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Topic: Transgenic

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	Transgenic plants - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically engineered, a breeding approach that uses recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics.
		Transgenic plants are produced by adding one or more genes to a plant's genome, by a process called transformation.
		The ecological effects of transgenes are not known, but it is generally accepted that only genes which improve fitness in relation to abiotic factors would give hybrid plants sufficient advantages to become weedy or invasive. Abiotic factors are parts of the ecosystem which are not alive, such as climate, salt and mineral content, and temperature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transgenic_plants (631 words)

	Genetically modified organism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Examples of GMOs are diverse, and include transgenic experimental animals such as mice, several fish species, transgenic plants, or various microscopic organisms altered for the purposes of genetic research or for the production of pharmaceuticals.
		An example of a transgenic organism is an animal that is not a jelly fish that expresses the green fluorescence protein, such as mice or fish.
		Another widely used process to create transgenic crops is the biolistic method (gene gun), a method used for the creation of the two most common transgenic crops - Roundup Ready soybean and Bt-corn.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transgenic (2632 words)

	Questions and Answers about Transgenic Fish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Transgenic fish of various species of salmon, tilapia, channel catfish and others are being actively investigated worldwide as possible new food-producing varieties.
		As there is active investigation of transgenic fish abroad, as well as in the U.S., the public and the research community are occasionally exposed to predictions of the imminent commercial release of transgenic fish into the food supply.
		For example, transgenic tilapia (with cold tolerance similar to the unmodified species) might require little containment in the northern tier of the U.S., but might be excluded from the Gulf States altogether, where tilapia may be a serious exotic invader of freshwater streams and ponds.
	www.fda.gov /cvm/transgen.htm (1292 words)

	How Transgenics are Produced Susan B. Harper, D.V.M., M.S., ACLAM / FDA Veterinarian Jul/Aug99
		Transgenics is the science of intentionally introducing a foreign gene or genetic construct (series of genes and associated regulatory elements) into the genome of a target animal.
		If the transgene successfully integrates into one of the chromosomes of the pronucleus, the transferred genetic material should be present in every cell of the resulting animal and have the potential to be transmitted to future offspring.
		The transgene is attached to a DNA construct that is analogous to a segment of the host DNA (except for the presence of the transgene).
	www.mindfully.org /GE/How-Transgenics-Produced-FDA1999.htm (1604 words)

	APSnet Feature: Transgenic Virus Resistant Papaya
		Using the concept of pathogen-derived resistance, the coat protein gene of a mild mutant of a PRSV strain from Hawaii was used in biolistic transformation of embryogenic cultures of red-fleshed Sunset cultivar (2).
		The field resistance of the transgenic papaya in Puna proved to be durable, a result that was not necessarily predictable given that greenhouse tests had shown Rainbow to be resistant to the several PRSV isolates from Hawaii but susceptible to a range of isolates from outside of Hawaii (9).
		Thus, transgene dosage is the likely reason that SunUp shows broader resistance than Rainbow, in that SunUp is homozygous for the inserted coat protein gene, while Rainbow is hemizygous (or has half the gene dosage of SunUp) because it is an F1 hybrid between SunUp and the nontransgenic Kapoho.
	www.apsnet.org /online/feature/ringspot (4717 words)

	The Use of Transgenic Mice For Environmental Health Research
		Transgenic mice can be made by using a transgene constructed with recombinant DNA techniques to randomly insert a new gene into the genome of the mouse or by mutating a targeted gene.
		Using transgenic mice, is possible to increase or decrease the amount of specific proteins, express proteins at a different time or in a different tissue than normal, and test the function of a modified protein.
		Transgenes are incorporated randomly into the genome of the fertilized egg and occasionally disrupt a gene by being inserted into its regulatory or protein-coding region.
	www.ehponline.org /docs/1993/101-4/innovations.html (2464 words)

	FROG PRINCE
		The researchers were surprised to find that the frog embryos express the inserted DNA in all of their cells, or, if the researcher chooses, in all cells of the tissues targeted for expression.
		Transgenic mouse embryos, in contrast, often express the transgenic DNA only in some cells of the desired tissues and then have to be bred over several months to yield a homogeneously expressing mouse line.
		The transgenic frogs should give a big boost to researchers interested in the earliest embryonic stages of the life cycle.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA08/frog10.html (607 words)

	Transgenic Plants and Biosafety: Science, Misconceptions and Public Perceptions
		Nearly all of the commercial transgenic plants in current existence and most of those that will be produced in the next few years will be all produced using Agrobacterium- or gene gun-mediated transformation of cells followed by regeneration using tissue culture.
		For example, weeds containing a transgene that confers resistance to an herbicide would be a nuisance to agriculture, but would have little affect in a non-agricultural environment where the herbicide is absent.
		In this experiment, transgenic corn was grown in an agar medium, and protein was extracted from the medium and fed to tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) larvae.
	www.agbioworld.org /biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/biosafety.html (6391 words)

	transgenic organism - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about transgenic organism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Plant, animal, bacterium, or other living organism that has had a foreign gene added to it by means of genetic engineering.
		In terms of laboratory research, transgenic manipulations of organisms have become well-established scientific procedures which are finding progressively more applications in the health and food industries.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /transgenic+organism (178 words)

	TGB
		Transgenic founders are identified and bred to produce offspring for analysis.
		Between the time that the transgenic pups are identified and they are 6 weeks old Southern blot analysis should be done to determine how many copies of the transgene integrated, how many chromosomal sites the transgene inserted into, to verify transgenic status and to determine if the transgene is intact.
		Analysis of transgene expression and the consequences of expression is generally conducted in the offspring.
	www.med.umich.edu /tamc/tgoutline.html (1374 words)

	Chemical-regulated, site-specific DNA excision in transgenic plants - Nature Biotechnology
		One concern is related to the presence in transgenic crop plants of marker genes conferring antibiotic or herbicide resistance.
		The transgene copy number was inherently difficult to determine in lines 10, 15, 17, 20, 21, and 23 because of the small population sizes.
		Finally, because multiple transgene insertions, either linked or independent, occur frequently during plant transformation, the removal of all copies of the selectable marker from the host plant genome is of concern.
	www.nature.com /nbt/journal/v19/n2/full/nbt0201_157.html (3748 words)

	TRANSGENIC ART by Eduardo Kac
		Transgenic art, I propose, is a new art form based on the use of genetic engineering techniques to transfer synthetic genes to an organism or to transfer natural genetic material from one species into another, to create unique living beings [1].
		In this sense, a distinctive trait of transgenic art is that the genetic material is manipulated directly: the foreign DNA is precisely integrated into the host genome.
		Transgenic crops will be a predominant part of the landscape, transgenic organisms will populate the farm, and transgenic animals will become part of our expanded family.
	www.ekac.org /transgenic.html (4410 words)

	Transgenic Animals
		When the transgene has integrated into the germ cells, the so-called germ line chimeras are then inbred for 10 to 20 generations until homozygous transgenic animals are obtained and the transgene is present in every cell.
		The creation of transgenic animals is resulting in a shift from the use of higher order species to lower order species, and is also affecting the numbers of animals used.
		Transgenic models are more precise in comparison to traditional animal models, for example the oncomouse with its increased susceptibility to tumor development enables results for carcinogenicity studies to be obtained within a shorter time-frame, thus reducing the course of tumor development in experimentally affected animals.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~browder/transgenic.html (1722 words)

	Transgenic animals at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Transgenic animals are animals produced with externally introduced genes.
		Transgenic animals can be used in many fields and as models to test the effect of certain genes on health.
		Imagine having a transgenic cow that is modified to produce insulin in large quantities in its milk.
	www.wiki.tatet.com /Transgenic_animals.html (125 words)

	Transgenic Crops: An Introduction and Resource Guide
		In 1999, the area planted to transgenic varieties was approximately half of the U.S. soybean crop and about 25% of the U.S. corn crop.
		Most of the transgenic crop varieties currently grown by farmers are either herbicide tolerant or insect pest-resistant.
		For information on transgenic crop acreage as a percentage of the total U.S. acreage in 2000, see the news update entitled Acreage for transgenic cotton and soybeans up, corn down.
	cls.casa.colostate.edu /TransgenicCrops/current.html (1800 words)

	Transgenic Crops: An Introduction and Resource Guide
		A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination.
		Plants containing transgenes are often called genetically modified or GM crops, although in reality all crops have been genetically modified from their original wild state by domestication, selection and controlled breeding over long periods of time.
		Transgenic technology enables plant breeders to bring together in one plant useful genes from a wide range of living sources, not just from within the crop species or from closely related plants.
	cls.casa.colostate.edu /TransgenicCrops/what.html (369 words)

	"Transgenic Animals: Their Benefits To Human Welfare" by Endang Tri Margawati
		Transgenic animals are useful as disease models and producers of substances for human welfare.
		Since the insertion of DNA results in a random process, transgenic animals are mated to ensure that their offspring acquire the desired transgene.
		However, the success rate of producing transgenic animals individually by these methods is very low and it may be more efficient to use cloning techniques to increase their numbers.
	www.actionbioscience.org /biotech/margawati.html (2736 words)

	Biodiversity - Transgenic Crops (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A transgenic crop is a genetically modified organism (GMO).
		In the end, the perceived advantages and disadvantages of transgenic crops must be married to each other to provide a crop that is environmentally sound and non-hazardous.
		Producers of transgenic crops and the agencies that study their effects are aware of this point.
	www.bioteach.ubc.ca /Biodiversity/TransgenicCrops (1943 words)

	Transgenic Tomato
		Transgenic plants showed an increase in fruit number and yield in the first year trial compared to wild-type 'Rutgers' and azygous 37-81^, but no differences were observed among the three genotypes in the second year trials.
		Transgenic fruit had higher soluble and total solids than control fruit, but shelf life was somewhat shorter in transgenic fruit.
		Transgenic plants containing the CAT gene flanked by both of these regions showed the same temporal pattern of accumulation of CAT and PG mRNA, and steady-state levels of the transgene mRNA were equivalent to 60% of the endogenous PG mRNA on a per gene basis.
	www.nal.usda.gov /pgdic/cris-icar/tomato.html (14138 words)

	GENESIS
		The key element of the work is an "artist's gene", i.e., a synthetic gene that I invented and that does not exist in nature.
		Transgenic bacterial communication evolves as a combination of three visible scenarios: 1 - ECFP bacteria donate their plasmid to EYFP bacteria (and vice-versa), generating green bacteria; 2 - No donation takes place (individual colors are preserved); 3 - Bacteria loose their plasmid altogether (become pale, ochre colored).
		Further investigating this notion, at the end of the show the altered biblical sentence is decoded and read back in plain English, offering insights into the process of transgenic interbacterial communication.
	www.ekac.org /geninfo.html (1108 words)

	Partial Resistance of Transgenic Peas to Alfalfa Mosaic Virus under Greenhouse and Field Conditions -- ...
		Western blots were used to analyze the expression of AMV CP from the chimeric transgene, as described by Timmerman et al.
		Transgenic plants that express the coat protein genes of tobacco mosaic virus or alfalfa mosaic virus interfere with disease development of some nonrelated viruses.
		Transgenic tobacco expressing tobacco streak virus or mutated alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein does not cross-protect against alfalfa mosaic virus infection.
	crop.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/41/3/846 (4176 words)

	[No title]
		Within recent months, we’ve learned that transgenic pharm crops have contaminated food crops, and a transgenic papaya was approved for commercial production even though it contained a transgenic protein whose amino acid sequence is identical to a known allergen.
		In 2001, carcasses from transgenic pigs created at the University of Florida were sold for human consumption rather than being incinerated even though they had, in addition, been treated with barbiturate drugs and chloroform.
		As we have repeatedly stressed, the transgenic constructs used in gene therapy are essentially the same as those used in making transgenic plants and animals, and carry the same risks.
	www.mercola.com /2003/feb/26/transgenic_meat.htm (1145 words)

	TRANSGENIC BT TECHNOLOGY - II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Transgenic Bt varieties: A gene construct (or a cassette) consisting of the chosen Bt gene is made, along with other molecular components needed for its expression in the transgenic crop variety.
		The construct consists of sequences of nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA, the genetic material) to initiate the expression of the selected gene, to promote such expression, the actual sequence for the gene and a nucleotide sequence to signal the termination of the process of expression.
		If two transgenic varieties of the same crop are resistant to a different herbicide each, intercrossing of these two varieties may result in a hybrid resistant to both the herbicides.
	www.fbae.org /Channels/Views/transgenic_bt_technology2.htm (939 words)

	Transgenic Software Announces the Release of a New Website Dedicated to Transgenic Animals
		Transgenic Software has developed the new website for the purpose of providing information about transgenic animals in an effort to educate the public about the great social benefits of using transgenic animal technology.
		Transgenic Software has always been a very socially responsible company and the release of the new Transgenic Animal Website is just another example in the continuation of this long heritage.
		The genetic structure of a transgenic animal may be modified in such a way that it develops a human equivalent disease.
	www.emediawire.com /releases/2005/12/emw318503.htm (809 words)

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