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Topic: Translation (disambiguation)

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	Translator Resource Center - spanish translator
		A translation meeting the first criterion is said to be a "faithful translation"; a translation meeting the second criterion is said to be an "idiomatic translation".
		Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is leetspeak translator little or no freedom to choose among he possibilities between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure.
		For the second translation it would mean "Yes, this is an English speaking country, and yet everyone, including myself, is speaking French." The gist of this criticism that one of the main rules in translation is to "keep the context", and that the language of the document is itself the heart of the context.
	www.taxgloss.com /Tax-Professions_T_-_Z-/Translator.html (3989 words)

	Transinterp.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A distinction is made between translation, which consists of transferring ideas expressed in writing from one language to another, from interpreting, which consists of transferring ideas expressed orally, or by the use of gestures (as in the case of sign language), from one language to another.
		Pedagogical translation is used to enrich (and to assess) the student's vocabulary in the second language, to help assimilate new syntactic structures and to verify the student's understanding.
		Cultural translation is a concept used in cultural studies to denote the process of transformation, linguistic or otherwise, in a given culture.
	www.transinterp.com /?page=translation-services (3489 words)

	Translation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Other translators, mostly those who work on technical, business or legal documents, regard their métier as a craft, one that can not only be taught but that is subject to linguistic analysis and that benefits from academic study.
		A distinction is made between translation, which is the transferring from one language to another of ideas that are expressed in writing, and interpreting, which is the transferring of ideas expressed orally or by gestures (as in the case of sign language).
		Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Translation (4187 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The inherent difficulty of sense disambiguation was a central point in Bar-Hillel's well-known treatise on machine translation (Bar-Hillel, 1960), where he asserted that he saw no means by which the sense of the word pen in the sentence The box is in the pen could be determined automatically.
		Disambiguation was accomplished by selecting the sense of the target word whose signature contained the greatest number of overlaps with the signatures of neighboring words in its context.
		The notion of disambiguating senses based on domain is implicit in various AI based approaches, such as Schank's script approach to natural language processing (Schank and Abelson, 1977), which matched words to senses based on the context or "script" activated by the general topic of the discourse.
	aune.lpl.univ-aix.fr /pub/multext/cl/idevero.txt (16819 words)

	translation company Resources & Information - translation company
		Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language - the source text - and the production of a new, equivalent text in another language - called the target text, or the translation.
		The goal of translation is to establish a relationship of equivalence and intent between the source and the target texts (that is to say to ensure that both texts communicate the same message), while taking into account a number of constraints.
		The translation memory, in principle, is a simple database with a pair of entries for each segment: an entry for the source segment and the corresponding entry for the segment translation provided by the translator.
	www.bizhisto.com /Biz-Services-Th---Vi/translation-company.html (3686 words)

	The Interpretive Model and Machine Translation
		It should be mentioned at this point that translation studies distinguish two points of view in the practice and analysis of translations: the “source-oriented” point of view which favors the specificities and requirements peculiar to the source text (faithfulness, literality) and the “target-oriented” point of view which favors the target text (rewording, adaptation).
		Translating the version translated backwards and “blindly” often allows us to notice that the equivalent structure was not the one taken as a starting point for translation, demonstrating the inaccuracy of the aforementioned translation.
		Some translators may wonder: “why be so rigorous if the meaning is understood and conveyed?” However, such translators, indulgent or careless depending on each case, will not be exemplary translators, because they seek the exact meaning and the inevitable translation, the one likely to be taken and modeled for language natural processing.
	www.translationdirectory.com /article61.htm (6210 words)

	School of Information Sciences - Seminars
		Translating information between the query language and the document language is the key technology employed in CLIR.
		Due to the complexity of human languages, translation ambiguities are inevitable, and usually greatly reduce the retrieval effectiveness of a CLIR system if they are not handled properly.
		In this presentation, I will talk about the design of the user-assisted query translation approach, which is superior to previous automatic disambiguation approaches in that it invites the user to participate in the translation disambiguation process.
	www.sis.pitt.edu /academics/colloquia/03_30_2004.html (235 words)

	WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION SURVEY: SUMMARY OF RESPONSES
		It is generally necessary to have a detailed knowledge of the word senses that are in the domain, so the knowledge to disambiguate will often be available in the domain model even where it has not explicitly been added for disambiguation purposes.
		The goal is to disambiguate between the senses given > in a dictionary or thesaurus on the grounds that that, or something > similar, is necessary for full understanding (and is an interesting > problem in its own right).
		Machine Translation =================== The responses here were the comment from two sources, "yes, of course WS ambiguity causes lots of errors" (eg French "repasser" translated into English by Systran as "pass by again" rather than "iron (clothes)") - and directions into the literature.
	www.site.uottawa.ca /tanka/threads/wsd_survey/msg00002.html (2606 words)

	Cross-Language Information Retrieval: An Analysis of Errors
		Query words are first morphologically reduced to their root forms and then substituted by dictionary equivalents yielding an average precision at 5, 10, 15 and 20 retrieved documents of 0.235, compared to an MLIR baseline of 0.393.
		Disambiguation strategies are typically employed to reduce translation errors.
		For each query case the table presents the original English query, the manually translated Spanish query, the query words in the baseline version (BL) and the details of how the translated CLIR query is created stage by stage.
	informatics.buffalo.edu /faculty/ruiz/publications/iowa-asis98.html (5707 words)

	Statistical translation system and method for fast sense disambiguation and translation of large corpora using ...
		A sense hypothesis generator operatively coupled to the input device generates sense hypotheses for a translation of the source word, based on the source word and the context of the source word.
		A sense model operatively coupled to the sense hypothesis generator determines a probability of a target word being a correct translation of the source word, based on the source word and the context of the source word.
		A decoder operatively coupled to the fertility and sense models for generating a list of target words for the translation of the source word, based on the probability calculated by the fertility model and the probability calculated by the sense model.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US06092034__ (689 words)

	translation page of the year
		For example, the French "tutoyer"' and "vouvoyer" would both be translated into English as "to address as 'you'", since the singular informal second person pronoun is archaic in English.
		As with other kinds of literary translation, some singing translations are better than others; some fall out of favour due to datedness or inaccuracy.
		Public spending on interpreters and translation for immigrants is to be reviewed after figures revealed the yearly bill is more than £100 million.
	www.gameosis.com /Toot-to-Twee/translation.php (4458 words)

	Lexical Disambiguation in Machine Translation with Latent Semantic Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This undergraduate senior honors thesis focuses on the problem that machine translators face in choosing the correct translation of a polysemous English noun in a foreign language which differentiates between the noun’s several meanings.
		This thesis examines LSA’s use in lexical disambiguation, under the hypothesis that a standard automated translation method, such as that used by SYSTRAN’s BabelFish and Google translator, when integrated with an LSA model should produce highly accurate word choice for polysemous nouns through analysis of context.
		Given a sentence, the online translator generates a translation in the target language, which is then examined by the LSA or Bayesian model to determine if any polysemous noun present was interpreted accurately, and to correct the translation if necessary.
	www.cs.wlu.edu /translate (570 words)

	Second Description of English-Chinese Text Retrieval Interface
		Upon the investigator's request, both subjects examined the disambiguation and results areas.
		In addition, both subjects thought that instead of checkboxes, one text area should be used to display multiple terms for disambiguation (together with their translations) and another for the summary of retrieved documents.
		Translation disambiguation area is split into two parts: the "Terms with multiple translations" and "Terms that have no translation." We believe that informing searchers of translation-missing query terms is very important.
	www.glue.umd.edu /~katyn/708l/project/Description2.htm (517 words)

	Inter-domain Management: Specification Translation - Mapping GDMO Templates to IDL Interfaces
		During translation from a managed object class template to an IDL interface, mandatory and conditional packages of the managed object class are distinguished only through the use of comments.
		The mapping proceeds by translating the syntax of the attribute to an IDL type.
		If a translator does not implement such an algorithm, it will not be able to successfully translate GDMO documents that cause inheritance collisions.
	www.opengroup.org /onlinepubs/008349099/chap04.htm (2590 words)

	Translation Information Portal @ Interpreted.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Hunter (Kodansha In ternational, $24.95) is the first English translation of the excellent mystery series from Asa Nonami, and is constructed in a gripping...
		Itsa shocking figure: more than 100m was spent in the past year on translating and interpreting for British residents who dont speak English.
		Articles dealing with translation, interpreting and related fields.
	www.interpreted.org (1189 words)

	CURRICULAM VITAE
		The dissertation mainly deals with the Computational Implementation of Verb Sense Disambiguation, which is a component of word sense resolution in Machine Translation.
		Presented a paper on Verb Sense Disambiguation: A tool for NLP, in the 32nd All India Conference of Dravidian Linguists, held at P.S. Telugu University, Warangal, A.P, during 10-12, June 2004.
		Presented a paper on Argument Structure for Verb Sense Disambiguation in the National Seminar on ‘Theroretical and Applied Aspects of Lexical Semantics’ Organized by Centre of Advanced Study in Linguistics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, during 27-28 Feb, 2004.
	www.lsadc.org /info/lingent/rsm/r_murty.htm (970 words)

	Translation (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		translation (biology), part of the biological process of protein biosynthesis from messenger RNA
		the translation phase of a compiler (or, by extension, the entire process of compilation)
		This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Translation_(disambiguation) (152 words)

	236802 Seminar in Computer Science II Statistical and Corpora Based Methods for Processing Natural Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Corpora based methods attempt to learn usage patterns from large bodies of texts, and then utilize this knowledge to solve problems in Natural Language processing.
		Word sense disambiguation - How to distinguish between river bank and bank as a financial institution.
		Alignment - Find the correspondence between words, sentences and paragraphs of a source text and its translation.
	www.cs.technion.ac.il /~itai/NLP/papers/papers.html (111 words)

	Word Translation Disambiguation Using Bilingual Bootstrapping - Li, Li (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Abstract: This paper proposes a new method for word translation disambiguation using a machine learning technique called 'Bilingual Bootstrapping'.
		Bilingual Bootstrapping makes use of, in learning, a small number of classified data and a large number of unclassified data in the source and the target languages in translation.
		Li and H. Li, "Word Translation Disambiguation Using Bilingual Bootstrapping," Proc.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /526868.html (234 words)

	HKUST - Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Speech processing is ultimately about detecting, finding and translating pertinent information from the spoken input rather than word by word transcription.
		The main challenge of these tasks lies in discovering critical information from large amounts of unstructured, spontaneous, often accented, and multilingual speech.
		* The best context information for translation disambiguation in a mixed language query is the most salient trigger word.
	www.ee.ust.hk /news/events/news_events_050509fung.html (446 words)

	Lucia Specia
		From 10/2004 to 09/2006 I developed my thesis at the Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, UK, as a visiting student, under the supervision of Mark Stevenson.
		Specia, L.; Nunes, M.G.V. Exploiting the Translation Context for Multilingual WSD.
		Specia, L. Knowledge sources for disambiguating highly ambiguous verbs in machine translation.
	kmi.open.ac.uk /people/lucia (1119 words)

	Resources
		K. Kirchhoff and M. Yang, "Improved Language Modeling for Statistical Machine Translation", Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts, 2005.
		A Statistical Model for Parsing and Word-Sense Disambiguation (ps) (pdf) in the proceedings of the Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora
		Rada Mihalcea and Ted Pedersen Slides from the AAAI 2005 Tutorial Advances in Word Sense Disambiguation (July 9, 2005).
	www.umiacs.umd.edu /users/kensch/papers/resources.htm (1681 words)

	IngentaConnect Table Of Contents: Machine Translation
		Book Review: Lynne Bowker, Computer Aided Translation Technology: A Practical Introduction, University of Ottawa Press, Ottawa, Canada, 2002.
		Book Review : Harold Somers (ed.), Computers and Translation–A translator’s guide, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam/Philadephia; 2003, xi + 349 pp.
		Book Review: Brian James Baer, Geoffrey S. Koby (eds), Beyond the Ivory Tower: Rethinking Translation Pedagogy.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/klu/coat/2004/00000018/00000004 (160 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.844: Computational ling, Phonology, Ling and media tech
		UNIVERSITY OF TUEBINGEN DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS DIVISION OF COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS RESEARCH POSITION FOR A COMPUTATIONAL LINGUIST We are advertising a research position in the VERBMOBIL project, which is funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF).
		VERBMOBIL is concerned with the development of a portable speech-to-speech translation system for "face-to-face"-communication.
		Candidates should have experience in computational linguistics (particularly in unification-based formalisms) or computer science.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/6/6-844.html (559 words)

	Phil Vines's Home Page 2006
		Zhang, Y., Vines, P., and Zobel, J. Chinese OOV Translation and Post-translation Query Expansion in Chinese-English Cross-language Information.
		Zhang, Y. and Vines, P. Detection and Translation of OOV Terms Prior to Query Time.
		Zhang, Y. and Vines, P. Using the Web for Translation Disambiguation (RMIT University at NTCIR-5 Chinese-English CLIR).
	goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au /~phil (279 words)

	Machine Translation, 2003; 18 (4)
		Translation Disambiguation in Mixed Language Queries / Cheung, Percy / Fung, Pascale
		A Methodology for Evaluating Arabic Machine Translation Systems / Guessoum, Ahmed / Zantout, Rached
		Performative Linguistics: Speaking and Translating as Doing Things with Words.
	www.ucm.es /BUCM/compludoc/W/10508/09226567_1.htm (183 words)

	Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
		Translating Named Entities Using Monolingual and Bilingual Resources
		Lexical Semantics to Disambiguate Polysemous Phenomena of Japanese Adnominal Constituents
		Structural Disambiguation Based on Reliable Estimation of Strength of Association
	wotan.liu.edu /docis/dbl/aclacl (4128 words)

	Papers for Relevance Assessment
		Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation with Support Vector Machines and multiple knowledge sources
		Unsupervised Monolingual and Bilingual Word-Sense Disambiguation of Medical Documents using UMLS
		Introduction to the Special Issue on Word Sense Disambiguation: The State of the Art
	www.cl.cam.ac.uk /~ar283/H05-1069.wang.1.html (181 words)

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