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Topic: Transglutaminase

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	Process for making cheese using transglutaminase and a non-rennet protease - Patent 6093424
		Transglutaminases are enzymes which catalyze the transfer of the.gamma.-carboxamide group of a glutaminyl residue in a protein or peptide to the.epsilon.-amino of a lysyl residue of the same or a different protein or peptide, thereby forming a.gamma.-carboxyl-.epsilon.-amino crosslink.
		Transglutaminases have a broad occurrence in living systems, and may be obtained, for example, from microorganisms such as those belonging to the genus Streptoverticillium, Bacillus subtilis, various Actinomycetes and Myxomycetes, or from plants, fish species, and mammalian sources including pig liver and the blood clotting protein activated Factor XIII.
		In general, as the temperature is increased (as long as the transglutaminase is not inactivated), and as the pH approaches the pH optimum of the transglutaminase, the activity of the enzyme is expected to increase, and correspondingly the duration of treatment may be expected to decrease.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6093424.html (6932 words)

	Transglutaminase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transglutaminases are a family of enzymes ( EC 2.3.2.13) that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between a free amine group (e.g., protein- or peptide-bound lysine) and the gamma-carboxamid group of protein - or peptide bound glutamine.
		Transglutaminase is now produced by Streptoverticillium mobaraense fermentation in commercial quantities and is used in a variety of industrial processes, including the production of processed meat and fish products.
		It can be used as a binding agent to improve the texture of protein-rich foods such as surimi or ham.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transglutaminase (262 words)

	A Transglutaminase China manufacturer
		Transglutaminase is a kind of food additive for production of novel protein food developed with modern biotechnology.
		Transglutaminase can also be used to introduce the absent amino acids into protein with unideal compositions.
		The covalent bond catalyzed by transglutaminase is hard to rupture under the conditions of non-enzymic reactions.
	www.asian-tg.com /en/transglutaminase.html (773 words)

	Enhanced expression of transglutaminase 2 in anterior polar cataracts and its induction by TGF-{beta} in vitro -- Wan ...
		Enhanced expression of transglutaminase 2 in anterior polar cataracts and its induction by TGF-{beta} in vitro -- Wan et al.
		Transglutaminase activity in the eye: cross-linking in epithelia and connective tissue structures.
		Characterization of the binding of liver transglutaminase to fibrin.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/86/11/1293 (4063 words)

	INTRODUCTION
		Human tissue transglutaminase is a 77-kDa Ca enzyme that catalyzes the formation of an isopeptide bond between the γ-carboxamide group of a peptide bound glutamine residue and various primary amines.
		While the structure for human tissue transglutaminase (tTGase) is not known it is known that there are four domains of the protein: N-terminal β region, α-helical core domain, and two β sheet domains at the C-terminal.
		Transglutaminase is produced in the cytosol of cells, however it has been shown that the tTGase is also associated with the extracellular portion of the cell membrane.
	www.stanford.edu /group/khosla/People/webjp.html (632 words)

	Differences in transglutaminase mRNA after polyamine depletion in two cell lines -- Wang et al. 274 (2): C522 -- AJP - ...
		in the induction of transglutaminase mRNA in polyamine-deficient
		Transglutaminase enzyme activity in both IEC-6 cells (A) and Caco-2 cells (B) in control cultures (Con), cultures in which ODC was inhibited with 5 mM DFMO, and cultures that were inhibited but to which 5 µM spermidine had been added.
		Transglutaminase in response to hypertonic NaCl-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/2/C522 (4635 words)

	Plasma Transglutaminase in Hypertrophic Chondrocytes: Expression and Cell-specific Intracellular Activation Produce ...
		All the transglutaminases seem to be capable of cross-linking a broad, similar range of substrates.
		Transglutaminase enzymatic activity in non-hypertrophic (NH) and hypertrophic (Hyp) cartilage tissues dissected from 14- and 20-d embryonic tibiotarsal growth regions.
		Expression of the tissue transglutaminase in skeletal tissues correlated with events of terminal differentiation of chondrocytes.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/142/4/1135 (6203 words)

	Ciência Rural - Physicochemical properties of three food proteins treated with transglutaminase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Three sources of food proteins were treated with microbial transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13) in order to assess changes in the physicochemical properties of reactivity, solubility, emulsification, and free amino groups of the formed polymers.
		Transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13) is the enzyme that catalyses an acyl transfer reaction of
		Transglutaminases are broadly found in nature, in animal tissues, plants and micro-organisms.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?pid=S0103-84782004000400039&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en (2262 words)

	BIOHIT - Anti-Transglutaminase IgA and IgG ELISA Kits -
		Tissue transglutaminase IgA (tTG) has shown to be the endomysial autoantigen of celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis, the skin form of celiac disease.
		IgA class antibodies to tissue transglutaminase are produced locally in the gut mucosa, and probably affect the activity of tTG, suggesting its role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease.
		Antibodies to the tTG appear in the circulation concordantly with the appearance of the mucosal lesions in the gut mucosa, and disappear in 6-12 months during the gluten free diet with healing of the mucosa.
	www.biohit.co.uk /view/products.asp?document_id=1138&cat_id=293 (300 words)

	Gene Disruption of Tissue Transglutaminase -- De Laurenzi and Melino 21 (1): 148 -- Molecular and Cellular Biology
		Increased expression and cross-linking by transglutaminases 1 and 2 in Alzheimer's disease.
		Phenotype-specific "tissue" transglutaminase regulation in human neuroblastoma cells in response to retinoic acid: correlation with cell death by apoptosis.
		Mutations in the gene for transglutaminase 1 in autosomal recessive lamellar ichthyosis.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/21/1/148 (4825 words)

	AJINOMOTO - Activa TG (Transglutaminase)
		Transglutaminase is a protein that is made by a fermentation process.
		Transglutaminase from fermented sources tend to be easy to use in many different food systems.
		TG preparations of transglutaminase are dry powders that have been developed for specialized applications to make them work very effectively in specific food applications.
	www.activatg.com (384 words)

	Serology
		The aim of this study was to develop an ELISA assay for the detection of antibodies to transglutaminase (TGA), and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of TGA for the detection of celiac disease against the benchmarks of jejunal biopsy, antigliadin antibodies (AGA) and EMA.
		Considering further improvement by the use of recombinant human tissue transglutaminase as the antigen and central re-evaluation of the local standards for confirmation of coeliac disease, this enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay promises to become the primary tool for non-invasive diagnosis, therapy control and screening of coeliac disease.
		The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of circulating anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA and IgG antibodies in the diagnosis and follow-up of childhood celiac disease.
	www.uams.edu /celiac/Jnl_Clb/Serology.htm (9099 words)

	Regulation of the expression of the tissue transglutaminase gene by DNA methylation -- Lu and Davies 94 (9): 4692 -- ...
		Regulation of the expression of the tissue transglutaminase gene by DNA methylation
		Transglutaminases are a family of calcium-dependent enzymes that catalyze the covalent cross-linking of proteins by forming
		Cell extracts were prepared from the cells and assayed for transglutaminase activity (25).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/9/4692 (3880 words)

	Diabetes Care: The High Prevalence of Autoantibodies to Tissue Transglutaminase in First-Degree Relatives of Patients ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		RESULTS -- In the absence of known celiac disease, the prevalence of transglutaminase antibody levels above the 97.5th percentile of the schoolchildren was 13.4% in diabetic patients and 7.0% in nondiabetic relatives.
		EMAs were found in addition to transglutaminase antibodies in 2.6% of probands and in 1.9% of first-degree relatives, but none of the schoolchildren.
		Transglutaminase antibodies were found to persist in 10 of 30 patients and in 30 of 59 relatives with follow-up samples taken at least 2 years after the initial sample.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0CUH/is_3_24/ai_71901268 (1271 words)

	OMIM Entry 190196 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Transglutaminases (EC 2.3.2.13) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the crosslinking of proteins by epsilon-gamma glutamyl lysine isopeptide bonds.
		The differences in the primary structures of these different transglutaminases are probably responsible for the diverse biologic functions that they play in physiologic processes such as blood coagulation, epidermal differentiation, seminal fluid coagulation and fertilization, cell differentiation, and apoptosis.
		demonstrated that tissue transglutaminase is the autoantigen involved in celiac disease ( 212750).
	www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk /cgi-bin/wrapomim?190196 (432 words)

	Measurement of Conformational Change in Transglutaminase on Calcium Ion Binding Using Dual Polarisat
		Transglutaminases (Figure 1) are implicated in a range of protein modifying activities including roles as diverse as fusing fibrinogen to increase its mechanical strength as part of the blood clotting cascade to cross-linking cytoskeletal and membrane proteins and programmed cell death.
		Transglutaminase is presumed to undergo conformational changes on binding both Ca and GTP, bringing about the modulation in activity.
		Following immobilisation onto the amine surface using BS3, the thickness of the transglutaminase was measured at 4.6nm by DPI.
	www.azonano.com /Details.asp?ArticleID=1448 (1536 words)

	Identification of Tissue Transglutaminase as a Novel Molecule Involved In Human CD8+ T Cell Transendothelial Migration ...
		Tissue transglutaminase is an integrin-binding adhesion coreceptor for fibronectin.
		Tissue transglutaminase, coagulation factor XIII, and the pro-polypeptide of von Willebrand factor are all ligands for the integrins
		Cell surface tissue transglutaminase is involved in adhesion and migration of monocytic cells on fibronectin.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/171/6/3179 (6216 words)

	transglutaminase, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Falasca L, Iadevaia V, Ciccosanti F, Melino G, Serafino A, Piacentini M 2005 Transglutaminase type II is a key element in the regulation of the anti-inflammatory response elicited by apoptotic cell engulfment.
		Gendek-Kubiak H, Gendek EG 2004 Expression of tissue transglutaminase in blood and lymphatic vessel endothelia and in mesothelium.
		Increased expression and cross-linking by transglutaminases 1 and 2 in Alzheimer's disease.
	home.insightbb.com /~rhodesdavid/transglut.htm (9927 words)

	A comparison of 13 guinea pig and human anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody ELISA kits -- Wong et al. 55 (7): 488 -- ...
		Identification of tissue transglutaminase as the autoantigen of celiac disease.
		Correlation between tissue transglutaminase antibodies and endomysium antibodies as diagnostic markers of coeliac disease.
		Antibodies to tissue transglutaminase: comparison of ELISA and immunoprecipitation assay in the presence and in the absence of calcium ions.
	jcp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/55/7/488 (3317 words)

	Polymer Hydrogels
		Transglutaminase enzymes are ubiquitous Ca -dependent enzymes which catalyze the formation of crosslinks between glutamine and lysine resides of proteins.
		A common biological strategy for regulating the activity of transglutaminase enzymes is control of intracellular and extracellular Ca concentration, mediated by lipid bilayer membranes.
		Natural proteins and synthetic polypeptides determined to be transglutaminase substrates are under investigation, in combination with Factor XIII and tissue transglutaminase, to formulate solutions which undergo rapid gelation upon activation of the enzyme by exposure to Ca (Collaborative project with Prof.
	www.chem.purdue.edu /thompson/polymer.htm (211 words)

	Identification of tissue transglutaminase as the autoantigen of celiac disease - Nature Medicine
		We identified tissue transglutaminase as the unknown endomysial autoantigen.
		Piacentini, M. Tissue transglutaminase: A candidate effector element of physiological cell death.
		Bruce, S.E., Bjarnason, I. and Peters, T.J. Human jejunal transglutaminase: Demonstration of activity, enzyme kinetics and substrate specificity with special relation to gliadin and coeliac disease.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/nm0797-797 (967 words)

	Role of transglutaminase II in retinoic acid-induced activation of RhoA-associated kinase-2 -- Singh et al. 20 (10): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Akimov,S.S., Krylov,D., Fleischman,L.F. and Belkin,A.M. (2000) Tissue transglutaminase is an integrin-binding adhesion coreceptor for fibronectin.
		Bungay,P.J., Owen,R.A., Coutts,I.C. and Griffin,M. (1986) A role for transglutaminase in glucose-stimulated insulin release from the pancreatic ß-cell.
		Mottahedeh,J. and Marsh,R. (1998) Characterization of 101-kDa transglutaminase from Physarum polycephalum and identification of LAV1-2 as substrate.
	embojournal.npgjournals.com /cgi/content/full/20/10/2413 (6230 words)

	TDL: Latest Tests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Coeliac disease is caused by non-allergic sensitivity to gluten, the protein found in wheat, rye, barley, oats and corn.
		Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) as been recently identified as the primary autoantigen of coeliac disease and allows for measurement of antibodies directed at the primary autoantigen responsible for eliciting anti-endomysial antibody production in coeliac patients.
		The particular mechanism by which tissue transglutaminase causes damage in coeliac disease is unknown, but it is thought to be immune mediated.
	www.tdlplc.co.uk /testinfo/lt_tissuetrans.htm (321 words)

	Covalent cross-linking of secreted bovine thyroglobulin by transglutaminase -- SABER-LICHTENBERG et al. 14 (7): 1005 -- ...
		Because TG is a substrate for transglutaminase in vitro, the transglutaminase-catalyzed
		In vitro cross-linking of soluble TG by transglutaminase.
		Control preparations in which soluble TG was incubated without transglutaminase (- in panel c, squares in panel d) demonstrated that TG cross-linking was dependent on the presence of transglutaminase.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/14/7/1005 (4802 words)

	Gail V
		Because a polypeptide bound glutamine is the primary determining factor for a transglutaminase substrate, it had been hypothesized that tissue transglutaminase may be involved the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease by abnormally modifying mutant huntingtin.
		Indeed, our laboratory recently demonstrated that the levels and activity of tissue transglutaminase are elevated in Huntington's disease brain in a grade and region dependent manner.
		Nonetheless, we recently demonstrated that in the cell huntingtin is not a substrate of tissue transglutaminase, however proteins that selectively associate with mutant huntingtin are modified by tissue transglutaminase.
	www.dpo.uab.edu /~gvwj (817 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Transglutaminases catalyze the post-translational modification of proteins at glutamine residues, with formation of isopeptide bonds.
		Multiple sequence alignments of the members of the transglutaminase family indicate homology at the core domains and major differences at the N-terminus and C-terminus, which are responsible for the overall low level of sequence identity.
		Liu S. Cerione R.A. Clardy J. Structural basis for the guanine nucleotide-binding activity of tissue transglutaminase and its regulation of transamidation activity.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR008958 (318 words)

	In Vivo Transglutaminase Type 1 Expression in Normal Lung, Preinvasive Bronchial Lesions, and Lung Cancer -- Martinet ...
		Transglutaminase type I and its cross-linking activity are concentrated at adherens junctions in simple epithelial cells.
		Transglutaminase 1 mutations in lamellar ichthyosis: loss of activity due to failure of activation by proteolytic processing.
		Regulation of transglutaminase type I expression in squamous differentiating rabbit tracheal epithelial cells and human epidermal keratinocytes: effects of retinoic acid and phorbol esters.
	ajrcmb.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/28/4/428 (5205 words)

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