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Topic: Transposition

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	Transposition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In music, transposition is moving a note or collection of notes up or down in pitch by a constant interval.
		In cryptography, a transposition is an elementary cryptographic operation somewhat related to the mathematical permutations.
		In genetics, a transposition is a mutation in which a chromosomal segment is transferred to a new position on the same or another chromosome.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transposition (337 words)

	Transposition of the Great Arteries, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
		Transposition creates a situation where the systemic (to the body) and pulmonary (to the lungs) circulations are in parallel rather than in series.
		This means the oxygen-poor ("blue") blood returning from the body to the right atrium and right ventricle is pumped out to the aorta and to the body, while the oxygen-rich ("red") blood returning form the lungs to the left atrium and ventricle is sent back to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
		Transposition is almost always diagnosed in the first hours or days of life due to cyanosis or low oxygen levels.
	www.cincinnatichildrens.org /health/heart-encyclopedia/anomalies/transposition.htm (1441 words)

	Insertional transposon mutagenesis by electroporation of released Tn5 transposition complexes - Nature Biotechnology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		DNA transposition is an important biological phenomenon that mediates genome rearrangements, inheritance of antibiotic resistance determinants, and integration of retroviral DNA.
		Transposition has also become a powerful tool in genetic analysis, with applications in creating insertional knockout mutations, generating gene−operon fusions to reporter functions, providing physical or genetic landmarks for the cloning of adjacent DNAs, and locating primer binding sites for DNA sequence analysis.
		DNA transposition studies to date usually have involved strictly in vivo approaches, in which the transposon of choice and the gene encoding the transposase responsible for catalyzing the transposition have to be introduced into the cell to be studied (microbial systems and applications are reviewed in ref. 1).
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nbt/journal/v18/n1/abs/nbt0100_97.html (324 words)

	The Unfundamental C. S. Lewis
		Transposition is also seen when an author, like Lewis, takes a timeless theme and exposes it in a temporal plot.
		It is, as Gilbert Meilaender says, "a temporal net to catch what is eternal."{15} It is Lewis's understanding of transposition that defines God as the greatest storyteller of all time, because He wrapped all of eternity's truth in the story of redemption through Christ.
		We will see how Lewis's view of transposition affects his understanding of inspiration in the section called "Inspiration," but suffice to say now that inspiration is the conversion of human words (the lowest) into the divine Word (the highest).
	www.leaderu.com /marshill/mhr02/lewis1.html (4633 words)

	Factors that determine transposition frequency
		Transposition frequencies vary: The data in Table 1 show that the fraction of F1 plants in which excision and transposition events occurs varies widely.
		Quite unexpectedly, excision and transposition frequencies were about twice as high when the transposase was transmitted through the pollen parent and the transposon through the egg parent than in the reciprocal crosses (Table 1).
		Despite the tendency toward earlier transposition in those lines that receive the transposase through the female parent, the probability that transposition will occur at some time during development is about twice as high if the transposase gene is transmitted through the male and the transposon through the female (Table 1 and Table 3).
	www.lsc.psu.edu /ptl/factors.html (915 words)

	Murky.org: Transposition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A transposition isn't really a cipher in its own right, but can form a vital part of more complex systems (similar to the polybius chequerboard and the monoalphabetic substitution).
		Transposition is simply moving the relative positions of letters within a message.
		Transposition add some security, however as with all cryptography, one should be aware that sometimes the solution is easier than we might lead ourselves to believe.
	murky.org /archives/2004/09/transposition.html (823 words)

	The Dynamic Transposition Combiner
		If a single transposition can be thought of as a simple exchange in the positions of two elements, it is the simplest form of permutation; moreover, any possible permutation can be constructed (in many different ways) with sequences of transpositions.
		Another complication of data blocking, at least for dynamic transposition, is that the block size defines the value range needed on the "random number" input (as well as the number of values required).
		Dynamic transposition combiners seem very protective of their pseudo-random sequence (a significant problem with a Vernam [27] combiner), can frustrate a statistical frequency-analysis of the ciphertext, and can guarantee strong mixing performance even with an input of unbalanced plaintext distributions.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /ARTS/DYNTRAN2.HTM (6039 words)

	Transposition
		The example above is a transposition of one octave, because there are 8 notes on the patch from the original melody to the transposed melody (C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C).
		To characterize a chromatic transposition, an interval must be given with its content as well as the direction of transposition (higher or lower).
		This was not the case with the chromatic transposition example.
	www.arpegemusic.com /manual/EN450.htm (734 words)

	D-Transposition of the Great Vessels
		In transposition of the great vessels (arteries), the two main arteries of the heart are reversed in position, so the aorta is connected to the right pumping chamber (right ventricle) and the pulmonary artery is attached to the left pumping chamber (left ventricle).
		Patients are born with transposition of the great vessels, and it is the most common form of cyanotic heart disease in newborns.
		Occasionally, problems with heart rhythm or function can occur, but overall results of surgery for transposition of the great vessels is excellent Children who have had a successful repair of the condition generally lead normal, healthy lives, however they need to visit a cardiologist at least once a year for the rest of their lives.
	www.hmc.psu.edu /childrens/healthinfo/d/dtgv.htm (750 words)

	Transposition ciphers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		They differ from both code systems and substitution ciphers; in a transposition cipher the letters of the plaintext are shifted about to form the cryptogram.
		To encrypt Chinese, for instance, one can use a transposition cipher operating on the individual signs of written Chinese (using a substitution cipher for a language like Chinese would be awkward if not impossible).
		Double columnar transposition is similar to single columnar transposition, but the process is repeated twice.
	hem.passagen.se /tan01/transpo.html (1196 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Transposition of the great arteries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Transposition of the great arteries is a birth defect causing a fatal condition in which there is a reversal, or switch, in the trunkal connections of the two main (great) blood vessels to the heart, the aorta and pulmonary artery.
		Transposition of the great arteries results in oxygen-depleted blood going to the body.
		Transposition of the great arteries is a birth defect that occurs during fetal development.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0013/ai_2601001389 (621 words)

	Regulation of RAG1/RAG2-mediated transposition by GTP and the C-terminal region of RAG2 -- Tsai and Schatz 22 (8): 1922 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Transposition activity was calculated as the ratio of the intensity of the transposition product to the sum of the intensities of the signal end fragment and the transposition product.
		In the absence of an assay for RAG-mediated transposition
		Kleckner,N., Chalmers,R.M., Kwon,D., Sakai,J. and Bolland,S. (1996) Tn10 and IS10 transposition and chromosome rearrangements: mechanism and regulation in vivo and in vitro.
	embojournal.npgjournals.com /cgi/content/full/22/8/1922 (5761 words)

	Transposition of the Great Arteries
		In transposition of the great arteries, the aorta and pulmonary artery are reversed.
		All patients with transposition of the great arteries require surgery early in life to survive.
		People with repaired transposition, especially those who've had the Mustard or Senning operation, are at risk of developing heart rhythm abnormalities.
	www.americanheart.org /presenter.jhtml?identifier=11074 (677 words)

	Biocenter - Research Groups - Transpositional DNA recombination: Mechanism and utilization
		DNA transposition is a recombination reaction, in which a DNA element (a transposon) moves from one location to another in the genome of its host organism.
		We are studying the molecular mechanisms of DNA transposition and developing the reactions into general tools for molecular biology applications.
		In the near future, the in vitro transposition based techniques are expected to generate novel approaches especially for functional analysis of genes, genomes, and proteins.
	www.biocenter.helsinki.fi /groups/savilahti/SAVILAHTI.HTML (774 words)

	Truncus versus Transposition
		The patient with a transposition is born with a reversal of their aorta and pulmonary arteries.
		The surgical procedure consists of repairing the transposition with grafts to shunt the vessels.
		The incidence of a child being born with these defects are considered rare for the truncus, but the transposition is found in approximately 8% of all those born with a heart defect.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/congen_heart_defects/105039 (568 words)

	Targeted Transposition by the V(D)J Recombinase -- Lee et al. 22 (7): 2068 -- Molecular and Cellular Biology
		Transposition is targeted to the hairpin ends of cruciform arms.
		that transposition in vivo may be carefully regulated (1, 6).
		Substrate recognition and induced DNA deformation by transposase at the target-capture stage of Tn10 transposition.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/22/7/2068?view=full&pmid=11884595 (5565 words)

	Dynamic Transposition Ciphering
		More precisely, "transposition" can be seen as a way to form a permutation using a sequence of exchanges: literally "transpositions." But a mere permutation of the existing symbols is a very limited subset of substitution.
		Dynamic Transposition does not need the assumption of sequence unpredictability, because the sequence is hidden behind a multitude of different sequences and permutations which all produce the same result.
		The "transposition key," which you speak of as if it were the key to a normal block cipher, is actually the key of a PRNG, whose output is fed into a function which shuffles bits.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /NEWS5/REDYNTRN.HTM (18360 words)

	The Main Transposition Table
		A transposition hash table can be used to detect these cases in order to avoid duplicating work.
		And in some positions, such as endgame king+pawn endings with locked pawns, the number of transpositions is so high that detecting transpositions is such a fantastic help that huge search depths can be reached in a matter of seconds.
		Another problem that happens when you start using a transposition hash table, if you allow the search to cut off based upon elements in the table, is that your search suffers from instability.
	www.seanet.com /~brucemo/topics/hashing.htm (1232 words)

	Dr. Koop - Transposition of the great vessels
		Prenatal factors associated with a higher than normal incidence of these disorders include maternal rubella or other viral illnesses during pregnancy, poor prenatal nutrition, maternal alcoholism, maternal age over 40, and diabetes, although it is unclear if any of these actually cause the problem.
		In transposition of the great vessels, there is no communication between the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation.
		Fresh oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the heart ready to nourish the body, but instead is whisked right back to the lungs.
	www.drkoop.com /ency/93/001568.html (395 words)

	eMedicine - Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries: Surgical Perspective : Article by Prema Ramaswamy, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		For the rare patients who have corrected transposition and no other associated abnormalities, no treatment may be required because their life expectancy has been reported to be near normal (Dimas, 1989).
		The guidelines from the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association state that permanent pacing for complete heart block is indicated for congenital heart block in infants with any type of congenital heart disease and a heart rate of less than 70 beats per minute (Gregoratos, 1998).
		In infants with left transposition of the great arteries (L-TGA) with associated defects, pacemakers are implanted regardless of the heart rate or symptoms of heart failure.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic2831.htm (3975 words)

	Activator Transposition in Yeast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		We have developed a yeast strain that enables to detect transposition of a Ds element, a non-autonomous Ac derivative.
		This transposition mechanism is also employed by several prokaryotic transposons, and the mammalian immunoglobulin V(D)J gene recombination follows this same pathway.
		Weil, C.F. and Kunze, R. (2000) Transposition of maize Ac/Ds transposable elements in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
	www.uni-koeln.de /math-nat-fak/botanik/bot2/agflue/HOME/projects/rkunze/rkpages/rkunze_acyeast.html (200 words)

	Measuring transposition frequency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The most commonly used measure of germinal transposition frequency is the percentage of F2 progeny with a transposed element (Schmidt and Willmitzer, 1989; Altmann et al., 1992; Honma et al., 1993; see Arabidopsis transposon tagging references).
		However, this is not a valid measure of germinal transposition frequency because transposition often occurs early enough in development to give multiple progeny carrying the same transposed element.
		Use a different estimate of transposition frequency: to avoid erroneous over-reporting, we use the fraction of F1 plants showing at least 1 germinally transmissible excision or transposition event as the measure of the germinal transposition frequency.
	www.lsc.psu.edu /ptl/measure.html (398 words)

	Transposition
		In order for the infant born with transposition of the great arteries to survive, they must have some communication between the right and the left sides of the heart to allow oxygen rich blood to reach the body.
		Even though there is mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood, it is often not adequate to sustain life for an extended period of time.
		Babies with transposition are extremely blue at birth.
	www.pediheart.org /parents/defects/TGA.htm (275 words)

	NSNL 8 - Transposition ciphers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		They differ from both code systems and substitution ciphers; in a transposition cipher the letters of the cleartext are shifted about to form the cryptogram.
		In some cases the last row is always made complete by adding dummy letters, but that reduces the security of the cipher and isn't recommended (now, this cipher is quite easy to break anyhow...).
		Double columnar transposition is substantially safer against cryptanalysis than single columnar transposition (not impossible, though).
	www.cvni.net /radio/nsnl/nsnl8tc.html (691 words)

	Nerve Transposition
		It is an operation that restores movement to the side of the face that has been paralyzed.
		Nerve transposition is usually performed under general anesthesia.
		Since general anesthesia is used, you may experience some nausea for the first 24 hours, and you should avoid eating substantial amounts of food.
	www.utsouthwestern.edu /utsw/cda/dept28171/files/133496.html (410 words)

	Mutagenesis of Neisseria meningitidis by In Vitro Transposition of Himar1 mariner -- Pelicic et al. 182 (19): 5391 -- ...
		Mutagenesis of Neisseria meningitidis by In Vitro Transposition of Himar1 mariner
		A purified mariner transposase is sufficient to mediate transposition in vitro.
		In vivo transposition of mariner-based elements in enteric bacteria and mycobacteria.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/182/19/5391 (4920 words)

	Transposition of the Retrotransposon MAGGY in Heterologous Species of Filamentous Fungi -- Nakayashiki et al. 153 (2): ...
		Transposition of the Retrotransposon MAGGY in Heterologous Species of Filamentous Fungi -- Nakayashiki et al.
		Transposition of the Retrotransposon MAGGY in Heterologous Species of Filamentous Fungi
		transposition of a fungal transposable element in heterologous
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/abstract/153/2/693 (342 words)

	RATTRAY, ALISON J - TY1 transposition in recombination defective yeast strains (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The retrotransposon Ty1 is regulated by a variety of host factors, which can affect different stages of the transposition process, including transcription, integration, and VLP maturation.
		In order to address these models we have examined Ty1 transposition in a cdc9 mutant (DNA ligase), where we find that transposition is highly induced, thus eliminating model 1.
		Analysis of transposition in other members of the RAD52 epistasis group does not show a direct correlation between those genes required for Ty1 gene conversion events, and those which increase transposition, making model 3 unlikely.
	www.yeastgenome.org /yeast96/f2338.html (166 words)

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