not AABB members may subscribe to the journal.
	www.aabb.org /marketplace/Subscribe_Online/transfusion.htm (159 words)

	Blood Transfusion -- Risks of Blood Transfusion
		Most transfusion reactions occur because of errors made in matching the recipient's blood to the blood transfused.
		Hemolytic transfusion reactions destroy the transfused red blood cells when they are attacked by the person's immune system.
		An immune reaction to platelets in transfused blood results in the destruction of the transfused platelets.
	my.webmd.com /hw/health_guide_atoz/tc4117.asp (318 words)

	Deleterious clinical effects of transfusion-associated immunomodulation: fact or fiction? -- Vamvakas and Blajchman 97 ...
		A summary OR of the null value (1) indicates that the risk of an adverse clinical outcome is the same, on average, with or without transfusion across the combined studies.
		The hazard ratio of allogeneic transfusion in a univariate Cox
		transfusion with similar volumes of autologous or allogeneic blood.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/97/5/1180 (9148 words)

	Editorial III: Blood transfusion in critical illness -- McCrossan and Masterson 88 (1): 6 -- British Journal of ...
		in transfused blood are the cause of this immunosuppression.
		Blood transfusion and oxygen consumption in surgical sepsis.
		Transfusion red blood cells stored in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1 for 28 days fails to improve tissue oxygenation in rats.
	bja.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/88/1/6 (1947 words)

	CBER Letter - Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury
		As of FY2000 this represented 13 percent of all transfusion fatalities.
		The majority of deaths were associated with fresh frozen plasma transfusions; fewer were caused by packed red blood cell transfusions and platelet transfusions.
		It appears that unlike allergic or anaphylactic immune-mediated transfusion reactions, antibodies implicated in TRALI are usually of donor origin.
	www.fda.gov /cber/ltr/trali101901.htm (632 words)

	blood transfusion on Encyclopedia.com
		Sangart to Present at 27th Congress of The International Society of Blood Transfusion.
		How transfusion triggers graft-versus-host disease Lymphocytes, the body's defense against foreign cells, are the key to tran.
		Teri Gilliland, left, an LPN supervisor in Frederick, Maryland, found out she tested positive for Hepatitis C in 1998 after a 1979 blood transfusion.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/b1/bloodtra.asp (856 words)

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