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	Organ donation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most common transplants are to close relatives, but people have given kidneys to other friends; in one case, a teacher gave a kidney to one of her students.
		The Spanish transplant system is one of the most successful in the world, but still can't meet the demand.
		Further, those in favor of the trade hold that "exploitation" is morally preferable to "death," and insofar as the choice lies between abstract notions of "justice" on the one hand and a dying person desperately in need of an organ on the other hand, the organ trade should be legalized.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Organ_donation (1418 words)

	The Ends of the Body
		Wherever transplant surgery moves it challenges customary laws and traditional local practices bearing on the body, death, and social relations."Commonsense" notions of embodiment, relations of body parts to whole, and the treatment and disposal of the dying are consequently being reinvented throughout the world.
		Transplant specialists whom Cohen and I interviewed in South Africa, India, and Brazil often scoffed at the notion of "organ scarcity" given the appallingly high rates of youth mortality, accidental deaths, homicides, and transport deaths that produce a super-abundance of young, healthy "cadavers".
		Transplant specialists such as Dr. X from São Paulo, note a common occurrence: "Sometimes a young patient dies in the periphery and is identified as a potential donor.
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /biotech/organswatch/pages/endsofbody.html (18411 words)

	India Kidney Trade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Because of the stringent rules regarding organ transplantation in other countries (specifically, that it is illegal and unethical to remove kidneys from a live donor, especially for money), and the shortage of kidneys, India has become (along with China) an "international center" for the transplantation of kidneys.
		The aim of Act 42, optimistically speaking, was to restrict and inhibit the commercialization of the kidney trade.
		Furthermore, it is not culture per se, as it is the culture of poverty that perpetuates the kidney trade in India.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/KIDNEY.HTM (2765 words)

	11.10.99 - Program to Track Global Traffic in Organs
		Transplant surgeons and other medical people from at least a dozen countries will report to the Organs Watch center,which will act as a clearing house.
		The task force, composed of transplant surgeons, organ procurement specialists, human rights activists and social scientists, concluded that commercialization of the trade in human body parts was putting powerless and deprived people, especially those in third world countries, at grave risk.
		Nevertheless, six transplant centers have emerged in hospitals in southern India within a decade, and the trade in human organs is growing, he said.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/berkeleyan/1999/1110/organs.html (1023 words)

	Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Automobile issue became one of the main trade issue in early 1980s, and it continues to be a primary issue for more than 15 years.
		This VER is a trade policy in which an exporting country (in this case, Japan) "voluntarily" limit the number of goods exported to the importing country (United States) according to the request of the importing partner.
		The request of numerical target in the trade is clearly a violation of the GATT rules.
	www.columbia.edu /~ti44/D207.final.htm (7531 words)

	BBC News \| HEALTH \| Organ transplant summit called
		The summit of surgeons, transplant organisations, trade unions and employers was called following fears that the number of donors may be dropping following the Alder Hey body parts scandal.
		Transplant experts raised their concerns of a possible organ shortage after the revelation that pathologist Dick van Velzen had hoarded thousands of children's organs at Alder Hey Children's Hospital in Liverpool, sometimes without families' consent.
		Transplant surgeon John Buckels of the Queen Elizabeth in Birmingham is convinced organ donations are "significantly down".
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/1152337.stm (614 words)

	Freeindiamedia.com, Express your impartial, radical, grassroot views on current issues. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		No registered medical practitioner shall undertake the removal or transplantation of any human organ unless he had explained, in such manner as may be prescribed, all possible effects, complications and hazards connected with the removal and transplantation to the donor and the recipient respectively.
		But the influence of these doctors can be assessed from the fact that they continued with their trade unabated though a case under Sections 304-A, 383 and 384 IPC at Amritsar was registered in July 1995 and is still pending in the court.
		If this trade is not checked stringently, soon the bodies of the poor will become potential store houses for organ transplant with success and popularity of liver, lung and heart transplant.
	www.freeindiamedia.com /health/5_feb_health.htm (4477 words)

	CBC: The Passionate Eye (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The desperately long waiting lists for transplants is fuelling an exploding and highly lucrative underground economy-where the world's underprivileged offer up their kidneys for sale at an alarming rate.
		While addressing the provocative and ethical issues surrounding the organ trade, in Transplant Tourism it becomes more and more evident that the young, poor and vulnerable in the developing world are increasingly being treated as spare body parts for the rich.
		Transplant Tourism is produced and directed by Vancouver-based filmmaker David Paperny, for Paperny Films in association with CBC Newsworld.
	www.cbc.ca /passionateeye/feature_201103.html (437 words)

	The Free Trade Area of the Americas: Current Status and Future Opportunities for Florida Tomato Growers
		The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) is the next hurdle in trade negotiations that the administration is seeking.
		While many in the agricultural community may point to the recent agenda toward free trade within a global economy as something new, the truth of the matter is that free trade has been an issue of debate for centuries.
		Economic efficiency is achieved through free trade by allowing countries to capitalize on the natural resources they own and to specialize and gain from efficiencies created in the global market.
	www.imok.ufl.edu /veghort/pubs/workshop/VanSick.htm (2229 words)

	The New Cannibalism
		These organs are used for transplant surgery, a business driven by the simple market calculus of supply and demand.
		Kidney transplantation is now conducted in the US, in most European and Asian countries, in several South American and Middle Eastern countries, and four African nations.
		While some 'transplant surgeons are not alarmed by such commercial exchanges, in Brazil a large coalition of civil-rights activists, lawyers and public officials are.
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /biotech/organswatch/pages/cannibalism.html (2376 words)

	Econlog, Trade Barriers Archives: Library of Economics and Liberty
		CORE is using [a forthcoming demonstration] as an opportunity to confront Greenpeace activists about their opposition to infrastructure development projects in the developing world, opposition to genetically modified foods and the group's opposition to the use of the chemical DDT to kill malaria-ridden mosquitoes, particularly in Africa.
		In this essay, I argue against excluding France, Germany, and Russia from trading with Iraq.
		That practice is now quite common in many countries, adding years to the lives of the buyers, and undreamed-of wealth to the donors and their families.
	econlog.econlib.org /archives/cat_trade_barriers.html (3803 words)

	Body Parts Trade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Moreover, of the total kidney transplants, almost 10% are estimated to have commercial considerations involved in "donation." In some cities it is as high as 95%.
		The players in the above kidney trade are the doctors who usually charge $1,660 for the surgery, agents who seek out potential donors, and the paid donors who are mostly poor watchmen, laborers, or mechanics, and for whom the price paid for an organ could be more than they could save in a lifetime.
		By the same token, although doctors of body parts trade generally agree that the fate of the deceased is in the hands of relatives, they believe that they should be allowed to use any body given them for autopsy without further discussion.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/body.htm (2184 words)

	Pakistan: The World's New Kidney Bank (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Transplants are a lucrative business for Pakistani doctors, hospital staff and 'fixers' who exploit the gullible and the needy.
		According to people involved in the kidney trade, besides Pakistan, China is the only country in the world where illegal and unrelated donor organs are transplanted.
		"Any transplant that is unrelated is unethical," believes Dr Anwar Naqvi, a senior surgeon at the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplant (SIUT) in the port city of Karachi.
	pages.zdnet.com /trimb/id95.html (926 words)

	Black Market Organs
		Deaths of prisoners are tailored to transplant needs: a bullet in the head for kidneys, lungs, livers or hearts; a bullet in the chest for corneas.
		Near New Delhi, three leading Indian transplant surgeons, the owner of the Noida Medicare, a hospital famed for transplants, and six others were arrested after a mechanic complained he had been drugged and robbed of a kidney during a routine medical examination.
		The organ transplant investigation began after a former hospital executive officer claimed that officials at Vachiraprakarn Hospital were pressuring people to sell the organs of their dying relatives last March.
	www.multiline.com.au /~donor/black.html (3586 words)

	[No title]
		A growing worldwide trade in human organs, whereby the poor in countries such as India and Brazil are induced to sell their body parts to meet the transplant needs of high-paying customers, largely from the developed countries, has been widely condemned because of its financially exploitative nature and its abuse of medical ethics.
		One kidney was transplanted into the body of the son of a high-ranking military official -- a deputy battalion commander of the Nanjing Military Region who had earlier arranged for officials at the Jiangxi prison to facilitate the operation.
		Transplantation professionals are asked to advise on "technical, legal and physiological implications of organ procurement." We are told that both parties, executioners and transplantation professionals, must be given assurances, i.e., they must understand each other.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1994/china1/china_948.htm (13862 words)

	04.30.2004 - UC Berkeley anthropology professor working on organs trafficking
		Transplant tourism involving trafficked living organ donors is increasingly common in a world where, she says, cadaver organs are scarce, while desperately poor people are plentiful and "available." Transplant patients can now buy a "fresh" kidney from a stranger if they have enough cash, health insurance and the right connections to organs brokers.
		The latter was "a very big step" because WHO previously had considered transplant tourism a deviant, isolated practice that required no response from the medical community at-large, she said.
		But after her presentation, the council did investigate her claims, and a transplant ring operating in Moldova, Turkey and Israel was halted.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2004/04/30_organs.shtml (928 words)

	Marylin's Transplant Page: Britain Considers Allowing Payments To Organ Donors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Department of Health said officials were considering changes to the Human Organ Transplant Act of 1989, which makes it an offense to receive payment in return for supplying organs for transplant.
		The trade in organs has recently made headlines in Britain, with two doctors facing disciplinary action after allegedly telling patients they could obtain kidneys for transplant from live donors.
		Both men were trapped by journalists trying to expose the illegal trade in organs, bought from impoverished donors in southern Asia on behalf of rich patients in the West.
	www.marylinstransplantpage.org /britain-considers02.htm (289 words)

	McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine
		While organ transplant is a remarkable procedure saving many lives each year, the process is only the beginning of a new life journey for the transplanted patient.
		For every transplant that occurs, there is a nurse or transplant coordinator working in conjunction with the clinicians, administering a lifetime of care to the patient.
		One unsung hero to many UPMC cardiothoracic transplant recipients is Shelley Zomak who works tirelessly to help transplant patients adjust to life after transplantation and to help the patient reclaim as normal a life as quickly as possible.
	www.mirm.pitt.edu /news/article.asp?qEmpID=74 (756 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Call to legalise live organ trade
		There is a serious shortage of organs in the UK A leading transplant surgeon has called on the government to license the sale of human organs in the UK.
		Senior doctors have complained of growing strains on the NHS from botched transplant operations conducted abroad, while doctors in India see poor donors dying after selling one of their kidneys.
		The hospital declared the transplant a success, but they had apparently overlooked the risk from the man's high blood pressure, and 45 minutes he died of a heart attack.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/3041363.stm (681 words)

	The Protection Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Now kidney specialists who have in the past condemned the trade are suggesting that payments to living donors, controlled in such a way as to avoid exploitation (see box), may be the only way to solve the global shortage of human organs.
		Michael Friedlaender, a transplant surgeon at Hadassah University Hospital in Jerusalem, described in The Lancet this month how Arab dialysis patients from the occupied West Bank had been unable to get treatment in Jerusalem and turned instead to India and Iraq.
		A surgeon in Istanbul had a lucrative trade as late as last year recruiting poor donors and selling their kidneys to wealthy clients.
	www.protectionproject.org /vt/2002/ne49.htm (1976 words)

	channel4.com - THE TRANSPLANT TRADE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Comprehensive and easy-to-read guide to kidney transplants for patients, covering dialysis and how it will affect your life, diet, medication and the emotional effects of having a transplant.
		The Kidney Transplant Program at USC University Hospital in Los Angeles is dedicated to providing comprehensive perioperative care to patients with chronic renal disease, including end-stage renal disease.
		The aim of this group of professional bodies is to stimulate wide-ranging debate amongst health professionals, policy makers and the public and to campaign for a radical review of the organ donation system in the UK.
	www.channel4.com /health/microsites/T/transplant_trade/websites.html (384 words)

	thecustard.tv • rhubarb rhubarb
		What made it more thought-provoking was an ostensibly equivocal endorsement of the trade, perhaps to contradict what the majority of their audience’s initial opinions would be, that of blind revulsion towards the whole business.
		The case against the organ trade was led by Professor Nancy Shepherd-Hughes who decried the ethical implications, saying that if trade in kidneys was legalised, where would the line be drawn and cited examples of people willing to sell their eyes and parts of their liver, too.
		But her argument that the trade was inherently reprehensible was undermined by the prominent focus on the victims of the trade – the donors and the sick.
	www.thecustard.tv /rhubarbrhubarb/25.html (6348 words)

	Kidney transplant benefits two families - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper
		Although Eide's wait was particularly long, a situation caused by the lack of donors matching her B blood type as well as the antibodies she had developed during her pregnancy, kidney patients on average in Hawai'i wait one to three years longer for a transplant than those on the Mainland.
		They were ready to do the trade, which Bailey and Limm had started to call "the two-way." Another round of blood tests showed both recipients matched their donors.
		When P.C. Eide's transplant was completed and Kenneth Eide was en route to the operating room to donate his kidney to Respicio — knowing his wife was finally safe — he remained committed to the plan.
	the.honoluluadvertiser.com /article/2005/Jun/27/ln/ln01p.html (1531 words)

	Laogai Research Foundation (TESTIMONY)
		The two doctors who helped inform Wu that organ transplants were happening in mainland China say that they were hoodwinked into giving out the information, and that Wu should be punished for this.
		Begins with story of Zhong (woman who was executed in the late 70’s for her organs) which sets the background for this emotional description of organ harvesting.
		The pull-out was prompted by fears of entanglement in the Chinese trade of prisoners’ organs.
	www.laogai.org /tstmny/organbib.htm (3652 words)

	The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News
		India’s dubious distinction in organising or negotiating for organs is proving to be embarrassing for transplant specialists.
		Dr Gupta says recent reports alleging involvement of two Indian doctors in the illegal organ trade is bound to affect the practice of Indian doctors.
		An organ transplant unit is required to seek permission of the Director General, Health Services, to start transplant legally.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2002/20020904/main7.htm (667 words)

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