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Topic: Transuranium element

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	TRANSURANIUM ELEMENTS
		Of the known transuranium elements (23 as of 1999) only two-neptunium and plutonium-exist at all in nature; the others have been synthesized through nuclear reactions involving bombarding the atoms of one element with neutrons or fast-moving charged particles.
		Element 105 (called hahnium from 1970 to 1997, when it was renamed dubnium) was also produced at Dubna in 1968 by bombarding americium with neon ions; Ghiorso's team achieved a similar result in 1970 by bombarding californium with nitrogen ions.
		Elements 107, 108, and 109-known as bohrium, hassium, and meitnerium, respectively-were synthesized by a team of researchers using the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany, beginning in 1981.
	dwb.unl.edu /Teacher/NSF/C04/C04Links/www.fwkc.com/encyclopedia/low/articles/t/t025001453f.html (915 words)

	element. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		These 6 extremely scarce elements and those that do not occur at all naturally were discovered when they were produced in the laboratory; they are often called the man-made, artificially produced, or synthetic elements.
		The atomic weight of an element is the mean (weighted average) of the atomic masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes.
		Elements with very similar chemical properties are often referred to as families; some families of elements include the halogens, the inert gases, and the alkali metals.
	www.bartleby.com /65/el/element.html (2007 words)

	transuranium elements - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		All the transuranium elements of the actinide series were discovered as synthetic radioactive isotopes at the Univ. of California at Berkeley or at Argonne National Laboratory; in order of increasing atomic number they are neptunium, plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium, and lawrencium.
		100), the transuranium elements are produced by the capture of neutrons; the transfermium elements are synthesized by the bombardment of transuranium targets with light particles or, more recently, by projecting medium-weight elements at targets of other medium-weight elements (see also synthetic elements).
		Isotopes of the transuranium elements are radioactive because their large nuclei are unstable, and the transactinide, or superheavy, elements in particular have very short half-lives.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-transura.html (500 words)

	A Campaign for Chemistry - Elements & Sponsors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Element with interesting optical properties; a boron compound, borax, is used as a water softener in powdered detergents.
		A synthetic transuranium element with a silvery appearance; isotope used as a component in neutron-detection instruments.
		Radioactive element discovered by Pierre and Marie Curie, the study of which has greatly altered ideas of the structure of the atom; used to produce luminous paints, neutron sources and in medicine for the treatment of disease.
	www.unm.edu /chemistry/elements/list.html (2961 words)

	Transuranium element transmuting reactor core - Patent 5299241
		Further, at the time of assembling, storage and transportation of new fuel assemblies in which the MA elements are enclosed, a heat removing of the alpha ray energy becomes difficult and the fuel overheats to lead to a failure in a worst case.
		Another object of the present invention is to provide a transuranium element transmuting fuel and fuel assembly capable of preventing the lowering of the power density of a fast reactor and the distortion of the power distribution of the fast reactor and effectively transmuting the TRU elements.
		Further, in the first embodiment of the transuranic elements transmuting fuel assembly 110, the case where the TRU fuel pins 115 are dispersed and disposed uniformly in the TRU fuel assembly 110 as shown in FIG.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5299241.html (6129 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for transuranium
		transuranium elements TRANSURANIUM ELEMENTS [transuranium elements] in chemistry, radioactive elements with atomic numbers greater than that of uranium (at.
		All the transuranium elements of the actinide series were discovered as synthetic radioactive isotopes at the Univ. of California at Berkeley or at Argonne
		It is the first transuranium element beyond the actinide series, thus being the first of the
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=transuranium (437 words)

	berkelium — FactMonster.com
		The 10 isotopes of berkelium that are known are all radioactive; the element has not been found in the earth's crust.
		Periodic Table of the Elements: Berkelium - Periodic Table of the Elements: Berkelium 97 Bk Berkelium (247) 2 · 8 · 18 32...
		transuranium elements - transuranium elements, in chemistry, radioactive elements with atomic numbers greater than that of...
	www.factmonster.com /encyclopedia/berkelium (255 words)

	Nobel Prize
		The first transuranium element of which there was definite proof was produced by McMillan and Abelsson in May 1940 at the University of California, by irradiating uranium with neutrons with the aid of the cyclotron built by Lawrence.
		Bohr's prophesy that in the transuranium elements we are dealing with a group of substances of the same sort as the rare earth metals, has thus been confirmed.
		Among his major contributions are his discoveries, with several collaborators, of the transuranium elements plutonium (94), americium (95), curium (96), berkelium (97), and californium (98), and the study of their chemical properties and their position in the periodic table.
	www.bonestamp.com /sgt/Nobel_Prize1.htm (2695 words)

	C&EN: The Periodic Table--1923 & 1998
		With the discovery of hafnium, element 72, the then-new field of atomic physics was becoming crucial to the discovery of new elements.
		Efforts to produce a transuranium element-one with a nucleus heavier than that of uranium, element 92-finally succeeded in 1940 when Edwin M. McMillan and Philip H. Abelson bombarded uranium with neutrons to produce neptunium, element 93.
		Elements produced in experiments at these facilities have half-lives that range from seconds to milliseconds and sometimes are produced in quantities of fewer than 100 atoms.
	pubs.acs.org /hotartcl/cenear/980112/periodic.html (942 words)

	31. How to Change One Element into Another (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		At present, 12 transuranium elements are known, namely: neptunium, plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, lawrencium, and kurchatovium, the latter being the heaviest transuranium element synthesized just recently (in 1964) by a group of Soviet physicists headed by P. Flerov.
		Such is precisely the predicament of investigators studying the chemical properties of the heavy transuranium elements.
		These elements are very unstable, their lifetime being a matter of minutes or even seconds.
	www.todayinsci.com /stories/story031c.htm (171 words)

	Transuranium Elements
		Twenty of these elements have been discovered; all are unstable with half-lives (time needed for half the sample to decay) ranging millions of years to mere fractions of a second.
		Transuranium elements are produced artificially by bombarding heavy atoms either with neutrons produced in nuclear reactors or with charged particles accelerated to high energy.
		In 1940 the first transuranium element was produced when McMillan and Abelson at Berkeley exposed uranium oxide to neutrons from a cyclotron.
	web.fccj.org /~ethall/uranium/uranium.htm (1075 words)

	The Transuranium People: The Inside Story. By Darleane C. Hoffman, Albert Ghiorso, and Glenn T. Seaborg
		Chapter 5, “Berkelium and Californium” (25 pp.), discusses the first elements to be discovered after the transfer of Seaborg’s group from the Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory to Berkeley with emphasis on the use of cation exchange techniques for their isolation.
		Mendelevium was the last transuranium element to be discovered and identified by direct radiochemical separation of the element itself.
		The elements beyond mendelevium were first identified by detection of their nuclear decay, and they required new techniques for their positive identification.
	chemeducator.org /bibs/0007002/720124gk.htm (1216 words)

	Transuranium element - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Further anomalous elements in this series have been predicted by Glenn T. Seaborg, and are categorised as the Island of stability.
		The majority of the transuranium elements were produced by two groups:
		Position of the super-heavy elements in the periodic table.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transuranium_element (1025 words)

	AllRefer.com - nobelium, Compound & Element (Compounds And Elements) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Nobelium was the tenth transuranium element to be discovered.
		It was first produced and detected in Apr., 1958, by Albert Ghiorso, TorbjOrn Sikkeland, John R. Walton, and Glenn T. Seaborg at the Univ. of California at Berkeley; they used a heavy-ion linear accelerator to bombard a mixture of curium-244 and curium-246 with carbon-12 ions, producing nobelium-254 (half-life 55 sec).
		The name of the element was originally suggested by scientists at the Nobel Institute of Physics, who in 1957 reported synthesis of an isotope of the element; although the name was adopted, it was later shown that the element could not have the properties they reported.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/nobelium.html (262 words)

	03.19.97 - Finally, It's Seaborgium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Seaborgium is in the family of "transuranium" elements -- those beyond uranium on the periodic table.
		Element 106 was co-discovered in 1974 by Berkeley lab physicist Albert Ghiorso and Kenneth Hulet, a chemist with Lawrence Livermore National Lab.
		Their effort to name their element in honor of Seaborg was supported by the American Chemical Society in 1994, but ran into resistance by IUPAC.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/berkeleyan/1997/0319/seaborgium.html (337 words)

	Chapter 14 - Chemical Periodicity
		Explain how properties of an element may be inferred based on its position on the periodic table and based on its neighboring elements.
		Elements in the same family have ions of the same charge (usually).
		Chemical properties: These elements are the most highly reactive metals; they are so reactive they are kept under a layer of oil to keep them from reacting with air.
	pages.prodigy.net /anderhan/Ch14Periodicity.html (2542 words)

	Seaborgium
		Element 106, which was created at LBL in 1974 and confirmed here last summer, has been named "seaborgium" in honor of Nobel Laureate and LBL Associate Director-at-Large Glenn T. Seaborg.
		According to criteria proposed by nuclear science researchers in the 1970s, the naming of a new element is the prerogative of the original discovery team, but proposal of a name should await independent confirmation of the discovery.
		It was Seaborg who in 1944 formulated the "actinide concept" of heavy element electronic structure which predicted that the actinides--including the first 11 transuranium elements--would form a transition series analogous to the rare-earth series of lanthanide elements.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/seaborgium.html (719 words)

	CMS—Seaborg Institute, Dr. Seaborg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Besides plutonium, Seaborg codiscovered nine other transuranium elements (i.e., artificially created elements beyond the naturally occurring uranium on the periodic table of the elements).
		A radioisotope of one of these elements, americium-241, is an ingredient of household smoke detectors.
		Seaborg noted that, “My theory required a major realignment of the periodic table of the elements.” His concept became the foundation for many significant discoveries in heavy element research.
	www-cms.llnl.gov /seaborginstitute/seaborg.html (358 words)

	transuranium elements — FactMonster.com
		100), the transuranium elements are produced by the capture of neutrons; the transfermium elements are synthesized by the bombardment of transuranium targets with light particles or, more recently, by projecting medium-weight elements at targets of other medium-weight elements (see also
		Isotopes of the transuranium elements are radioactive because their large nuclei are unstable, and the transactinide, or superheavy, elements in particular have very short
		transactinide elements - transactinide elements, in chemistry, elements with atomic numbers greater than that of lawrencium...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0849293.html (401 words)

	Element (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A transuranium element, only a few atoms of bohrium have ever been made, and it will probably never be isolated in observable quantities.
		Created by the so-called "cold fusion" method, in which a target of bismuth is bombarded with atoms of chromium.
		A synthetic element created via nuclear bombardment, few atoms have ever been made and the properties of bohrium are very poorly understood.
	www.ucc.ie /ucc/depts/chem/dolchem/html/newelement107.htm (285 words)

	Nuclear Chemistry - The Discovery and Isolation of Plutonium
		The transuranium element, plutonium, was the first synthetic element to be produced on a large scale.
		Discovery refers to the first nuclear and chemical proof of the existence of atoms of a new element, while isolation is the procurement of the first weighable amount in pure form.
		There was often a considerable amount of time between the discovery and isolation of the transuranium elements.
	chemcases.com /nuclear/nc-04.htm (1065 words)

	Double-Shell PSE: Extended Discussion
		They demonstrated, that this element may be identified by fast chemical reactions in combination with liquid- and gas-chromatic methods analogous to the stable elements Molybdenum and Wolfram of the group 6 elements.
		At this turning point of transuranium element chemistry, it is appropriate to take up anew the question on the structure of periodic system of the elements, especially with respect to the position of the very heavy elements (2) in the system.
		In 1829 the idea of periodicity in the chemical properties of the elements was perceived by Doebereiner who proposed for a subset of 15 of the then known elements a system of 5 triads.
	www.neubert.net /PSEExten.html (3471 words)

	AllRefer.com - transuranium elements, Compound & Element (Compounds And Elements) - Encyclopedia
		transuranium elements, in chemistry, radioactive elements with atomic numbers greater than that of uranium (at.
		A German team at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research at Darmstadt discovered bohrium, hassium, meitnerium, ununnilium, unununium, and ununbium (at.
		See G. Seaborg and W. Loveland, The Elements beyond Uranium (1990); L. Morss and J. Fuger, ed., Transuranium Elements (1992); G. Seaborg and A. Ghiorso, The Transuranium People (1999).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/transura.html (497 words)

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