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	The History of Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons
		The Transylvanian Highlands are in the centre of the country, with hills and mountains ranging in height between 300 metres and 800 metres.
		It was not difficult for the Transylvanian Saxons to approve this development since on December 1, 1918 in Alba-Iulia (Karlsburg), Romania had guaranteed to all groups of its population "full ethnic freedom for the fellow citizens".
		Of all atrocities, the Transylvanian Saxons were only spared the acts of banishment and revenge which occurred in other east European countries at the hands of the people of the country where they had peacefully coexisted with other groups for centuries.
	www.sibiweb.de /geschi/7b-history.htm (15846 words)

	Transylvanian Saxons - Lardydar Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Kingdom of Hungary's medieval eastern borders were therefore defended in the northeast by the Nösnerland Saxons, in the east by the non-German Szeklers, in the southeast by the castles built by the Teutonic Knights and Burzenland Saxons, and in the south by the Altland Saxons.
		Numerous Saxons have emigrated to Germany, especially after the fall of the Eastern Bloc in 1989, and are represented by the Landsmannschaft der Siebenbürger Sachsen in Deutschland.
		Due to this emigration from Romania the population of Saxons is dwindling.
	www.lardydar.com /search/wiki/index.php?title=Transylvanian_Saxons (1519 words)

	Anthropology Matters Journal 2006, vol. 8 (1). Schiltz: 'Filming Ethnicity'
		Saxons had the right to cultivate their land without any feudal obligations, and were free to organise guilds.
		Saxons are fluent in Romanian and use this language in their everyday life, in interaction with non-Saxons.
		The Saxons are very proud of their fortified churches, but many buildings are in a very bad state due to a lack of funds for renovation.
	www.anthropologymatters.com /journal/2006-1/schiltz_2006_filming.htm (5229 words)

	Transylvanian Saxons
		In 1848, the Fundus Regius territory of the Saxons contained 271 villages, boroughs and towns populated by 275,000 inhabitants (172,000 Saxons and 203,000 Romanians) ruled by an autonomous territorial-administrative entity called the Universitas Saxonum, with its political, administrative and religious center at Sibiu (Hermannstadt).
		The patriciate and Saxon civil servants tended to defend Habsburg absolutism and the Uniotrium nationum (1437) the Magyars, Szeklers, and Saxons which was its basis.
		The abolition of censorship and the institution of freedom of press and assembly gave birth to an unpreceeded political activity in the regions inhabited by Transylvanian Saxons.
	cscwww.cats.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/rz/transax.htm (1630 words)

	East European Studies : Publications : Meeting Reports
		In Transylvania, the evolution of the political life of the Saxon Lutheran Church was strongly impacted by the land reforms introduced in Romania during the 1920s, influencing primarily the land held by the Church - the single largest landlord in the Saxon community.
		However, from the 1930s, increasingly radical elements were elected to the Church leadership, and by the 1940s the Transylvanian Saxons' National Socialist party was in control of decision-making.
		To be sure, there were leaders within the Church strongly opposing the Nazi takeover of the Transylvanian Saxon community, the most vocal being Muller, the Lutheran Minister of Sibiu.
	www.wilsoncenter.org /index.cfm?topic_id=1422&fuseaction=topics.publications&doc_id=8280&group_id=7427 (1547 words)

	ts. papers all2
		The Turks, the new rulers in the Transylvanian basin.
		The majority of Transylvanian population was ethnically non-Romanian, mostly Hungarian and German.
		Following the collapse of the dual monarchy the representatives of the Transylvanian Romanians met in Alba Iulia (Karlsburg) for a national assembly and voted (on 1 December 1918) for the unification of Transylvania with Romania.
	www.east-west-wg.org /cst/cst-trans/e_saxons.html (4624 words)

	The Saxons
		Indeed, there was no Saxon nobility per se; if someone of Saxon origin had other claim to nobility and owned land in the Saxon district, he bore the same tax burden as burghers of similar financial means, and he was equally subject to Saxon law.
		Transylvanian Saxons profited disproportionately from the construction boom, and the general rise in spending, during the peaceful rule of Vasile Lupu and Matei Basarab in Moldavia and Wallachia.
		If the Saxons were affected by the economic upswing in Moldavia and Wallachia, the impact of the policies adopted by György Rákóczi II was just as great.
	mek.oszk.hu /03400/03407/html/209.html (1610 words)

	Transylvania
		The Transylvanian plateau, 300 to 500 metres (1,000-1,600 feet) high, is drained by the Mureş, Someş, Criş, and Olt rivers, as well as other tributaries of the Danube.
		This made possible the organisation of the Transylvanian Catholic episcopacy which was finished in 1009 when the bishop of Ostia as the legate of the Pope paid a visit to Stephen; together they approved the division of the dioceses and their boundaries.
		The latter period of Báthory rule saw a four-sided conflict in Transylvania involving the Transylvanians, the Austrians, the Ottomans, and the Voivod of Wallachia, Prince Michael the Brave.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/tr/Transylvania.htm (4041 words)

	Saxon people - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia
		The Saxons long avoided becoming Christians (see Ewald the Black) and being incorporated into the orbit of the Frankish kingdom, but were decisively conquered by Charlemagne in a long series of annual campaigns (772 - 804).
		The label "Saxons" was generally applied to German settlers who migrated during the 13th century to south-eastern Transylvania in present-day Romania, where their descendants numbered a quarter of a million in the early decades of the 20th century.
		A number of Saxons, along with Angles, Jutes, Franks and Frisians, invaded or migrated to the island of Great Britain (Britannia) around the time of the collapse of Roman authority in the west.
	www.tvwiki.tv /wiki/Saxons (1056 words)

	the XVth Biennial Conference of the Australasian Association for European History, Melbourne
		During the interwar period, Transylvanian Saxon intellectuals attempted to formulate a multi-ethnic identity, "Transylvanianism", to unite the inhabitants of the region and offer an alternative to the pervasive nation-state.
		Transylvanianism drew heavily from the German notion of the Heimat, an idealised semi-rural landscape characterised by social harmony and a closely knit local community, and excluding troubling or challenging elements of modernity.
		Transylvanianism was rooted in a common landscape, shared history of co-habitation and shared cultural 'language', which bound the ethnicities of the region more tightly together than to their co-ethnics living elsewhere.
	www.history.unimelb.edu.au /AAEH/speakers/Davis.html (309 words)

	Saxons information - Search.com
		The Saxons or Saxon people are part of the German people with its main areas of settlements in the German Federal States of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and the northern part of North-Rhine-Westphalia.
		The label "Saxons" was also applied to German settlers who migrated during the 13th century to south-eastern Transylvania in present-day Romania, where their descendants numbered a quarter of a million in the early decades of the 20th century.
		A number of Saxons, along with Angles, Jutes, Frisians and possibly Franks, invaded or migrated to the island of Great Britain (Britannia) around the time of the collapse of Roman authority in the west.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Saxons (1204 words)

	Transylvania Trust - Endangered Architectural Heritage
		The notion (1), state (2), qualitative and quantitative parameters (3) of the endangered Transylvanian (Middle Eastern European) architectural heritage, as well as the past and present state of its preservation, the social co-ordinates (4-5-6) and the tasks of specialists involved in its preservation all sustain the necessity of this project.
		It is the duty of Transylvanian specialists, fully aware of the seriousness of the situation, to make their thoughts public, and, more important, to create concrete projects and co-ordinate the preservation activities, finding and using all available resources, in order to save the endangered architectural heritage.
		The Transylvanian (Middle and Eastern European) Endangered Architectural Heritage - State Assessment and Preservation 1997-2005 project was initiated in 1997 by the Department of History of Architecture and Preservation of Historic Monuments of the Budapest Technical University and is supervised by the Transylvania Trust Foundation.
	artnouveau.org /TTF/magarch.html (1611 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Transylvanian Saxons
		The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen; erdélyi szászok; Saşi) are a people of German origin who settled in Transylvania from the 12th century onwards.
		Numerous Saxons have immigrated to Germany, especially after the fall of the Eastern Bloc in 1989, and are represented by the Landsmannschaft der Siebenbürger Sachsen in Deutschland.
		The Saxons remaining in Romania are represented by the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons (1426 words)

	Overview
		When the German colonists ("Transylvanian Saxons") came to Transylvania, in the 12th century, they found the Romanian population organized in specific political forms.
		Sibiu became the political center of the Transylvanian Saxons, where the "Academia Saxorum", the parliament of the 7 Saxon fortresses was elected.
		Together this two forces, the Saxons in the towns and the Romanians in the villages withheld the repeated attempts of the Communists to extinguish a culture which had resisted over centuries.
	www.sibiunet.ro /content/p_overvi.htm (447 words)

	History Books
		Romanians in Transylvanian territory were first mentioned in historical documents from the 13th century, where they were referred to as Vlachs.
		The autonomous Transylvanian constitution was reintroduced by the Diploma of October 1860.
		Saxons, fearing of loosing their national rights, and Romanians, desiring an independent state, were not happy with this union.
	members.aol.com /revanche2/Hisstory.html (547 words)

	[No title]
		This in spite of the fact that the last Transylvanian Diet, called without the approval of the Emperor, already freed 160,000 families at the end of March, and that most of these were Romanian.
		The increase in Roman Catholics was 0.9% and in Greek Catholics it was 0.57%.
		The Saxon fear of the oppressive Dual Monarchy was much relieved when it became apparent that their age-old, characteristic economic activity and influence would not be affected.
	www.hungarianhistory.com /lib/transy2/transy10.htm (6310 words)

	The German colonists. The Universitas Saxorum
		The Transylvanian Saxons lived in towns and villages that didn’t form a closed territory of their own, but often were isolated from each other, with land and settlements of other ethnicities between them.
		The young men from the "Volksdeutsche" communities, the Transylvanian Saxons and the Swabians from the Banat of Temes and the Hungarian territories were drafted into the German army and the SS.
		Nowadays the Saxon towns and villages are mainly populated by Romanians and Gypsies.
	www.alanier.at /Sachsen.html (2458 words)

	Saxons at AllExperts
		The Saxons or Saxon people are (nowadays) part of the German people with its main areas of settlements in the German States of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, the northern part of North-Rhine-Westphalia and the northeastern part of the Netherlands (Twente, Achterhoek).
		During the 5th century AD, the Saxons were part of the people invading the Romano-British province of Britannia, thus forming the Anglo-Saxons.
		The Anglo-Saxon historian Bede writing around the year 730 remarks that "the old Saxons have no king, but they are governed by several orldermen (satrapas), who during war cast lots for leadership, but who in time of peace are equal in power".
	en.allexperts.com /e/s/sa/saxons.htm (1117 words)

	Untitled Document
		The origin of this form of architecture is very obvious; it was necessary to have a defence against the incursions of the Tartars and Turks, who for centuries troubled the peace of this fair land.
		In every village of the Saxons in the south and east of Transylvania the church is also a fortified place, fitted to maintain a siege if necessary.
		The construction of these buildings varies according to circumstances: the general character is that the sacred edifice is surrounded, or forms part of a strong wall with its watchtowers; not infrequently a second and even a third wall surround the place.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/GeogHist/histories/histdocts/Biblio19/19/Crosse/1878trnslvnagermans.html (754 words)

	New Page 1
		The Turks, the new rulers in the Transylvanian basin.
		Following the collapse of the dual monarchy the representatives of the Transylvanian Romanians met in Alba Iulia (Karlsburg) for a national assembly and voted (on 1 December 1918) for the unification of Transylvania with Romania.
		As the Saxons were the only ones with a autonomous political tradition, they took over the leading position of ethnic Germans in Romania.
	www.geocities.com /crissium/saxon.html (4555 words)

	The Saxon villages
		Each Saxon settlement is a world in itself, with its own church, school and shop, and in fact each home is self-contained with its own baking oven, kitchen garden, wine making equipment and so on.
		The church dates from the 13th Century with a complex of walls and courtyards begun in 1421 (the year after the first Turkish invasion) and 17th-Century storehouses, with a locally painted altarpiece and an octagonal tower both from 1460-1.
		From the top of the stairs over the entrance to the inner precinct you can reach the defence passage with an early version of a Gatling gun, five barrels on one plank which can be loaded and fired in turn.
	www.topedge.com /rilw/saxon.html (624 words)

	A SHORT HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA
		While most Transylvanian peasants were serfs of the nobility, the Szeklers retained their status of free soldiers, and the Saxons obtained the right of self-government.
		They were distinguished from the roman Catholic Hungarians and Saxons by belonging to the Greek Orthodox religion.
		In 1526 the Kingdom of Hungary was defeated by an invading Turkish army in the battle of Mohács, the King himself dying on the battlefield.
	www.hungarianhistory.com /lib/faf/toc02.htm (1268 words)

	Historical Reflections
		The mass immigration of Saxons to America actually began in the late 1880’s and occurred primarily in three separate periods: First period begain 1886 and ended in 1914 due to the outbreak of the first World War.
		As the Saxon began their new life in America, they gathered together in neighborhood groups similar to what they were used to back home in Transylvania.
		In 1956, the Saxons in America donated $6,000 to the Building Fund for the American Museum of Immigration that was later built at the base of the Statute of Liberty.
	www.atsaxons.com /historical-reflections.htm (1398 words)

	Siebenbürgen - Exeter German Dialects Linklist
		A selection of pages on Transylvanian Saxon etymology, phrases and expressions from HOG Schäßburg, an association for Transylvanian Saxons who live outside Sighisoara.
		The Transylvanian Saxon dialect contains many different subdialects which vary from village to village in the way that they are both written and spoken.
		aims to capture the phonetic, grammatical and lexical idiosyncrasies of the approximately 250 Transylvanian Saxon dialects in accordance with academic principles.
	www.ex.ac.uk /~pjoyce/dialects/romsieben.html (664 words)

	Saxons Fade Away in Transylvania
		The rest of the Saxon infrastructure in the village is gone, including shops and inns where, so Hutter recalls, Saxons sat on one side and Romanians the other.
		Her reaction was probably typical of many modern, left-of-centre Germans who find Transylvanian Saxon culture - so quaint and folkloric to outsiders - uncomfortable and evocative of a Germany they would prefer to forget.
		Saxon heritage has never been more in vogue - certainly not since the 1940s, when the communists began their half-century of rule in Romania.
	www.iwpr.net /?p=brn&s=f&o=324630&apc_state=henh (1253 words)

	Territorial Association of the Transylvanian Saxons in Germany (Germany)
		Territorial Association of the Transylvanian Saxons in Germany (Germany)
		Territorial Association of the Transylvanian Saxons in Germany
		He explained that the Landsmannschaft of the Transylvanian Saxons use a blue-red hanging flag (Banner) with the coat-of-arms.
	www.fotw.net /FLAGS/de}lm_ts.html (184 words)

	Historic Centre of Sighişoara - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
		Founded by German craftsmen and merchants known as the Saxons of Transylvania, Sighisoara is a fine example of a small, fortified medieval town which played an important strategic and commercial role on the fringes of central Europe for several centuries.
		Criterion (iii):Sighisoara is an outstanding testimony to the culture of the Transylvanian Saxons, a culture that is coming to a close after 850 years and will continue to exist only through its architectural and urban monuments.
		The apparently unstoppable process of emigration by the Saxons, the social stratum which had formed and upheld the cultural traditions of the region, threatens the survival of their architectural heritage as well.
	whc.unesco.org /pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=902 (179 words)

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