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Topic: Transthyretin

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	The Scripps Research Institute - Scientfic Report 2004
		Transthyretin is a homotetrameric protein that is the primary carrier of the complex composed of vitamin A and the retinol-binding protein and the secondary carrier of thyroxine (the thyroid hormone) in plasma.
		The transthyretin amyloid diseases with the earliest onsets and greatest severities are generally associated with mutations that strongly destabilize the transthyretin tetramer.
		The transthyretin in the CNS, however, is produced by the choroid plexus, where the concentration of thyroxine is higher than it is in the liver.
	www.scripps.edu /news/sr/sr2004/chm04kelly.html (1293 words)

	Transthyretin Amyloidosis
		Transthyretin amyloidosis is a disease caused by the abnormal accumulation of protein molecules in body tissues.
		Transthyretin amyloidosis is caused by mutations in the protein.
		An individual with a mutant form of transthyretin may have obtained the genetic trait from either their mother or father and they in turn are capable of passing the mutant gene on to their children.
	www.iupui.edu /~amyloid/information.htm (1240 words)

	Human protein: P02766 - Transthyretin precursor (Prealbumin) (TBPA) (TTR) (ATTR). EMBL Bioinformatic Harvester
		Gly47Ala: a new transthyretin gene mutation in hereditary amyloidosis TTR-related.
		Transthyretin ALA 71: a new transthyretin variant in a Spanish family with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.
		New transthyretin mutation V28M in a Portuguese kindred with amyloid polyneuropathy.
	harvester.embl.de /harvester/P027/P02766.htm (3266 words)

	Pfam 19.0 : Transthyretin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Transthyretin is a thyroid hormone-binding protein that transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.
		Mutations in the human transthyretin are associated with several genetic disorders.
		Transthyretin (formerly prealbumin) is one of 3 thyroid hormone-binding proteins found in the blood of vertebrates PUBMED:1833190.
	pfam.wustl.edu /cgi-bin/getdesc?name=Transthyretin (165 words)

	FoldRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. \| TTR - Transthyretin
		Transthyretin, a 127-amino acid, 55kDa protein primarily synthesized in the liver, is a secreted protein present in the blood and cerebro-spinal fluid and is a carrier of thyroxin and retinol (vitamin A) binding protein.
		Transthyretin is normally tetrameric, however a denaturation stress or a single aminoacid mutation can lead to tetramer dissociation and partial subunit unfolding resulting in the accumulation of misfolded TTR monomers that assemble into oligomers leading to pathology associated with a family of human diseases- the TTR amyloidoses.
		In the elderly, wild-type transthyretin may become structurally unstable resulting in the development of misfolded intermediates that ultimately form amyloid fibrils.
	www.foldrx.com /science/ttr.shtml (399 words)

	txt001msp: Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: molecular basis and therapeutical strategies
		Transthyretin (TTR) is a transport protein for thyroid hormones and vitamin A and might have an important role in the nervous system.
		Hereditary transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis is a genetically transmitted disease that results from a mutation in the gene encoding the plasma TTR protein (Ref. 4).
		TTR is a transport protein for thyroid hormones and vitamin A [in the case of vitamin A (retinol) this is via formation of a complex with retinol-binding protein] and is predominantly synthesised in the liver.
	www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk /02004647h.htm (4195 words)

	In Vitro and in Vivo Interactions of Homocysteine with Human Plasma Transthyretin -- Lim et al. 278 (50): 49707 -- ...
		adducts to that of the unmodified transthyretin molecule.
		The ratios of the relative abundance of the S-cysteine transthyretin (A) and S-homocysteine TTR (B) to that of the unmodified transthyretin were plotted as a function of homocysteine concentration.
		The ratios of the relative abundance of the S-sulfonate transthyretin (A), S-cysteine transthyretin (B), S-homocysteine transthyretin (C), and S-thiol (D) conjugated to that of the unmodified transthyretin were plotted as a function of homocysteine concentration.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/50/49707 (3130 words)

	Transthyretin: A Neural Protein that Stops the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease - DERT
		When the mice were given antibodies that prevented transthyretin from interacting with the beta-amyloid protein, the mice showed typical brain cell death.
		In vitro studies of human brain cells treated with transthyretin and beta-amyloid showed minimal amounts of cell death, confirming the results seen in the mice.
		Neutralization of transthyretin reverses the neuroprotective effects of secreted amyloid precursor protein (APP) in APPSW mice resulting in tau phosphorylation and loss of hippocampal neurons: support for the amyloid hypothesis.
	www.niehs.nih.gov /dert/profiles/hilites/2004/thyretin.htm (439 words)

	Molecular Biology - Research Erik Lundgren (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Familial amyloidosis with polyneuropathy is a hereditary disease, due to point mutations of the plasma protein transthyretin.
		By mutation analysis we study biophysical and biochemical parameters of transthyretin, and the key constraints in the primary structure for normal conformation and for amyloid formation.
		Advanced structural and biophysical methods are used to define interacting surfaces of transthyretin in amyloid fibrils, with the final goal to develop therapeutic modalities, which will inhibit toxic aggregation.
	www.molbiol.umu.se /forskning/lundgren (766 words)

	Transthyretin definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Transthyretin: A plasma protein consisting of 127 amino acids that binds retinol and thyroxine.
		The gene TTR that encodes transthyretin is in chromosome region 18q11.2-q12.1.
		Transthyretin is also called prealbumin (because it migrates faster than albumin in an acidic starch gel).
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=38464 (178 words)

	Baylor Neurology Case of the Month
		A DNA assay detected a mutation in one allele of the gene coding for transthyretin, predicting a substitution of methionine for valine at position 30 (Val30Met), the most common disease-associated mutation found in patients of Portuguese background presenting with familial amyloid polyneuropathy.
		Mutations of the three serum proteins, transthyretin (TTR), apolipoprotein A-1 and gelsolin, are identified that cause amyloid deposition in familial amyloid polyneuropathy.
		Transthyretin protein is a homotetrameric, soluble protein in its wild form, transporting thyroxine and retinol.
	www.bcm.edu /neurol/challeng/pat67/summary.html (2120 words)

	NIEHS Press Release - Researchers Identify Brain Protein that Halts Progression of Alzheimer's - October 25, 2004
		The protein, known as "transthyretin," protects brain cells from gradual deterioration by blocking another toxic protein that contributes to the disease process.
		When Stein treated the mouse brain with an antibody that prevented transthyretin from reacting with the beta-amyloid protein, the mice showed brain cell death.
		When Stein treated human brain cells with the transthyretin protein, then exposed the cells to the toxic beta-amyloid, the brain cell death was minimal.
	www.niehs.nih.gov /oc/news/brainpr.htm (661 words)

	Researchers identify brain protein that halts progression of Alzheimer's
		Transthyretin appears to protect brain cells by intercepting the beta-amyloid and preventing it from interacting with the brain tissue.
		Johnson discovered the effect of transthyretin while studying mice genetically engineered with defective genes taken from human patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease.
		The transthyretin discovery will likely impact the screening of environmental chemicals for their potential role in causing or exacerbating Alzheimer's disease.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-10/nioe-rib102504.php (645 words)

	index
		Transthyretin (formerly called prealbumin) is a compact globular plasma protein.
		57 human transthyretin variants were analysed which suggested that most mutations in transthyretin are not compatible with its normal metabolism and lead to its deposition as amyloid.
		Fig.2 : (a) Transthyretin (TTR) tetramer (red circles) is synthesised by the choroid plexus of the brain and by the liver.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~srujanar/bcmb8010 (2461 words)

	Liver Transplantation as a Treatment for Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy -- Skinner et al. 120 (2): 133 -- Annals ...
		transthyretin mutation, glutamate 42 glycine (Glu 42 Gly): a
		Numbers 1, 3, and 4 are from patients with transthyretin methionine 30 (Met 30), and numbers 2 and 5 are from patients with glycine 42 and asparagine 90 (Gly 42 and Asn 90).
		In the B lanes, normal transthyretin is the top band and mutant transthyretin is in the lower band.
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/120/2/133 (1352 words)

	Nicotine Enhances the Biosynthesis and Secretion of Transthyretin from the Choroid Plexus in Rats: Implications for ...
		Transthyretin immunoreactivity was significantly reduced (by 41.5%; p < 0.01) in the choroid plexus of nicotine-treated rats compared with saline controls.
		Blay P, Nilsson C, Owman C, Aldred A, Schreiber G (1993) Transthyretin expression in the rat brain: effect of thyroid functional state and role in thyroxine transport.
		Mazur-Kolecka B, Frackowiak J, Wisniewski HM (1995) Apolipoproteins E3 and E4 induce, and transthyretin prevents accumulation of the Alzheimer's beta-amyloid peptide in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/20/4/1318 (4277 words)

	Disruption of the Transthyretin Gene Results in Mice with Depressed Levels of Plasma Retinol and Thyroid Hormone -- ...
		Transthyretin (TTR) is thought to play a major role in vitamin A metabolism and thyroid hormone transport in mammals.
		To investigate the physiological role of the TTR protein in development of the embryo and in the adult, we used gene targeting techniques to generate a null mutation at the mouse ttr locus.
		Transthyretin is not necessary for thyroid hormone metabolism in conditions of increased hormone demand
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/90/6/2375 (646 words)

	Saint Barnabas Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery - Division of Neurology
		Transthyretin: a choroid plexus‑specific transport protein in human brain.
		Transthyretin is a marker for choroid plexus neoplasms.
		Martone RL and Herbert J. Transthyretin is a metal‑binding protein: Implications for vitreous amyloidosis.
	www.sbhcs.com /services/neuro/neurology/herbert.html (2589 words)

	Low Levels of Transthyretin in the CSF of Depressed Patients -- Sullivan et al. 156 (5): 710 -- American Journal of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Transthyretin is a thyroid hormone-binding protein that is produced
		CSF transthyretin levels were significantly lower in the depressed patients (F=5.98, df=1, 38, p<0.02).
		Blay P, Nilsson C, Owman C, Aldred A, Schreiber G: Transthyretin expression in the rat brain: effect of thyroid functional state and role in thyroxine transport.
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/156/5/710 (3278 words)

	Transthyretin values correlate with mucosal recovery in patients with coeliac disease taking a gluten free diet -- ...
		Transthyretin values correlate with mucosal recovery in patients with coeliac disease taking a gluten free diet -- McMillan et al.
		Transthyretin values correlate with mucosal recovery in patients with coeliac disease taking a gluten free diet
		of transthyretin is unsuitable as a diagnostic marker for coeliac
	jcp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/54/10/783 (2155 words)

	Discovery may halt progression of Alzheimer's (Sep 2, 2004)
		Since transthyretin had been shown in test tubes to bind to the toxic beta-amyloid protein, Johnson and Stein hypothesized that in the mice, the transthyretin was preventing the "bad cut" toxic beta-amlyoid protein from interacting with the neuronal cells, thereby preventing tangle formation and subsequent neuronal cell death.
		When Stein introduced an antibody into the mouse brain that prevented transthyretin from binding with beta-amyloid protein, the mice developed early signs of neurofibrillary tangles and increased neuronal cell death.
		The next question - and it's a big one - involves developing a reliable method to deliver transthyretin into the brain, or developing drugs that increase transthyretin expression in the brain to combat the neurotoxicity of beta-amyloid.
	www.news.wisc.edu /10088.html (779 words)

	Identification of Transthyretin Variants by Sequential Proteomic and Genomic Analysis -- Bergen et al. 50 (9): 1544 -- ...
		Characterization of transthyretin variants in familial transthyretin amyloidosis by mass spectrometric peptide mapping and DNA sequence analysis.
		Detection of transthyretin variants using immunoprecipitation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization bioreactive probes: a clinical application of mass spectrometry.
		D18G transthyretin is monomeric, aggregation prone, and not detectable in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid: a prescription for central nervous system amyloidosis?.
	www.clinchem.org /cgi/content/full/50/9/1544 (4734 words)

	A Novel Variant of Transthyretin, 59Thr->Lys, Associated With Autosomal Dominant Cardiac Amyloidosis in an Italian ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Photomicrographs of transthyretin amyloid in tissues of patient III.5.
		The patient was a heterozygote for a single- base change in one allele altering the codon for residue 59 from the wild-type ACA encoding Thr to AAA encoding Lys.
		Duan W, Achen MG, Richardson SJ, Lawrence MC, Wettenhall REH, Jaworowski A, Schreiber G. Isolation, characterization, cDNA cloning and gene expression of an avian transthyretin: implications for the evolution of structure and function of transthyretin in vertebrates.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/91/4/962 (3296 words)

	Neutralization of Transthyretin Reverses the Neuroprotective Effects of Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) in ...
		Schreiber G (2002) The evolution of transthyretin synthesis in the choroid plexus.
		Prealbumin as a common constituent in the neuritic plaque, in the neurofibrillary tangle, and in the microangiopathic lesion.
		Stein TD, Johnson JA (2002) Lack of neurodegeneration in transgenic mice overexpressing mutant amyloid precursor protein is associated with increased levels of transthyretin and the activation of cell survival pathways.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/35/7707 (5763 words)

	Isolated Vitreoretinal Amyloidosis in the Absence of Transthyretin Mutations -- Barouch et al. 44 (5): 4857 -- ARVO ...
		Isolated Vitreoretinal Amyloidosis in the Absence of Transthyretin Mutations -- Barouch et al.
		Isolated Vitreoretinal Amyloidosis in the Absence of Transthyretin Mutations
		universally with mutations in the genes encoding transthyretin
	abstracts.iovs.org /cgi/content/abstract/44/5/4857 (262 words)

	Potential Mechanisms of Thyroid Disruption in Humans: Interaction of Organochlorine Compounds with Thyroid Receptor, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Hydroxylated organochlorines have relatively high affinities for the serum transport protein transthyretin, but the ability of these compounds to interact with the human thyroid receptor is unknown.
		In the case of thyroid hormone, a second important mechanism may be the ability of compounds to alter serum transport of thyroid hormones (TH).
		To evaluate the relative significance of receptor versus transport protein binding for disrupting thyroid homeostasis, compounds that bound the receptor were also tested for binding to human transthyretin and TBG.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/1999/107p273-278cheek/cheek-full.html (3890 words)

	Late-onset familial amyloid polyneuropathy type I (transthyretin Met30-associated familial amyloid polyneuropathy) ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		exon 2 of the transthyretin gene was amplified by PCR (polymerase
		Amyloid deposits stained by anti-human transthyretin antibody are present to a small extent in dorsal root ganglia (E) and sympathetic ganglia (F).
		Genetic expression of a transthyretin mutation in typical and late-onset Portuguese families with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/122/10/1951 (5797 words)

	The Evolution of the Thyroid Hormone Distributor Protein Transthyretin in the Order Insectivora, Class Mammalia -- ...
		in the evolution of transthyretin in eutherians, a subclass
		Transthyretin is synthesized in the liver and secreted
		pattern of transthyretin gene expression in the evolutionarily
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/17/8/1199 (398 words)

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