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Topic: Transverse Mercator projection

	Map projection
		Azimuthal[?] projections touch the earth to a plane at one tangent point; angles from that tangent point are preserved, and distances from that point are computed by a function independent of the angle.
		Mercator projection wraps a cylinder around the earth; the distance from the equator on the map is
		Cordiform projection[?] designates a pole and a meridian; distances from the pole are preserved, as are distances from the meridian (which is straight) along the parallels.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Map_projection.html (1619 words)

	Transverse Mercator projection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Transverse Mercator projection is an adaptation of the Mercator projection.
		However, in a Transverse Mercator projection, the cylinder is rotated 90° (transverse) relative to the equator so that projected surface is aligned with a meridian (or line of longitude) rather than the equator, as is the case with the regular Mercator projection.
		In both the regular and transverse form of the Mercator projection, there is very little distortion of scale in the narrow region near where the projected surface is tangent, or secant, to the sphere or ellipsoid representing the Earth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transverse_Mercator (477 words)

	Aquariu.NET Documentation
		On this projection, parallels of latitude are equally spaced along meridians, the distance between parallels being equal to the arc length between parallels on the generating globe.
		The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection is used to define horizontal, positions world-wide by dividing the surface of the Earth into 6 degree zones, each mapped by the Transverse Mercator projection with a central meridian in the center of the zone.
		Transverse Mercator projections result from projecting the sphere onto a cylinder tangent to a central meridian.
	www.mgaqua.net /AquaDoc/Projections/Projections_Cylindrical.aspx (461 words)

	GIS Glossary
		Aphylactic Projection- A term rarely used to qualify a projection as having neither the equal area or conformal characteristics.
		In the case of the Transverse Mercator projection, the central meridian is the great circle/geodesic at which the projection surface, i.e.
		The traditional Mercator projection has the cylinder wrapped so that it is tangent to the earth at the equator.
	www.mentorsoftwareinc.com /resource/glossary.htm (3551 words)

	Understanding map projections
		A map projection is a mathematical formula used to convert the three-dimensional surface of the earth to a two-dimensional surface, such as a map.
		For example, although the Mercator projection is often used for world mapping, it does not preclude it from being used for regions on or close to the equator with a predominately east-west extent.
		The Transverse Mercator projection is tangent along a meridian (as opposed to the equator for the Mercator projection).
	mapshop.esri.com /help/concepts_projections.htm (1978 words)

	Mercator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The classic schoolroom map of the Earth in Mercator projection that has convinced generations of school children that Greenland is as large as North America is a case in point.
		Mercator had moved to Duisburg in 1552 after the University of Louvain interceded to have him freed from prison where he had languished for seven months after being charged with heresy in 1544.
		A Transverse Mercator projection is achieved when the Mercator projection's cylinder is rotated about the Earth so that instead of the Equator being the central ring of the cylinder a Meridian (that is, a longitude line) becomes the central ring.
	exchange.manifold.net /manifold/manuals/5_userman/mfd50Mercator.htm (394 words)

	Mercator
		Mercator reasoned that since the meridians approached one another as one approached the poles, while the distance between them was represented by a constant distance on the map, the perpendicular distance should increase proportionally, to make the scales equal in all directions.
		Mercator had no calculus, as we have, to work out the projection exactly, but he could measure the distances between meridians on his globe and draw his map accordingly, using what we would now call numerical integration.
		The Mercator map is a conformal map with the scale decreasing toward the poles.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/math/mercator.htm (3839 words)

	Cylindrical Projections
		Mercator's projection is partially developed by projecting the globe onto the cylinder from the center of the globe.
		For example, to create the Transverse Mercator map showing North and South America, with a central meridian of -90 degrees West and centered on the Equator, shown in the upper-right corner of the figure in the Mercator Projection section.
		The cylindrical equidistant projection is one of the simplest projections to construct.
	www.physics.nyu.edu /grierlab/idl_html_help/projections10.html (1002 words)

	PM-ESIP - Projections
		This projection is made by projecting the Earth from a point opposite the plane of projection.
		For a north polar projection, the point is the south pole; for a south polar projection, the point is the north pole.
		This projection is produced by projecting the Earth on an infinite number of cones tangent to an infinite number of parallels of latitude.
	pm-esip.msfc.nasa.gov /compliance/home/8b.html (660 words)

	Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This limits the utility of the Mercator projection to regions near the Equator.
		system of projections deals with this by defining 60 different standard projections, each one of which is a different Transverse Mercator projection that is slightly rotated to use a different meridian as the central line of tangency.
		For example, in the region of France where the UTM projection had the continental landmass crossing the channel there is a very slight North/South offset but otherwise the two projections are virtually the same.
	www.manifold.net /doc/700/universal_transverse_mercator_utm_.htm (1114 words)

	Mercator projection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator, in 1569.
		The abuse of the Mercator projection in world representations, as well as the controversy caused by the political promotion of the so-called Gall-Peters projection, led several American geographic societies to approve, in 1989-90, a recommendation rejecting the use of rectangular world maps for general purposes or artistic displays.
		Although the Mercator projection is still in common use for navigation, critics argue that it is not suited to representing the entire world in publications and wall maps due to its distortion of land area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mercator_projection (1278 words)

	Illinois Geographic Information Council
		Projecting geographical information from the surface of the earth to a plane is a two stage process.
		First the points must be projected form the surface of the earth to an ellipsoid and then the point is projected form the ellipsoid onto a plane.
		A second problem with this projection is that the scale distortions are very large because the standard parallels are located hundreds of km outside of the geographical extents of the state.
	www.illinois.gov /ilgic/projection.cfm (1940 words)

	Map Projection
		The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection is a derivative of the Mercator projection which was developed by Gerardus Mercator in the 1500s.
		In both the Mercator and Transverse Mercator projections, the earth is represented on a flat surface by placing a cylinder around the earth.
		The UTM projection is broken down into zones each of which is 6° of longitude wide with Zone 1 beginning at 180° west longitude and covering the 6° to 174° west longitude.
	www.for.gov.bc.ca /dfn/stewardship/utm.htm (518 words)

	Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system
		A mercator projection is a ‘pseudocylindrical’ conformal projection (preserves shape).
		What a transverse mercator projection does, in effect, is orient the ‘equator’ north-south (through the poles), thus providing a north-south oriented swath of little distortion.
		The zones are further subdivided into an eastern and western half by drawing a line, representing a transverse mercator projection, down the middle of the zone.
	www.cs.nmsu.edu /~jbj/index_auxil/idaho_virtual_campus/utm.htm (621 words)

	Map Projections Poster
		For example, the basic Mercator projection is unique; it yields the only map on which a straight line drawn anywhere within its bounds shows a particular type of direction, but distances and areas are grossly distorted near the map's polar regions.
		Some projections are suited for mapping large areas that are mainly north-south in extent, others for large areas that are mainly east-west in extent, and still others for large areas that are oblique to the Equator.
		Cylindrical— Mathematically projected on a cylinder tangent to the Equator.
	erg.usgs.gov /isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections.html (3465 words)

	NOAA ARL - Using the Dmapf Routines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Cmapf routines deal only with the cases in which the projection surfaces are either axially aligned with the Earth's North-South axis, (in the case of the Mercator Cylindrical or the Lambert Conic Projection) or orthogonal to the Earth's axis (in the case of the Polar Stereographic Projection.
		for a normal (polar) Lambert projection with reflat being the latitude at which the projection plane, cone, or cylinder is tangent to the Earth, while reflon is the longitude of some point 180 degrees away from the cut.
		For example, in a Mercator projection, it will often be better to select two points of the same latitude or the same longitude, to ensure exact N-S orientation of the grid.
	www.arl.noaa.gov /ss/models/DmapfCUse.html (1502 words)

	Transverse Mercator Projection
		a transverse Mercator projection, the cylinder is ro-tated
		On the transverse Mercator projection, however, the area in the higher longitude would be larger.
		A Mercator projection table is used to plot the meridional distances.
	www.tpub.com /inteng/9g.htm (412 words)

	Conformal, Polyconic Projections
		Polyconic projections - points on the surface of the earth are projected on to a series of frustrums of cones that are fitted together.
		Mercator projection - map projection on a cylinder tangent to the earth at the equator
		Transverse Mercator projection - an ordinary Mercator projection turned through a 90° angle so that it is related to a central meridian.
	www.bae.uky.edu /~precag/modules/cpp.html (460 words)

	Map Projection Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Map projections are attempts to portray the surface of the earth or a portion of the earth on a flat surface.
		Gall's stereographic cylindrical projection results from projecting the earth's surface from the equator onto a secant cylinder intersected by the globe at 45 degrees north and 45 degrees south.
		The Peters projection is a cylindrical equal-area projection that de-emphasizes area exaggerations in high latitudes by shifting the standard parallels to 45 or 47 degrees.
	www.geo.ut.ee /kartool/p_dana/mapproj.htm (1804 words)

	Exercise in Map Projections
		Map projection involves taking data whose spatial coordinates are defined in terms of latitude and longitude on a curved earth surface and transforming those data so that their spatial coordinates are defined in terms of Easting and Northing or (x,y) on a flat map surface.
		This projection is "conformal" in the sense that lines of latitude and longitude, which are perpendicular to one another on the earth's surface, are also perpendicular to one another in the projected domain.
		The term transverse arises from the fact that the axis of the cylinder is perpendicular or transverse to the axis of rotation of the earth.
	www.ce.utexas.edu /prof/maidment/CE397/project/project.htm (3488 words)

	Section 7-4
		In this projection the central meridian is the equivalent of the equator in the Mercator projection.
		The Transverse sinusoidal projection does not preserve distance, as is shown in Figure 7-13, where the relative difference from true scale in the x-direction is mapped.
		The non-conformity of the projection is shown in Figure 7-14, which gives the local change in angle of two lines that are perpendicular on the sphere.
	www.geology.ohio-state.edu /~vonfrese/arctic/text7-4.htm (1567 words)

	Project 1: Sample Report
		Projections are mathematical formulas that project the features of the earth onto a flat surface, while trying to minimize the distortion in one of the geometric properties.
		The Transverse Mercator projection was chosen for this map because it preserves the property of shape.
		The Transverse Mercator Projection is conformal, meaning the angles and shapes on the globe are the same on the map.
	www.personal.psu.edu /ter148/Project1Report.html (1510 words)

	Mercator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Many countries and US states use Transverse Mercator for their grid systems, especially countries such as New Zealand, which are long N/S and narrow E/W. There are some coordinates that use a State Plane Coordinate System.
		The Transverse Mercator projection is used, with the cylinder in 60 positions.
		Put another way: UTM projection is used to define horizontal positions world-wide by dividing the surface of the Earth into 6 degree zones, each mapped by the Transverse Mercator projection with a central meridian in the center of the zone.
	www.vterrain.org /Projections/UTM.html (534 words)

	Lat/Lon, Mercator's, Lambert's (Oh My!) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The mathematical process of mapping a curved surface onto a plane is called "projection." It is simplest (though not accurate) to imagine the process as if one were to place a light bulb at the center of a globe, and shine the light through the globe ("project" it) onto a map surface.
		A tangent conic projection is one based on a cone that touches the surface of the globe along only one circle, a secant conic projection intersects the surface along two (passing inside the globe in some region).
		A transverse Mercator projection is subject to all the same distortion of a Mercator projection, turned on its side.
	www.swcp.com /csar/Projections.shtml (2228 words)

	Project 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A Transverse Mercator projection is good for maps that focus on areas that lie from North to South, rather than East-West.
		Map projections make a compromise between size and shape; when a map projection preserves size, it is at the expense of distorting shape.
		The Transverse Mercator projection is a conformal projection that preserves shape, but does this at the expense of distorting size the further you get from the central meridian.
	www.personal.psu.edu /sya108/proj1.html (790 words)

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