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	Transhumance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transhumance is based on the difference of climate between the mountains (where the herds stay during the summer) and the lowlands (where they remain the winter).
		The transhumance in the Pyrenees involves relocation of livestock (cows, sheep, horses) to the high mountains for the summer months, because farms in the lowland are too small to support a larger herd all year round.
		Transhumance practices are found in temperate areas, above ~1000 m in the Himalaya–Hindu Kush area (referred to below as Himalaya); and the cold semi-arid zone north of the Himalaya, through the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau and northern China to the Asian steppe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transhumance (2069 words)

	Did you know: Food History
		In the sixteenth century, Mediterranean transhumance was limited to the Iberian and Italian peninsulas and the south of France.
		Transhumance existed in Spain, where in the north the rabadanes, professional Castilian shepherds, moved their sheep using slings and long crooks, packing only their mules and cooking pots.
		Transhumance doesn't much exist today, many people having settled into a semi-sedentary life, such as the former transhumants of the little villages of the Akdag Mountains west of Denizli in western Turkey.
	www.cliffordawright.com /history/transhumance.html (636 words)

	La transhumance
		Transhumance provient du latin trans et humus, "au dela des terres".
		La transhumance ovine des basses régions méditerranéennes est une nécéssité et non une occasion pour l'éleveur de soulager sa charge de travail ou de permettre à son bétail de changer d'air.
		Cette transhumance qui dans un premier temps s'effectuait à pied, s'est ensuite faite par le biais des voies ferrées, pour aujourd'hui se faire par la route à l'aide de bétaillères.
	www.agri-elevage.com /HTML/la.transhumance.htm (1110 words)

	- Int. Conference on Transhumance Pastoralism - Nigeria
		Transhumance pastoralism presents a challenge to sustainable ruminant livestock production, but at the same time it has played a crucial role in supporting the livelihoods of resource-poor producers.
		Transhumance must, therefore, be conceptualised in a wider multi-communal framework of diverse producing groups with common or similar goals.
		The main objective of the proposed conference is to provide a forum for discussing the multi-facetted challenges of transhumance pastoralism and associated issues as these affect the economy and society of pastoral communities in the West Africa sub-region.
	www.africanconservation.org /dcforum/DCForumID15/581.html (3531 words)

	Sue Style, Food, Wine and Travel Writer
		Transhumance has been practised for many thousands of years — estimates vary, but it seems logical to date it back to the domestication of the animals themselves.
		Transhumance is a tough, demanding way of life that requires specialist training and an ability to work independently in difficult, uncomfortable, sometimes dangerous situations.
		As far as the future is concerned, though transhumance seemed doomed a few decades ago, all of a sudden - thanks to the commitment of a number of dedicated players as well as support from people in high places (the EU, Slow Food) — it looks like it’s due for a reprieve.
	www.suestyle.com /transhumance.html (1521 words)

	Transhumant grazing systems in temperate Asia
		The transhumance patterns of two groups, one with irrigated land and permanent housing and the other traditional nomads, were studied, together with their socio-economic conditions.
		Irrigated units of several hectares are managed by herders’ families; the herds follow their usual transhumance, but some of the family stay behind during summer to irrigate the crops and make hay.
		Transhumance routes are defined and may only be used for transit, not grazing.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/006/Y4856E/y4856e0b.htm (6978 words)

	The transhumance in Ariège-Pyrénées
		he transhumance is the leading of livestock (cows, sheep, horses) to the high mountains (or "estives") for the summer months, farms in Ariege generally being too small to support an entire herd all year round.
		Until thirty to 40 years ago the transhumance concerned mainly milk cows, and cheesemaking was an important activity on the estives.
		Pigs were brought up to be fattened on the byproducts of the cheese fabrication, as well as sheep which grazed the steepest slopes inaccessible to cows.
	www.ariege.com /pastoralism/transhumance.html (505 words)

	Türk Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		In nomadic culture, the transhumance that is a requirement of economy fully based on livestock raising, continues between the plateaus in the summer and sheltered places in winter.
		Sedentary transhumance is an economic activity of villagers living in mountains, forests and plains who go to the plateaus for 2-3 months with their herds to allow the animals to graze better in the summer.
		Transhumant communities use vehicles as far as the natural conditions allow, after which they proceed on foot or with the use of their animals.) The animals are generally used to carry loads throughout the migration, and the men usually walk, although those who are not fit enough will ride.
	www.turkinfo.info /Eng/doc_main.php (6897 words)

	[No title]
		Shorter distance transhumance from valley bottom settlements to mountain pastures is common throughout the Mediterranean basin, but, historically, North Africa has also been distinguished by longer range movements from the northern Sahara or pre-desert zone to the plains and mountains of the better-watered regions nearer the coast.
		Transhumants who move over shorter distances, in North Africa as elsewhere in the Mediterranean, will in fact generally have permanent villages where they live during the winter months, for example the communities in the Aures Mountains of Algeria.
		Transhumance in Antiquity The routes shown on the map are those established by studying 19th-early 20th century pastoralist groups.
	museums.ncl.ac.uk /roman_africa/TRANSHUM.HTM (810 words)

	Land Reform 2000
		Today, a large proportion of the regional flock is either engaged in short-distance transhumance or belongs to small farmers and grazes on private land.
		Transhumance was made compulsory for all flocks with 20 or more merino-hybrid sheep.
		For centuries, transhumant herding over long distances was the major activity, and today even people who are not herders stress their herding origins.
	www.fao.org /Docrep/x7069t/x7069t05.htm (6153 words)

	Transhumance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		'''Transhumance''' is the seasonal movement of livestock between mountainous and lowland pastures.
		In the past Transhumance was widespread throughout Europe, in some areas - such as the Isle of Lewis in Scotland - within living memory.
		Often traditional nomadic groups that have subsequently settled into a regular seasonal pattern are described by anthropologists as practicing transhumance.
	transhumance.iqnaut.net (191 words)

	Wild Spain - Information on nature and outdoor travel in Spain -
		Transhumance is vital in Spain for a very evident reason: We have two very different climate zones, the dry hot Mediterranean region and the fresh wet climate of the mountains, specially in the Atlantic region.
		Transhumance must therefore be maintained not only for historical and cultural reasons, but also for the sake of the environment and of sustainable production.
		Transhumance is proposed as a great alternative for the production of quality meat and milk, which is not dependent on importation of cattle feed.
	www.wild-spain.com /article.php?sid=6 (3748 words)

	Paquimé: The Anasazi Rosetta Stone
		The transhumance interpretation has not been widely accepted as daily, weekly, or even seasonal agricultural strategy; however, Whalen and Minnis have gathered data that strongly indicates a Paquimé pattern of transhumance distance zones.
		Transhumance is also accepted by Grand Canyon and Glenn Canyon archaeologists, while the concept of “task groups” is widely accepted for the Mesa Verde/Yellow Jacket/Crow Canyon region.
		Transhumance agriculture is strongly supported by the large, extensive granaries found at sites such as Pueblo Bonito and the Sky Island culture site.
	www.canyonsworldwide.com /fisher/transhumance.htm (2210 words)

	Transhumance Montauroux travel: Maps, History, France - Provence Beyond
		The Fête de la transhumance of Montauroux in the Var (83) is typical of the village transhumance festivals.
		The flock's summer transhumance could be a week or two, from a village in the Var (83) or the lower part of the Alpes-Maritimes or Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (04) to the Alpine pastures.
		At some of the transhumance festivals, sheep sheering is done as a contest between the shearers.
	www.beyond.fr /themes/transmont.html (526 words)

	Transhumance. Welcome to Masseria Canestrello, Apulia
		At the boundary lines of the territory including the locations there were the resting spots, three extensive areas where the flocks would stop until their final destination was determined.
		The landscape of this vast zone in South Italy, due to the presence of grazing grounds and the passage of transhumance with all its various services, is marked by these distinct characteristics, so different from any other part of Italy.
		Between the 1800s and the 1900s cultivated land predominated over grazing grounds and transhumance, regulated by the laws of the state, has given way to a private agreement between shepherds and landowners.
	www.masseriacanestrello.it /english/pagine_web_eng/transhumance2.htm (799 words)

	Montagnes Méditerranénnes Résumés 2005 21 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		From 1950 on, new social and economical conditions compelled a lot of farmers to settle in the valleys, and often to shift from sheep-farming to cow-farming, less demanding in labour.
		Le rituel de transhumance était une manifestation tribale qu'ont planifiés les pôles d'autorité que représentaient les zawiya relayés par les ssuq.
		La transhumance concernait une population de bergers qui faisaient de l'estivage un lieu ce vie : approvisionnement, cabanes.
	iga.ujf-grenoble.fr /territoires/editions/Mont_Med/mm_res0521.htm (1105 words)

	Transhumance travel: Visit, Maps, History, France - Provence Beyond
		The transhumance occurs twice a year to transfer livestock between the low-land pastures and the alpine meadows.
		Even so, if you're traveling in the Beyond country during the time of the transhumance, you'll still have plenty of opportunity to see flocks of sheep being herded down the small roads and through villages often to staging points for the longer trip.
		In the Southern Alps, around 10,000 sheep are transferred during the seasonal transhumance.
	www.provencebeyond.com /themes/transhumance.html (608 words)

	The Transhumance: The Royal Shepherd's Track - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
		The transhumance is a type of grazing based on the seasonal move of herds between various regions with different climate.
		The network of shepherd's tracks, traced down to the pre-roman age, was further developed by Romans and connected to the network of consular routes thus making the transhumance an established, organized and protected economical activity.
		Thanks to the Aragonesi, the transhumance became the leading sector of the economy as much as Alfonso I of Aragona (1442-1458) established an office for its management and called it Regiae Dohanae Menae pecudum Apuliae and Royal Shepherd's Track.
	whc.unesco.org /en/tentativelists/5005 (762 words)

	Chapter17
		Transhumance is always an important source of forage during the rainy season (season 1), but not during the hot and dry season (season 3), except in drought years.
		The graphs also show that transhumance does not smooth out the size of the downside shocks to herd size in drought years, but this is because more animals are carried into the droughts, when transhumance is allowed.
		Access to transhumance areas is particularly important in the harvest, and dry and hot, seasons during drought years for protecting the herd size.
	www.ilri.cgiar.org /InfoServ/Webpub/Fulldocs/PropertyRights/Chapter17.htm (6314 words)

	[No title]
		It is used by the transhumants of 14 fractions of 3 Berber sub-tribes.
		The main form of transhumance is between the high mountains (summer), middle altitudes (fall and spring) and lowlands (winter).
		Transhumance with a diverse mix of livestock is a long-term human adaptation to the arid, variable and seasonally changing ecosystem.
	www.gefweb.org /COUNCIL/GEF_C14/morocco/part1.doc (5935 words)

	Transhumance et randonnée
		Les diverses transhumances, montantes et descendantes, peuvent être l'occasion de randonnée pastorale intéressantes.C'est une opportunité pour découvrir un lieu ou uen vallée, sa vie, les hommes qui y vivent et y travaillent, les animaux, etc...
		L'année 2004, première transhumance des communes de la Barousse réunies, a rassemblé plus de 1200 moutons et beaucoup beaucoup de vaches, décorées, enrubannées, énormes cloches à leur cou, des échos fabuleux dans les montagnes...
		Cette transhumance, qui va amener des milliers de brebis, vaches et chevaux vers des paturages situées en altitude, fait partie, depuis des siècles, des grandes traditions du Béarn.
	www.pyrenees-pireneus.com /Pastoralisme-TranshuRando.htm (3045 words)

	Transhumance
		Transhumance is het Franse woord voor de jaarlijkse trek van dieren naar nieuwe gronden.
		Transhumance is een metafoor voor het leer- en ontwikkelingsproces van onze klanten: organisaties en individuen.
		Transhumance onderscheidt zich door aandacht voor bewustzijn van wat je beweegt, inspireert en wilt en verantwoordelijkheid daarvoor nemen.
	www.transhumance.nl (616 words)

	Frenchless in France » Transhumance in Riez
		A Transhumance Festival is a great way to look at life as it was in times past, something that most festivals in France do.
		My husband and I made the trip deep into Lavender country to the village of Riez to observe the transhumance, when sheep (and goats and cows in some areas) are moved from lower country up into the mountains passing through villages on the way.
		The Transhumance in Riez is mostly a tourist happening, I would guess, but rather thrilling nonetheless.
	lindamathieu.com /2006/06/18/transhumance-in-riez (487 words)

	Patterns of Subsistence: Pastoralism
		Transhumance pastoralists usually depend somewhat less on their animals for food than do nomadic ones.
		This can result in a traditionally nomadic society or some families within in it becoming more or less transhumance in their migratory patterns if the opportunity arises.
		Likewise, a society that prefers a transhumance way of life may be forced by circumstances to change to a nomadic pattern for some or all of its livestock.
	anthro.palomar.edu /subsistence/sub_3.htm (1485 words)

	MAREMMANO ABRUZZESE SHEEPDOG
		The transhumance is the way to conduct breeding using alternatively, distant open spaces and characterised by different climactic conditions.
		This was in Italy, but all the Mediterranean countries always have been the scenes of transhumances, even though we must say that the maximum importance of the phenomenon has been in Italy and in the Iberian peninsula.
		The particular geographic conformation of Italy, as we have seen, has imposed for a long time the transhumance from the high summer pastures of the Appennino to the low countries of the Tavoliere in Puglia, of the Tuscan Maremma and of the Roman Agro districts.
	www.millenniumdogs.net /maremmasheepdog.htm (2759 words)

	Testament de Transhumance
		C'est pour ça que je l'ai appelé Esprit de transhumance, et non pas Testaments… Je crois qu'une œuvre comme celle de ce cher Saïndoune ne prend véritablement sens qu'à partir du moment où elle suscite des envies d'aller plus en avant chez l'autre, le lecteur ou le compatriote que je suis.
		Soeuf Elbadawi compte ensuite partager cette "transhumance" lors de la seconde édition du Komor4 festival, prévu pour août 2005.
		Testaments de transhumance de Saïndoune Ben Ali vient de paraître en seconde édition chez Komedit, dans une collection dirigée par Washko Ink, avec une postface de Soeuf Elbadawi.
	www.comores-online.com /mwezinet/theatre/transhumance.htm (2202 words)

	Butteri d'Alta Maremma, Tuscany, Italy, Transhumance
		The transhumance is the most ancient way used in breeding to move the cattle from an exhausted pasture to a better one.
		Every year the Butteri d'Alta Maremma recalls the transhumance by moving during two days a herd of wild horses, crossing the wonderful landscape of Tuscany.
		TRANSHUMANCE 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006
	www.butteri-altamaremma.com /english/transum.htm (129 words)

	The Transhumance of our Mérens herd
		In 2000 an association "Autrefois le Couserans" organised the Fête de la Transhumance to validate and revive the tradition of bringing the livestock on foot.
		The transhumance also helps to preserve and maintain the mountain environment.
		The maintenance of the biodiversity, the prevention of natural risks such as avalanches and fires is guaranteed in part by these acitivities on the estives.
	www.merens-ariege.com /transhumance/info.html (728 words)

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