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Topic: Transmigration program

	Transmigration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		René Guénon claims that transmigration involves the change of a corporeal being into another, non-corporeal state (with no return ever to corporeal existence) and therefore not really related to transmigration nor to reincarnation (which he believed to be a modern concept not present in religious traditions).
		Transmigration program, the movement of a population from a crowded region to a less-densely-populated area.
		Transmigration operation, in CAD, is an operation to reflect changes in a part as it relates to changes in the whole.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transmigration (199 words)

	Transmigration program - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The transmigration program (transmigrasi in Indonesia) was an initiative by the government of Indonesia to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populous areas of the Indonesian archipelago.
		The stated purpose of the program, according to proponents in the Indonesian government and the development community, was to move millions of Indonesians from the densely populated inner islands of Java, Bali and Madura to the outer, less densely populated islands to achieve a more balanced population density.
		Indonesia's transmigration program was the target of extensive opposition, particularly from indigenous populations in the regions where transmigrants settled.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transmigration_program (871 words)

	Indonesia: Devastating Development
		Transmigrants are lectured about the scarcity of land in Java and Bali as a justification for transmigration, while big business interests with ties to the Suharto family announce plans for luxury tourist resorts, golf courses, industrial estates and chemical complexes.
		Transmigrants working on these projects, which were first introduced in the mid-eighties, are given a house and 0.25 hectares for growing subsistence foods and are required to work on a plantation as wage laborers.
		Transmigrants are increasingly used as cheap labor, just as Javanese were exploited by the Dutch colonial administration under kolonisasi, the forerunner of the transmigration program which procured labor to work on plantations in Sumatra.
	multinationalmonitor.org /hyper/issues/1990/10/marr.html (2638 words)

	West Papua - Transmigration
		Transmigration is part of the Indonesian government's stated policy of assimilating indigenous people with the goal of forging a single national identity.
		It is clear that a major consequence of Transmigration to West Papua is the large-scale displacement of the indigenous population from their traditional lands.
		On the other hand, critics of the program argue that many of the Irianese people are not ready for, nor do they desire to enter into, an imported community of agriculturalists, forced without their consent to forego their traditional land rights and culture.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/cline/papua/transmigration.htm (838 words)

	PreventConflict.org - Background
		Indonesia's transmigration program (Transmigrasi), the world's largest resettlement project, was based on an earlier Dutch colonial policy that was reinstated during the Suharto regime.
		The program's goals were to alleviate population pressure on the islands of Java, Madura, and Bali while improving living standards and employment opportunities for the poor throughout the country.
		Transmigration to Sumatra, the initial destination of the program, was ended in 1992 when settlement goals were achieved.
	www.preventconflict.org /portal/main/background_transmigration.php (1430 words)

	Transmigration in Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Between 1903 and 1990, the Transmigration Program resettled more than 3.6 million people at government expense in the outer islands, where they received houses, land for farming, and a subsistence and production package during their early settlement years.
		Transmigration 1 and 3 succeeded largely because their development approach was based on treecrops.
		Settlers in Transmigration 1 and 3 received cleared land for foodcrops, and a 1 hectare plot of rubber planted by the project on a grant basis.
	wbln0018.worldbank.org /oed/oeddoclib.nsf/4e0750259652bf5885256808006a000d/4b8b0e01445d8351852567f5005d87b8?OpenDocument (2594 words)

	Toward a More Balanced Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Since the voluntary transmigration program began in 1950, it has become a major element in the nation’s transformation from an underdeveloped assemblage of thousands of tropical islands into a modern nation and a model for development throughout the less-developed world.
		In its most basic form, the transmigration program recruits poor, landless, underemployed families from Java and the adjacent, smaller islands of Bali and Madura - the most densely populated area of the world - and provides them with land and housing on underpopulated and underdeveloped islands elsewhere in the Indonesian archipelago.
		Transmigration to Sumatra, the island immediately west of Java and the first destination for transmigrants, was discontinued in 1992 when settlement goals were achieved.
	www.indonesianembassy.org.uk /transmigration-2.htm (211 words)

	Transmigration Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Transmigration Minister Siswono Yudohusodo said all such regions or islands would be included in the list of resettlement locations under the government's transmigration program.
		He said the transmigration program had to be done to promote the welfare of the transmigrants, regional development and national unity.
		Siswono said the focus of the transmigration program would stillbe agrobusiness and agroindustry development which was the comparative advantage of the country and main activity of most of the people.
	www.irja.org /politics/trans2.htm (256 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For example, in the careful assessment of the transmigration program by the World Bank (1988), there are estimates of the number of transmigrants, but no data on their characteristics, access to or use of land, income levels and sources, and environmental impact.
		An understanding of the process of transmigration (and of spontaneous migration) and its effects on the families involved is a crucial precondition for correctly appraising short- and long- run impacts on the environment.
		The transmigrants were generally settled in lowland areas and grew lowland rice with some corn and cassava, while the spontaneous migrants settled in the highlands and grew coffee and diverse food crops, including upland rice, cassava, and vegetables.
	www-wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1992/11/01/000009265_3961003195650/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt (16312 words)

	Transmigration program: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Indonesia[For more, click on this link]'s Transmigration program was an initiative to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populous areas of the archipelago.
		The program may also have been intended to encourage the unification of the country through the creation of a single Indonesian identity to augment or replace regional identities; whether this change would be desirable remains hotly disputed in Indonesia.
		Transmigrants were also blamed for accelerating deforestation of sensitive rainforest rainforest quick summary:
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/tr/transmigration_program.htm (1761 words)

	[No title]
		TRANSMIGRATION Transmigration is the name of Indonesia's ambitious project to resettle millions of people from the crowded Inner Islands of Java, Madura, Lombok and Bali, to the more sparsely populated Outer Islands.
		Especially in strategic areas such as the border regions, it is obvious that ex-soldiers or soldiers be settled as transmigrants as a 'buffer- zone'." (Kahpi, The challenge and the struggle in the land of the bird of paradise, 1985) 2.
		Transmigration, militarization, human right violations and the exodus of refugees: these are all signs of the lack of legitimacy of the Indonesian authorities among the West Papuan people.
	www.halcyon.com /pub/FWDP/Oceania/merdeka.txt (2962 words)

	More Deaths in Continued Violence in Indonesia's Maluku Province
		The continuing violence, mainly aimed at the transmigrants forced by the Indonesian government under Soeharto to settle in Maluku, was renewed in early October.
		The program has two purposes-to try to reduce the population on the other overcrowded islands of Indonesia, rather unsuccessfully since it was implemented in the 1960s, and to Javanize the eastern region of Indonesia, whose islands are colonies of a de facto Javanese empire.
		Fighting between indigenous people and groups of transmigrants sent to live in the Moluccas on Ambon began in January and hundreds of people died in the violence, which also created 30,000 refugees who are in camps on the island.
	www.geocities.com /TheTropics/Cove/4232/9911/INA-maluku-9910.html (1732 words)

	Republic of Indonesia - MSN Encarta
		This was a drop from the annual rate of 1.8 percent during the 1980s and relatively low by the standards of countries with similar income levels.
		Early in the 20th century the Dutch began a program to shift people from heavily populated Java to the more sparsely settled parts of Sumatra.
		The Indonesian government began its own transmigration program in 1969, moving families first from Java to Sumatra and later from Java and other islands to Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573214_3/Republic_of_Indonesia.html (1063 words)

	West Papua 02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Their move had been instigated by the government of the then president Suharto, which had formulated a transmigration program aimed largely at easing the congestion on Java island and encouraging development elsewhere.
		Another argument for transmigration was that it would resolve the shortage of land for agriculture in Java.
		Now that separatist sentiments are again on the rise in these areas, the transmigrants are being seen as symbols of the central power that the locals are fighting against, as well as ''usurpers'' of local lands.
	www.koteka.net /wp021220.htm (1772 words)

	Transmigration’s Ebb and Flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Both the growth of transmigration and its decline are the result of economic factors outside the transmigration program.
		The annual income of transmigrants was averaging almost twice that of comparable farmers in the areas from which they came, but the rapid expansion of transmigration was showing signs of overwhelming the system.
		While there is no doubt that transmigration was alleviating population pressures on Java and providing jobs, the more effective, long-term solution to excess population lay in the family planning program, already enjoying phenomenal success, and in the new jobs being created by the more rapid industrialization that accompanied economic reform.
	www.indonesianembassy.org.uk /transmigration-10.htm (361 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Transmigration is a serious threat to the survival of indigenous culture, as local people, in more and more areas of West Papua, are swamped by immigrants.
		Many West Papuans believe that it is part of a deliberate policy by the Indonesian regime to outnumber the indigenous population, thereby guaranteeing the outcome of any UN administered plebiscite on the province's future, should it eventuate.
		The program has changed the religious balance in the province, which was 85% Christian before annexation.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/cline/WestPapua/PAGE19.TXT (254 words)

	[No title]
		Government spending on transmigration was cut during the mid- eighties slump in the price of oil, Indonesia's major foreign exchange earner.
		Sudharmono surely would not approve, however, of the increasingly popular survival tactic which the transmigrants have developed on their own: families register as transmigrants, receive free government supplies for the six- month period, and then sell their land, return to Java and re- register as transmigrants to begin the whole cycle again.
		Transmigrants as colonists The families which are thrown out of Java and Bali are not the only ones to suffer.
	multinationalmonitor.org /hyper/issues/1990/10/mon9010.html (15894 words)

	Arrows Against the Wind -- www.tsujiru.net/moen/
		In 1977, the Indonesian government organized the "Penis Gourd Program." The objective of this open policy of assimilation was to force the Dani to wear clothes, go to school, and speak Indonesian.
		Rex Rumakiek (political refugee): The program was sponsored by President Suharto and it aimed to civilize the so-called "primitive" Dani.
		Transmigrants are encouraged to believe that the opening up of unused land is in the name of development.
	www.tsujiru.net /moen/video_trans/004.html (2878 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The government efforts could be grouped i nto two parts, these are: the activities, which are directly, deal with the swidden farmers, including resettlement of farmers and agriculture extension; and indirect programs such as transmigration, reforestation and the development of large-scale estate s.
		Transmigration program, for instance, has reduced the land for farming.
		The ef fects of transmigration program, mainly, found in western Seram island (Waihatu), southern (Kairatu), and northern (Pasahari) and the regions closed to urban areas.
	demography.anu.edu.au /EIP/Policy8.doc (1606 words)

	[No title]
		Responding to the prelate, Yudhoyono recalled the government programs when he was coordinating minister for Political and Security Affairs under then-president Megawati Soekarnoputri: relocation within East Nusa Tenggara, transmigration to another province or repatriation.
		Transmigration is a longstanding government program to relocate people from densely populated parts of the country to less populated areas.
		Very few of the former refugees opted to join the transmigration program, he acknowledged, "but the main cause is that the former refugees still want to live close to their homeland and hope that one day they could return there."
	www.catholic.org /printer_friendly.php?id=18958§ion=Cathcom (774 words)

	The Jakarta Post - The Journal of Indonesia Today
		The government announced Friday the immediate relaunch of the transmigration program to alleviate population density on overcrowded Java island, and promised to head off the problems of the past.
		Manpower and Transmigration Minister Erman Suparno told the media his institution was establishing three integrated teams for the feasibility study, the surveillance and the execution of the program, which has been suspended for several years.
		He said the feasibility study and surveillance were important to avoid transmigrants receiving plots of land which were vulnerable to natural disasters or disputed territory with local administrations.
	www.thejakartapost.com /yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20060318.A05 (302 words)

	Transmigration in Indonesia: an update
		Transmigration sites, it alleged, took over indigenous lands, without their consent or compensation, and obliged them to change their ways of life and submit to re-education programmes to wean them from what the government thought were 'backward' ways.
		Transmigration was shown to be the single most important cause of the country's forest loss, estimated at 1.2 million hectares per annum in 1991.
		Assisted spontaneous transmigration is supported by the government in co-operation with businesses or investors related to certain schemes; and the self-supporting spontaneous transmigration is carried out by the community concerned, individually or by a group of people.
	dte.gn.apc.org /ctrans.htm (12717 words)

	INDONESIA/EAST TIMOR
		All of the transmigrants, government-sponsored and spontaneous, are moving on to land that, for the most part, East Timorese people worked but did not have formal title to under the Portuguese colonial government.
		Much of that land was vacated, through a forcible relocation and resettlement program, in the aftermath of the 1975 invasion and later declared tanah negara or state land, or sold to the highest bidder.
		In addition to the transmigrant program, a new and highly controversial development project is underway in East Timor that will allow President Soeharto's son Tommy and his company, PT Putra Unggal Sejati, to develop 25,000 of the most fertile hectares along the southern coast of East Timor into a vast sugar cane plantation.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1997/indtimor/Indtimor-02.htm (839 words)

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