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Transparent alumina

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	Air Force testing new transparent armor
		The Air Force Research Laboratory's materials and manufacturing directorate is testing aluminum oxynitride -- ALONtm -- as a replacement for the traditional multi-layered glass transparencies now used in existing ground and air armored vehicles.
		When polished, it is the premier transparent armor for use in armored vehicles, said.
		Traditional transparent armor is thick layers of bonded glass.
	www.af.mil /news/story.asp?id=123012131 (876 words)

	Transparent aluminum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transparent aluminum is a material described in the Star Trek universe which was introduced in the movie Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986).
		Transparent aluminum is sometimes confused with transparent alumina - Al - a transparent ceramic composed of alumina (aluminum oxide).
		A ceramic research lab in Dresden, Germany, has developed transparent Alumina in 2002 by subjecting fine-grained aluminum to a 1200 degrees Celsius, the result of which is a see-through material amazingly light but three times tougher than hardened steel of the same thickness.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transparent_aluminum (524 words)

	Transparent alumina - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transparent alumina is alumina (aluminum oxide, Al) that is transparent.
		This sintered alumina is very hard, nearly transparent, and has a very high melting point (2303 kelvins), yet like other sintered materials it can be produced at temperatures much lower than its melting point.
		In 2004, Anatoly Rosenflanz and colleagues at 3M in Minnesota used a "flame-spray" technique to alloy alumina (aluminium oxide) with rare-earth metal oxides to produce strong glass with good optical properties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transparent_alumina (259 words)

	Aluminium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aluminium or aluminum (see the spelling section below) is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Al and atomic number 13.
		In 1926, the American Chemical Society officially decided to use aluminum in its publications, and American dictionaries typically label the spelling aluminium as a British variant.
		In English-speaking countries, the spellings (and associated pronunciations) aluminium and aluminum are both in common use in scientific and nonscientific contexts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aluminium (4637 words)

	Bad Astronomy Blog » Transparent Aluminum
		Saying that this armor material is transparent aluminum is like saying that rust, which is iron oxide, is merely “red steel”, or that the pigment they use for white paint (titanium dioxide) is actually “white titanium”.
		You will never have “transparent aluminum” because the metallic bonds in aluminum (and other metals) allow enough free electrons (well, free enough) in the structure to absorb any incoming photons due to resonance of the electrons with the incident electromagnetic fields.
		When the aluminum has its “hands” free, it can catch passing photons; but when it is holding on to adjacent oxygen atoms, it no longer has a free “hand” to catch the passing photon with.
	www.badastronomy.com /bablog/2005/12/30/transparent-aluminum (2343 words)

	Cargo:Transparent Aluminum - VsWiki
		From three dimensional holotanks to pinpoint eye-screens to the standard two dimensional HUD overlays on starships, transparent aluminum is one of the most common computer manufacturing materials.
		Alumina glass, a transparent material constituted mainly of Al, should not be mistaken for transparent aluminum.
		Currently, the name refers to a specially treated aluminum polymer (albeit chemically incorrect, strictly speaking.) Anodized aluminum is combined with metallic carbocation monomers which are then polymerized with catalysts at high temperatures, then supercooled solid.
	vegastrike.sourceforge.net /mediawiki/index.php?title=Cargo:Transparent_Aluminum&redirect=no (225 words)

	Comments on 15067 \| MetaFilter
		transparent aluminum was needed because they had to hold such-and-such amount of water with walls only so-and-so thick (i think it was an inch and a half, or the like).
		transparent aluminum was the only option, but it wasn't available, so they gave the guy the formula.
		Finally, I'm pretty sure they used the transparent aluminum for the whale tank, because when the subject of taking the whales back to the future in the Klingon ship was first broached, Scotty said they'd "just" need some transparent aluminum.
	www.metafilter.com /mefi/15067 (1209 words)

	Transparent Aluminum Used To Make Tinfoil Hats: Science Fiction in the News
		Science fiction fans will recall that "transparent aluminum" allows visible light to pass, but is an otherwise solid and impermeable barrier.
		The formula for transparent aluminum was traded for thick plexiglas panels to help whales escape safely into the latter part of the 23rd century in Star Trek IV.
		Although the name "transparent aluminum-foil hat" does not have the same kind of catchet as "tinfoil hat", its acronym TAFT (Transparent Aluminum-Foil haT) is in fact the name of our 27th president, a powerful protective symbol for the American people.
	www.technovelgy.com /ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=79 (607 words)

	The Nitpickers Site: Movie Nitpick - Star Trek IV- The Voyage Home - 1986
		The material surrounding the whale tank was transparent so the whales would have light in their temporary tank; had they used an opaque material, the sudden change from the open, lighted ocean to the small, totally dark temporary tank would have been too much.
		The transparent aluminum was used as barter material to obtain the acrylic plastic sheeting to transport the whales.
		So the technology of transparent aluminum was a bargaining tool to get clear materials to construct the tank, because transparent sheets of something was the desired choice, and not for the benefit of the audience either.
	www.nitpickers.com /movies/nitpick.cgi?np=25262 (901 words)

	Crystals and Elements of Color
		Use the transparent pigments that are available and be selective in choosing the opaque ones.
		ALUMINUM in beryl excepts a lot of foreign chromates, just as it does in the corundum and spodumene compounds, Here an aluminum light trick is found in aquamarine, light cyan is seen from one direction and deep blue from a 90 degree off angle.
		Aluminum really does it big this time, each needle starts at the center radiating outward, concentrical ringed bands form around the center, each band ending as a cleavage line, twenty or so bands per complete needle crystal.
	www.realcolorwheel.com /crystal.htm (7842 words)

	Transparent Aluminum
		Aluminum (Metal) is not the same thing as Aluminum Oxide (Alumina) to which this article refers.
		It would be necessary to find a stable configuration of aluminum atoms that would strongly bind the metal's outermost electrons, preventing them from roaming throughout the matrix and knocking back incoming photons.
		Whereas aluminum oxide is just ruby or sapphire, ALON appears to be something quite different (this according to the manufacturer, Raytheon).
	digg.com /technology/Transparent_Aluminum (2208 words)

	The Trek Pages {Transparent Aluminum}
		Star Trek has been the inspiration for many technological devices including hyposprays, which are used to give injections by high pressured air instead of needles and tricorders, which detect life signs and were used in the World Trade Center rubble to find survivors.
		To carry the whales into the 23rd century, a strong enough tank had to be constructed that could hold two whales and thousands of gallons of water.
		In order to do this, Scotty and the doctor had to introduce a new type of material into the 20th century, transparent aluminum.
	www.angelfire.com /wa/jace/trek/aluminum.html (312 words)

	Article Template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Shown is the test piece, which demonstrates Aluminum Oxynitride as a replacement for the traditional multi-layered glass transparencies used and its ability to stop penetration from armor-piercing threats.
		ALON is a ceramic that has high compressive strength and durability and, when polished, is the premier transparent armor for use in armored vehicles, according to 1st Lt. Joseph La Monica, Transparent Armor Sub-Direction lead, for the directorate’s Electronic and Optical Materials Branch.
		ALON Transparent Armor is created by combining the transparent ALON piece as a strike plate, a middle section of glass and a polymer backing, each visibly thinner than the traditional layers.
	www.afmc.wpafb.af.mil /HQ-AFMC/PA/news/archive/2005/October/AFMCNS020.htm (1008 words)

	Transparent aluminum - Topic Ars OpenForum
		The smelting process to create aluminum is very, very bad for the environment, and requires something like five times as much energy as recycling existing aluminum.
		As I understand it, pulling raw aluminum out of compounds (most recycled aluminum you find is a steel alloy) is really difficult and requires about as much energy as smelting.
		The vast majority of aluminum out there is alloyed in one way or another (alumninum being a very weak material in its pure form).
	episteme.arstechnica.com /groupee/forums?a=tpc&s=50009562&f=158007275731&m=929009095731&r=929009095731 (1728 words)

	ZPi \| Aluminum Oxynitride (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The US Air Force is testing new transparent armor made using aluminum oxynitride (developed by Raytheon and trademarked ALON®;).
		Transparent aluminum compounds are neither new nor unusual.
		Corundum (aka aluminum oxide) is the base substance of ruby and sapphire (which differ only in impurities), both of which are currently used for armor coatings in military/police equipment.
	zapatopi.net /blog/?post=200510192070.aluminum_oxynitride (154 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Reportedly invented by a late 20th century chemist, Dr. Nichols, transparent aluminum is an optically transparent, structurally rigid material used for construction where a strong, clear and light weight material is needed.
		Even though Dr. Nichols was credited with devising the matrix for transparent aluminum in 1986, it appears that he had some assistance from some enterprising travelers from the future.
		In a severe breach of time travel protocol, Scotty proposed a trade with Dr. Nichols: the formula to transparent aluminum for enough Plexiglass to create a tank to hold the two humpback whales and 320 tons of water.
	www.amrosario.com /trannyalum.txt (562 words)

	Aluminum Case China Manufacturer,Aluminum CD Case,Aluminum Computer Case,Aluminum Laptop Case,Aluminum Cosmestic ...
		Aluminum is the most abundant metal and the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, after oxygen and silicon.
		Aluminum is too reactive chemically to occur in nature as the free metal.
		Aluminum PC Sorage and box is also can be known as Aluminum laptop Storage and box or cases.
	www.yauleemedia.com (723 words)

	Cubegeek: Transparent Aluminum
		The Air Force Research Laboratory's materials and manufacturing directorate is testing aluminum oxynitride -- ALONtm -- as a replacement for the traditional multi-layered glass transparencies now used in existing ground and air armored vehicles.
		The test are being done in conjunction with the Army Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Md., and University of Dayton Research Institute, Ohio.
		When polished, it is the premier transparent armor for use in armored vehicles, said.
	www.cubegeek.com /blog/archives/2005/10/transparent_alu.html (104 words)

	ALON
		ALON is a very durable optical ceramic with a high degree of transparency from the ultraviolet through the mid-infrared (IR) wavelengths.
		ALON is extremely versatile since it offers performance and scaling not otherwise possible for large, lightweight, IR transparencies (see Figure 2), and it has a number of major advantages over conventional materials currently in use.
		ALON is the only transparent ceramic material that is both scaleable and affordable, and it provides a 50% weight savings depending on the application, which also helps reduce costs.
	www.afrlhorizons.com /Briefs/Sept03/ML0303.html (583 words)

	Aluminum, aluminum corrosion, aluminum door (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Aluminum is the most abundant metal and the third most abundant element in the Earth's...
		Aluminum beer andsoft drink containers were recovered at a rate of about 44 percent of...
		Thus was born THE COMPACT DISC in all it's shiny, aluminum, plastic and digital glory.
	www.nicetrailer.com /aluminum.html (272 words)

	Winds of Change.NET: "Transparent Aluminum" & Anti-Matter
		Pure alumina is always transparent - if you've ever had a watch with a "sapphire crystal" scratch-resistant pane, you've already seen "transparent alumina".
		Their breakthrough is making an extremely fine-grained, low defect density, polycrystalline aluminum oxide powder compact with high transparency.
		Normally, polycrystalline aluminum oxide with larger grains is translucent at best, and sintered powder compacts tend to be weak due to a high number of defects (pores, microcracks, etc.)...
	www.windsofchange.net /archives/transparent_aluminum_antimatter-print.php (503 words)

	Military: New Aluminum Windows Stop .50-Caliber Bullet \| LiveScience
		Glass is still used in the new process, being sandwhiched between an outer layer of the polished aluminum oxynitride and a polymer backing.
		The aluminum material is expected to retain its clarity for much longer.
		The military is considering installing the aluminum windows on Humvees and low-flying, slower aircraft like the the C-130 Hercules.
	www.livescience.com /technology/051018_new_glass.html (523 words)

	Trek Tech...Today - Topic Ars OpenForum
		My real question is where this idiotic "transparent aluminum" idea started, as it is clearly called alumina in the press release.
		Most people probably call it transparent aluminum for A) amusement factor when thinking about star trek and B) because they don't really think aluminum and aluminum oxide are that much different.
		Please note that the alumina in question is not transparent; rather, it is transluscent.
	episteme.arstechnica.com /6/ubb.x?a=tpc&s=50009562&f=174096756&m=3060904093 (1064 words)

	Leica Forum: Transparent Aluminum
		Additional heat treatment of the consolidated glasses leads to fully crystallized transparent glass-converted nanoceramics with a hardness similar to that of alumina.
		They found that their samples were much harder than conventional silica-based glasses and were almost as hard as pure polycrystalline alumina.
		Moreover, over 95% of the glasses were transparent (see figure) and had attractive optical properties.
	www.leica-camera.com /discus_e/messages/2/81753.html?1093387584 (641 words)

	U.S. Air Force AIM Points: Air Force testing new transparent armor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Traditional transparent armor is thick layers of bonded glass.
		While some see the possibilities of this material as limitless, manufacturability, size and cost are issues the lab is dealing with before the armor can transition to the field, the lieutenant said.
		The ALONtm Transparent Armor cost is $10 to $15 per square inch," Lieutenant La Monica said.
	aimpoints.hq.af.mil /display.cfm?id=7223 (837 words)

	Transparent Aluminum - Three Times Stronger Than Steel
		Transparent Aluminum - Three Times Stronger Than Steel
		A ceramic research lab in Dresden, Germany, has developed transparent Alumina by subjecting fine-grained (I'm guessing extremely fine-grained) aluminum to a whopping 1200 degrees Celsius...the result of which is amazingly light but three times tougher than hardened steel of the same thickness, and it's see-through.
		According to a post at Slashdot (News for Nerds) this is not transparent aluminum but transparent Alumina, which is aluminum oxide - Al2-O3.
	www.rense.com /general20/transparentalum.htm (84 words)

	Transparent Aluminum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		In there Fraunhofer-Institut for ceramic technologies succeeded in baking fine-grained alumina in such a way with 1200 degrees Celsius in the furnace that an extremely hard, transparent material develops.
		With firing tests under contract of the German Federal Armed Forces from the Bundeswehr in Koblenz "outstanding results" were obtained, report the researcher Andreas Krell.
		Also in the US state Idaho were examined the tiles: The pentagon is fascinated of the transparency of the material, with which firingfixed of visors or large windows of armored reconnaissance vehicles can be built.
	www.theverylastpageoftheinternet.com /newclaims/aluminum/transparent_aluminum.htm (143 words)

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