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Topic: Transposition cipher

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	v7ndotcom elursrebmem v7ndotcoms elursrebmems
		The ancient Spartans used a form of transposition cipher, in which a strip of parchment was wound in a spiral around a wooden cylinder known as a "scytale", and a message was written down the length of the cylinder.
		Incidentally, transpositions that are performed by tracing a path or "route" through a geometric figure made of the plaintext are known as "route transposition ciphers" or just "route ciphers".
		The frequency of the cipher letters of course is the frequency of their plaintext equivalents, and so at first sight it would be logical to believe that the ciphertext "O" at the top of the list corresponds to plaintext "e", while the ciphertext "N" at the bottom of the list corresponds to plaintext "z".
	www.toprankingcompany.com /code-breaking.htm (4737 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Substitution cipher
		In a transposition cipher, units of the plaintext are rearranged in a different and usually quite complex order, but the units themselves are left unchanged.
		A monoalphabetic cipher uses fixed substitution over the entire message, whereas a polyalphabetic cipher uses a number of substitutions at different times in the message—such as with homophones, where a unit from the plaintext is mapped to one of several possibilities in the ciphertext.
		The cipher alphabet may be shifted or reversed (creating the Caesar and Atbash ciphers, respectively) or scrambled in a more complex fashion, in which case it is called a mixed alphabet or deranged alphabet.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Substitution-cipher (520 words)

	Transposition cipher - Definition, explanation
		The standard columnar transposition consists of writing the key out as column headers, then writing the message out in successive rows beneath these headers (filling in any spare spaces with nulls), finally, the message is read off in columns, in alphabetical order of the headers.
		A single columnar transposition could be attacked by guessing possible column lengths, writing the message out in its columns (but in the wrong order, as the key is not yet known), and then looking for possible anagrams.
		Since transposition does not affect the frequency of individual symbols, simple transposition can be easily detected by the cryptanalyst by doing a frequency count.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/t/tr/transposition_cipher.php (1178 words)

	transposition cipher
		A cipher that encodes a message by reordering the plaintext.
		A simple kind of transposition cipher writes the message into a rectangle by rows, for example:
		This type of cipher can be made more difficult to crack by permuting the rows and columns.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/T/transposition_cipher.html (96 words)

	Cryptography Tutorial - Transposition Ciphers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Therefore, we expect the cipher letter frequencies to be close to the letter frequencies of the English language.
		Generally, in Route Ciphers the elements of the plaintext (here single letters) are written on a pre-arranged route into a matrix agreed upon by the sender and the receiver.
		The resulting bi-literal cipher is only an intermediate cipher, it is then written into a rectangular matrix and transposed to produce the final cipher which is the one which was transmitted.
	www.antilles.k12.vi.us /math/cryptotut/transposition.htm (1213 words)

	Secret Language
		Ciphers are broken into two main categories; substitution ciphers and transposition ciphers.
		Transposition ciphers keep all of the original letters intact, but mix up their order.
		Pig-latin is a form of transposition cipher where the original letters are kept intact (albeit with the addition of the suffix "ay"), but rearranged in some way.
	www.exploratorium.edu /ronh/secret/secret.html (2372 words)

	Methods of Transposition
		But transposition ciphers can be secure in themselves, and as well, transposition methods are useful to know, since they can be mixed with substitution methods for a more secure cipher.
		Transposition can be used to generate a scrambled order of the letters in the alphabet for use as a substitution alphabet.
		Transposition forms part of a fractionation cipher, where letters are divided into parts, then the parts are put back together in a different order, belonging to different letters.
	www.quadibloc.com /crypto/pp0102.htm (631 words)

	Cryptology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The simplest substitution cipher is one where the alphabet of the cipher is merely a shift of the plaintext alphabet, for example, A might be encrypted as B, C as D and so forth.
		For many years this cipher was thought to be impregnable and it is rumoured that a well known scientific magazine pronounced it "uncrackable" as late as 1917, despite the fact that it had been broken by then.
		However, even though running-key ciphers eliminate periodicity it is still possible to cryptanalyse them by means of several methods, however the job of the cryptanalyst is made much harder and a cryptanalyst would require a much larger segment of ciphertext to solve a running-key cipher than one with a repeating key.
	www.ridex.co.uk /cryptology (10089 words)

	Bletchley Park Cryptographic Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		rearranged letters are again written in horizontally from left to right and taken out in columns according to a numerical key which may be the same as that used in the first operation or a different one and the whole enciphering process is called "double transposition".
		Transposition is also employed in conjunction with substitution, as indicated above.
		Characterised by a dividing of each letter of the plain text into three elements (normally the co-ordinates of that letter in a key-cube of 26 (or 27), letters), a systematic rearrangement of these elements, and their substitution, in threes, by the letters of which they are the co-ordinates in the same, or another, key-cube.
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk /documents/cryptdict/page88.htm (218 words)

	Fred Cohen & Associates
		We begin with a classification scheme for ciphers given by Gary Knight [Knight78] in the first of a series of articles which posed ciphers to the reader, and after a given period of time demonstrated reader solutions along with explanations of how they solved the ciphers.
		The general case of this sort of cipher is the "monoalphabetic substitution cipher" wherein each letter is mapped into another letter in a one to one fashion.
		At first, the military used a Vigenere cipher with a short repeating keyword, but in 1863, a solution was discovered by Friedrich W. Kasiski for all periodic polyalphabetic ciphers which up until this time were considered unbreakable, so the military had to search for a new cipher to replace the Vigenere.
	www.all.net /books/ip/Chap2-1.html (5872 words)

	Transposition ciphers
		They differ from both code systems and substitution ciphers; in a transposition cipher the letters of the plaintext are shifted about to form the cryptogram.
		To encrypt Chinese, for instance, one can use a transposition cipher operating on the individual signs of written Chinese (using a substitution cipher for a language like Chinese would be awkward if not impossible).
		Double columnar transposition is similar to single columnar transposition, but the process is repeated twice.
	hem.passagen.se /tan01/transpo.html (1196 words)

	Ciphers By Ritter: Cryptography and Technology
		The cipher is keyed by constructing a particular orthogonal Latin square pair for each mixing element, which is fairly easy to do.
		A block cipher based on transposition, using stream cipher techniques, generates a perfect secrecy transformation on a block-by-block basis.
		A 4-bit cipher model which uses keyed 2-bit tables is presented as a challenge to explore the strength of the structure.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com (5134 words)

	Transposition Cipher 2.0.1.2 - addict3d.org
		Transposition Cipher is a free and reliable application which will allow the encryption and decryption of data using irregular columnar transposition.
		The Key button permits settting of a numeric key which is one dimension of the transposition rectangle and this must be set before you can encrypt or decrypt data (the other dimension is calculated automatically).
		Our implementation of this cipher can cope quite happily regardless of the ratio between the key and the data length, and will encrypt and decrypt data with a variable second dimension without difficulty.
	www.addict3d.org /downloads/4812/download.html (335 words)

	The Rail Fence Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: )
		substitution cipher, in which the plaintext letters are replaced by letters from another alphabet (or by different letters from the same alphabet).
		The scytale, a transposition machine, was comprised of a cylinder and a parchment, similar to a ribbon, which was wrapped around the cylinder.
		The Rail Fence cipher and transposition ciphers in general are relatively easy to distinguish from substitution ciphers because the letter frequencies in the encrypted message remain the same as in unencrypted messages.
	starbase.trincoll.edu /~crypto/historical/railfence.html (1209 words)

	Encryption (Linux Reviews)
		In non-technical usage, a "cipher" is the same thing as a "code"; however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography.
		In classical cryptography, ciphers were distinguished from codes, which operated by substituting according to a large codebook.
		Symmetric key ciphers can be distinguished into two types, depending on whether they work on blocks of symbols of fixed size (block ciphers), or on a continuous stream of symbols (stream ciphers).
	linuxreviews.org /dictionary/Encryption (1561 words)

	Secret Key Cryptography > Background (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A transposition, on the other hand, replaces a character from the input stream by another character of that same input, resulting in shuffling character positions and preserving all characters of the plaintext in the final ciphertext.
		Figure 1.2 illustrates a character transposition example in which the secret message "RETURN TO BASE" is split into two blocks consisting of "RETURN" and "TO BASE" then characters are shuffled across the two blocks in a cyclic fashion to result in the ciphertext of "ROTBRS TE UANE".
		Generally, transposition ciphers are easy to break but composing them by setting the result of one transposition as the input of another one, greatly enhances the ciphering against attacks.
	www.informit.com /articles/article.asp?p=27132&seqNum=3 (639 words)

	Decrypting text
		Transposition (or anagram) ciphers are where the letters are jumbled up together.
		This means that the giveaway for a transposition cipher is that frequency analysis shows that the constituent letters are what would be expected in a standard text (eg.
		To decrypt you need to workout the number of columns - this is usually based on a common factor of the total number of characters in the text - and then rearrange the columns.
	www.richkni.co.uk /php/crypta/trans0.php (168 words)

	American Cryptogram Association - Resources
		Cipher Exchange - a department of the Cm containing a variety of cipher types.
		Simple Substitution - a cipher in which each letter of the Pt is replaced by one cipher letter, the replacements being unique and no letter standing for itself.
		Transposition - a cipher retaining the plaintext letters in a re-arranged form.
	www.cryptogram.org /cdb/aca.info/aca.and.you/chap09.html (529 words)

	Download Transposition Cipher 2.0.1.2 - Transposition Cipher will allow the encryption and decryption of data using ...
		Transposition Cipher is a free and reliable application which will allow the encryption and decryption of data using irregular columnar transposition.
		The Key button permits settting of a numeric key which is one dimension of the transposition rectangle and this must be set before you can encrypt or decrypt data (the other dimension is calculated automatically).
		Our implementation of this cipher can cope quite happily regardless of the ratio between the key and the data length, and will encrypt and decrypt data with a variable second dimension without difficulty.
	www.softpedia.com /get/Security/Encrypting/Transposition-Cipher.shtml (612 words)

	Transposition Ciphers
		In transposition ciphers, messages are kept safe by moving small pieces (letters) of the message around.
		See if you can figure out what transposition method was used in the second row of the message, "top secret." Here's the answer.
		The space cipher and the backward cipher are easy to decode, but the backward and space cipher put together is harder.
	library.thinkquest.org /04oct/00451/trancipher.htm (234 words)

	What are substitution and transposition ciphers? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An even more complex substitution cipher can be made by having each character of the alphabet correspond to a different letter of the alphabet, without a set pattern.
		The Vernam Cipher, or one time pad, is a simple substitution cipher where the key length equals the message length.
		Transposition ciphers encrypt plaintext by moving small pieces of the message around.
	www.tech-faq.com /substitution-transposition-cipher.shtml (271 words)

	Making and Breaking Codes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The transposition distance for each letter is the key (the sequence of distances have to be as long as the message, and cannot contain repetitions).
		The weaknesses are often found by people who spend their lives inspecting ciphers to find a way to reverse engineer them and find the plaintext from the cipher without needing too many key test attempts.
		If I invent a cipher and publish all of its details, many of the cryptographers will take a very close look at it and try to see if there are ways to analyze, reverse engineer and break the cipher (without the need for brute force).
	cactus.eas.asu.edu /partha/Columns/03-19-encryption.htm (1824 words)

	Cryptography
		Ciphers have been known since ancient times, though the earliest ciphers were almost pathetically simply compared to modern encryption schemes.
		The advantage of transposition ciphers is that, though they preserve the standard frequency table of letters, the results make no sense.
		The key to recognizing a transposition cipher is to note that the frequency table matches that for an unencrypted message.
	www.skypoint.com /~waltzmn/Cryptography.html (4648 words)

	Cipher Tools
		This cipher uses pairs of letters and a 5x5 grid to encode a message.
		A double columnar transposition cipher that uses the same key, but adds a number of pad characters.
		A special cipher somewhat based on the Caesarian shift, but you change the value of N with each letter and it is all based on a passphrase.
	rumkin.com /tools/cipher (685 words)

	The Theory of Cryptography > Secret-Key Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Another example of a simple transposition cipher consists of writing the plaintext along a two-dimensional matrix of fixed rows and columns and then simply transposing the matrix, as shown in Figure 10.5.
		Such a cipher is provably secure against attacks in which a code breaker has knowledge of a set of ciphertexts.
		In such ciphers, some of the bits in the intermediate states of a cipher are transposed unchanged.
	www.informit.com /articles/article.asp?p=170808&seqNum=2 (3526 words)

	Cipher cracking \| Harry's Page \| Home of the National Cipher Challenge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, in harder ciphers, where brute-force is the only remaining option, a known crib to search for (or even just a stab at one) could be the difference between success and failure.
		I'm not sure that is true about RSA which seems to me to be a stream cipher really, but DES and blowfish and other modern encryption schemes work by a careful mixture of transposition and stream ciphers iterated on the input.
		By the way classical transposition ciphers are a special case of the Hill cipher.
	www.cipher.maths.soton.ac.uk /node/61 (1099 words)

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