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Topic: Transit satellite

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Satellite navigation system

	Transit
		Transit receivers used the known characteristics of the satellites orbit, measured the Doppler shift of the satellite's radio signal, and thereby calculated the receivers position on the earth.
		This allowed testing of the techniques for loading the memory from the ground, the ability of the memory to hold a message in orbit, and the ability to encode the memory contents by means of a frequency modulation on one of the main transmitters.
		Together, Transits 4A and 4B allowed the determination of harmonics in the Earth’s gravity field that had not yet been evaluated, and they also allowed firm navigational ties to be established from continent to continent as well as to isolated islands.
	www.astronautix.com /project/transit.htm (1049 words)

	Artificial Satellite - Search View - MSN Encarta
		These three satellites are not in geostationary orbit; rather, their orbits carry them across the poles at a relatively low altitude.
		Satellites have to endure the effects of radiation and of continuous, damaging micrometeoroid hits, especially during long-term missions.
		Satellites pass over different ranges of Earth’s latitude depending on the angle of their orbits with respect to the equator.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761551926__1/Artificial_Satellite.html (3397 words)

	Transit (satellite) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The satellites (known as OSCAR or NOVA satellites) used in the system were placed in low polar orbits, at an altitude of 600 nautical miles (1,100 km), with an orbital period of about 106 minutes.
		The basic operating principle of TRANSIT is similar to the system used by emergency locator transmitters, except there the transmitter is on the ground and the receiver in orbit.
		As a satellite approached a ground receiver, the received frequency would be higher than the transmitted frequency due to the doppler effect, and likewise the signal would be lower frequency as the satellite receded.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transit_(satellite) (1045 words)

	[1.0] US Navigation Satellite Systems
		The Transit 1 through Transit 3 satellites were in the form of a sphere with a rim around the middle, with some variation between the three series, while the Transit 4 satellites were in the shape of drums.
		Satellites are generally either placed in low Earth orbit, a few hundred kilometers high, or in geostationary orbit over the equator, 36,000 kilometers (22,360 miles) high, where they take 24 hours to orbit the Earth and remain in a fixed position relative to the Earth as it turns under them.
		Since they knew the satellite orbits with precision, then if they had a ground receiver whose exact position was also known by other means, they could then measure the distances to the satellites using the coded signals, and calculate the difference between the true distance and the distance given by the coded signals.
	www.vectorsite.net /ttgps_1.html (6971 words)

	Transit-5A
		After the launches of the experimental Transit satellites, the Scout-X3 rocket was selected as the dedicated launch vehicle for the program because it delivered a payload into orbit for the lowest cost per pound.
		A satellite mass reduction had to be achieved despite a demand for more power than APL had previously designed into a satellite.
		The first prototype operational satellite (Transit 5A-1) was launched into a polar orbit by a Scout rocket on 18 December 1962.
	www.skyrocket.de /space/doc_sdat/transit-5a.htm (295 words)

	Transit (satellites)
		Transits enabled nuclear submarines and surface vessels of the United States Navy to fix their position at sea, to within 150 meters in the early days of the system and to within 25 m later.
		The first successful Transit, Transit 1B, was launched on Apr. 13, 1960, to demonstrate the feasibility of using satellites as navigational aids.
		A Transit receiver used the known characteristics of a satellite’s orbit and measurements of the Doppler shift of the satellite’s radio signal, to establish an accurate position on Earth.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/T/Transit_satellite.html (331 words)

	Transit
		Transit was originally conceived in the early 1960s to support the precise navigation requirements of the Navy's fleet ballistic missile submarines.
		Transit is a space-based radiodetermination system consisting of satellites in approximately 600 nm polar orbits.
		Transit satellite signals are monitored by the Naval Astronautics Group (NAG) at Point Mugu, California, which serves as the satellite constellation ground control facility.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/nav/transit.htm (869 words)

	GPS
		TRANSIT was also made available for commercial use, starting in 1967, and commercial users of the navigation system rapidly exceeded military users.
		When the satellite signal is regenerated by correlating with the modulation code at the receiver, any other interfering signals are spread and weakened relative to the desired satellite signal.
		To dissolve this inconvenience, complete GPS satellite constellation consists of lots of satellites in orbits and at least four satellites are in view at the same time anywhere on the earth.
	members.tripod.com /ieeepapcont/papers/gps.htm (731 words)

	Transit-O (NNS, Oscar)
		The series of satellites that closely followed the design of Transit 5C-1 were called “Oscars” (Oscar is the phonetic alphabet for “O”, i.e., operational) and had one important change: Hysteresis rods were installed on the solar panels to dampen the residual motion after the satellite despin operation in orbit following launch).
		The original plan was for the Oscar satellites to be built by the Naval Avionics Facility at Indianapolis (NAFI), and NAFI did build Oscars 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7.
		The satellite was turned over to the National Air and Space Museum in 1976 and was displayed to the public for more than 8 years.
	www.skyrocket.de /space/doc_sdat/transit-o.htm (577 words)

	Cobb County Community Development Department
		Transit stations would be unsuitable in locations where the result would be an increase in vehicular traffic through existing neighborhoods, or where it would intensify land uses within existing stable low-density neighborhoods.
		Transit stations should be located adjacent to, or very close to interstate highways, and only in locations where it will not increase vehicular traffic within nearby low-density neighborhoods, and where it will not intensify land uses within existing low-density neighborhoods.
		Transit exchanges should be located only along major arteries (at least four lanes), and only in locations where it will not increase vehicular traffic within nearby neighborhoods, and where it will not intensify land uses within existing neighborhoods.
	comdev.cobbcountyga.gov /rod-info.htm (2583 words)

	Navy Navigation Satellite System
		Transit proved essential for the recovery at sea of early manned space vehicles, and it became the standard for precision land surveying and the locations of platforms at sea.
		Transit engineering and research satellites made the first measurements of low-energy protons in the polar regions, discovered auroral field-aligned currents, and detected and measured the artificial radiation belt created by the Starfish high-altitude nuclear test in 1962.This early work led to programs for NASA and other agencies.
		Transit technology spurred the development of many devices to improve our quality of life, including a rechargeable cardiac pacemaker, programmable implantable medication system, automatic implantable defibrillator, and a system to treat autistic children.
	sd-www.jhuapl.edu /Transit/index.html (717 words)

	Transit
		The satellites, originally known as Transit, were launched by the Scout booster.
		The satellite was an octagonal prism, 0.37 m across and 0.25 m high with four blades of solar cells,each 1.67 m long and 0.25 m wide.
		The TRIAD satellite was launched in 1972 to test improvements, including a sensor designed to compensate for atmospheric drag and keep the satellite precisely in its orbit.
	www.friends-partners.org /oldfriends/mwade/craft/transit.htm (494 words)

	RASNZ Occultation Section - Phenomena Of Jupiter's Satellites
		A TRANSIT of a satellite occurs when it moves in FRONT of Jupiter as seen from the Earth.
		Satellites move into transit at points marked with a T and emerge from transit at points marked T' on the diagrams.
		The two inner satellites, Io and Europa, emerge from eclipse after the occultation of the satellite has started, hence the reappearance from eclipse cannot be seen and neither can the disappearance into occultation.
	occsec.wellington.net.nz /jovian/jovphen.htm (677 words)

	Two-in-One Shot -- Monday, Jul. 04, 1960 -- Page 1 -- TIME
		The Transit satellite, the second of its series to go into or bit, is a long step toward perfecting the Navy's all-weather navigation system, scheduled for fully effective operation in 1962, which will benefit all nations on earth.
		The Transit navigation system is built on the fact that radio waves received from a satellite change their frequency as the satellite passes a ship or ground station.
		Tucked into last week's Transit satellite was a Canadian "guest" instrument for studying background cosmic noise, and the satellite was allowed to spin for its convenience.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,869547,00.html (743 words)

	TIP
		The Transit Improvement Program (TIP) was established in 1969 to test improvements to the Transit Navigation System with the goal of providing a redundant, radiation-hardened satellite that could continue to provide its correct position for over five days without update from the ground.
		These satellites were nearly identical to the TIP satellites, with minor improvements, including the addition of magnetic damping to DISCOS and a stiffening of the lower boom assembly.
		Instead, six Transits built in the 1960's were orbited two at a time in the late 1980's, and this kept the system in operation until all surface users could convert to GPS and the Transit system was shut down.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/tip.htm (634 words)

	NSSDC Master Catalog Display: Spacecraft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The satellite was powered by nickel-cadmium batteries that were charged by six groups of solar cells arranged around the surface of the sphere.
		Transit 3B contained two transmitting systems, a command system, a despin system, and electronic clock, a telemetry system, and a digital memory system for storing orbital data from ground stations to compute an accurate navigational fix.
		Satellite transmitters functioned normally, and signals were received although the elliptical orbit decreased the value of the data.
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /database/MasterCatalog?sc=1961-007A (268 words)

	The Amateur Satellite Observers of Southeast Virginia
		To help you interpet transit data here is a simplifed graphic example of how to interpret satellite transit prediction data for a Mir transit.
		Transits of the UARS appear to be about the same brilliance as the planet Mars.
		The Seasat 1 satellite is a bright satellite in a relatively high (760 km) retrograde orbit.
	www.seva.net /reg/satellite (1814 words)

	NOAA Satellite Observes Venus Transit
		The NOAA Space Environment Center in Boulder, Colo., used the NOAA GOES-12 satellite space weather instrumentation to observe the passage of Venus in front of the sun.
		This transit of Venus is the first in 122 years.
		"Historically, transits of Venus were used to determine the absolute scale of the solar system," said Ernest Hildner, director of the NOAA Space Environment Center.
	www.solarviews.com /cap/sun/noaavenustransit.htm (300 words)

	From the Sea to the Stars: Chapter 2
		Transit remained an operational satellite system operated by Naval Space Command, in keeping with international commitments made by the U.S., until it was finally shut down in December 1996.
		Syncom was the first commercial experimental satellite to be placed in a geosynchronous orbit, and was to become the most important of the experimental satellites, to the Navy and DOD as well as to the general public.
		APL's Transit Research and Altitude Control (TRAAC) satellite, built and launched in 1961, had as its dual mission: (a) testing gravity gradient as a means of satellite stabilization; and (b) measuring the densities of certain atomic particles (protons and neutrons) in orbit.
	www.history.navy.mil /books/space/Chapter2.htm (9937 words)

	NASM Space Artifacts: LOFTI-I Satellite
		As this name indicates, LOFTI was the first in a series of satellites intended to study the propagation of radio waves through and in the ionosphere.
		The Naval Research Laboratory designed a series of satellites intended to examine the propagation characteristics of radio signals in the range of 18 kilocycles in and through the earth's ionosphere.
		The resulting eccentric orbit caused the satellite to dip into the earth's atmosphere that significantly shortened orbit life to only 38 days; this circumstance did have the unplanned benefit of including many different levels of the ionosphere and exosphere in the experiment.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/dsh/artifacts/SS-LOFTI1.htm (470 words)

	The Amateur Satellite Observers of Southeast Virginia
		The Amateur Satellite Observers of Southeast Virginia (ASOSV) is a recreational organization of individuals who have an interest in observing notable earth orbiting satellites in the southeastern Virginia area.
		Transits of the US Shuttles (Discovery, Atlantis, Endeavour, Columbia) and the Russian Space Station Mir under the right illumination conditions will appear nearly as bright or brighter than original light from some of the brightest stars.
		On the other hand, an earth satellite can actively vary in brightness by the constant changing angle of sun reflection or in some cases may slowly be tumbling end over end (some rocket boosters) or slowly rotating (for spin stabilized satellites).
	www.seva.net /reg/satellite/topics/asosvqna.html (1769 words)

	Astrophotography by Anthony Ayiomamitis
		The capture of a solar transit by the International Space Station has been an incessant chase and hunt during the past 3-4 years with only three opportunities presenting themselves during this time and which all failed due to low-level clouds, strong winds and a miscalibrated cellular phone respectively.
		The fourth opportunity to image the ISS transitting the sun (with STS-114!) proved to be successful and included as a bonus the shuttle Discovery.
		Following countless requests as to how one may identify and observe the ISS transitting the sun or moon, I have prepared a web page describing the process and which is available for perusal by clicking here.
	www.perseus.gr /Astro-Sat-Trans-2005-07-28.htm (192 words)

	Solar Protons
		However, each POES satellite transits a polar region twice each orbit and can provide a direct measure of the boundaries and extent of the solar proton fluxes entering the atmosphere during an SPE.
		In this display, all available satellite transits over the polar region during the most recent 8-hours are plotted.
		The beginning of the most recent satellite transit is marked with a red square and its end with a red triangle.
	www.sec.noaa.gov /tiger/SolarProtons.html (716 words)

	The DISCOS Drag-Free Satellite
		The DISCOS module was built at Stanford University in the late 1960's with the help of the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University who constructed the other two modules of the TRIAD I satellite.
		The DISCOS / TRIAD I satellite's attitude was gravity-gradient stabilized.
		This problem was solved in the next three satellites by putting a vent hole on both sides of the cavity.
	www.dragfreesatellite.com /discos.html (1159 words)

	Sea-Tac Airport: Central Terminal
		All of the satellite train stations have been renovated to accommodate more passengers in greater comfort..
		Nancy Blum's piece has been installed in Main Terminal's south station (serving the South Satellite), the last station to be renovated.
		Artist Karen Ganz's artwork was installed in the Main Terminal's north train station (serving the North Satellite) in 2002.
	www.portseattle.org /seatac/art/satellite.shtml (366 words)

	Chapter 26 -- Navigation Satellites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Since the 1960s the U.S. military has had on orbit a satellite or a constellation of satellites to aid the military in determining the position of ships, airplanes, or personnel.
		The first navigation satellite the Transit was launched on April 13, 1960 into a 51° inclination orbit with an apogee of 745 and a perigee of 373 km.
		Nova was an improved Transit which had a more powerful transmitter, a greater computer capacity, a better clock, and a 7.6 meter boom for gravity gradient stabilization.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter26.html (1163 words)

	Celebrating Our Past: Sputnik and American navigation satellites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The system was called Transit or, more formally, the Navy Navigation Satellite System, and it was the seed of the navigational revolution that blossomed with Global Positioning System.
		Its mature architecture consisted of three operating and three spare satellites in a 600-nautical-mile polar orbit, three ground control stations, and receivers on naval vessels—beginning in 1967, on merchant vessels as well.
		A user needed signals from only one Transit satellite to derive a positioning fix, although signals from any given satellite were available for only limited times of the day for a user on the surface.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/nav/transit-his.htm (572 words)

	Frank McClure rocket scientist and inventor of the Transit Satellite.
		This was the first launch of a satellite into space and it transmitted a signal that could be monitored by a ham radio.
		This was the beginning of a top secret experiment to prove the theory behind the Transit system and by 1964, the United States had an operational using the Transit satellite which was designed and prototyped at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory.
		Many firsts were accomplished in the design the of the transit satellites, the first hard wired core computer memory used in space, the first computer in space, plus many more.
	www.compusmart.ab.ca /spackfor (640 words)

	Media.Ford.com: VERSATILE COMMUNICATOR: FORD'S SATELLITE 'DOWNLINK' TRANSIT PROJECT
		The one-of-a-kind Â£100,000 mobile unit can be used to receive satellite TV broadcasts (technically, a 'downlink'), edit video, host video conferencing and even broadcast radio transmissions via a land-line or the on-board satellite phone.
		Alternatively, the Transit has a dedicated trailer complete with a 1.2 m diameter dish capable of reception in virtually the whole of Europe, plus most other countries around the world.
		The Communications Transit has been coach-built to a high standard throughout, with its equipment neatly installed in full height, 19 inch racking, the broadcast industry standard.
	media.ford.com /article_display.cfm?article_id=8986 (511 words)

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