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	High treason in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Petty treason ceased to be a distinct offence from murder in 1828.
		Under a law of James I, it was high treason to purport to release a subject of his allegiance to the Crown and to reconcile him or her with a foreign power.
		Under laws passed after James II was deposed, it became treasonable to correspond with the Jacobite claimants, or to hinder succession to the Throne under the Act of Settlement 1701, or to publish that anyone other than the individual specified by the Act of Settlement had the right to inherit the Crown.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/High_treason_in_the_United_Kingdom (4032 words)

	Treason Trial - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Treason Trial was a trial in which 156 people (105 Blacks, 21 Indians, 23 Whites and 7 Coloureds), including Nelson Mandela, were arrested in a raid and accused of treason in South Africa in 1956.
		They were charged with "high treason and a countrywide conspiracy to use violence to overthrow the present government and replace it with a communist state." The punishment for high treason was death.
		During the trials, Oliver Tambo left the country and was exiled.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treason_Trial (366 words)

	treason. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Petit treason was the murder of one’s lawful superior, e.g., murder of his master by an apprentice.
		In the 19th cent., the English law was reformed; petit treason was abolished, cruel methods of executing traitors were forbidden, and many types of treason (e.g., counterfeiting) were made felonies that involved a lesser penalty than death.
		Article 3 of the Constitution thus provides that treason shall consist only in levying war against the United States or in giving aid and comfort to its enemies and that conviction may be had only on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act or on confession in open court.
	www.bartleby.com /65/tr/treason.html (461 words)

	Political Trials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Treason Trial was the main attack on the Freedom Charter, but in the end the court acquitted and discharged all the accused.
		The Rivonia Trial was the outcome of a raid by the South African Police on the farm Lilliesleaf at Rivonia, near Johannesburg, on 11 July 1963.
		Judgment in the trial of Moumbaris, Cholo, Mpanza, Mtembu, Sijaka and Hosey, 1973
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/history/trials/index.html (409 words)

	The Treason Trial: A Mockery Of Justice!
		As we have observed the treason trial since it commenced few months ago, it is becoming clear each day of the trial proceedings that justice will not be rendered fairly and impartially.
		The Dokie trial was held to exonerate the government; whereas the aim of this trial is for the government to convict the defendants.
		Since that did not work to perfection, this treason charge and the trial are signals to discourage any attempt to topple our nascent government." According to the source, "Judge Metzger may used the case to liberate the judicial system which is considered "rotten" with a non-guilty verdict.
	www.theperspective.org /treason.html (1133 words)

	Treason Trial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		They were charged with "high treason and a countrywide conspiracy to use violence to overthrow the present government and replace it with a communist state." The punishment for high treason was death.
		The trial required two stages, a preparatory examination in a magistrates court which would determine if there was sufficient evidence to support a trial, and then, if evidence existed, a trial by the Supreme Court.
		The main trial lasted until 1961, when all of the; defendants were found not guilty.
	www.wikipedia-mirror.co.za /t/r/e/Treason_Trial_8f1d.html (390 words)

	Treason Under the Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		treason" prosecutions may be used in the rough and tumble of domestic faction; and suggests a general public interest in a reasonable certainty as to the extent of political crimes, so that men may speak and act their political roles with proper freedom and live with a decent sense of security.
		treason was inherently a crime of deliberate, preconceived intention, developed another facet of a cautiously defined specific intent: mere presence in a riotous assembly or sudden, impulsive joining in damage wrought, would not raise an adequate inference of participation in a design to levy war.
		treason clause, that even the man whose purpose seems to be merely the obvious and undivided one of tying a shoelace may be conveying military intelligence to an observer according to a prearranged code.
	www.apfn.org /apfn/treason_5.htm (11852 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A classic case was the trial of Algernon Sidney, beheaded in 1683 for plotting against the king, based largely on passages from his treatise, Discourses Concerning Government, published posthumously in 1698.
		In a celebrated trial in 1603 Sir Walter Raleigh was accused of conspiracy to commit treason against the Crown by attempting to establish Arabella Stuart as queen of England.
		The fact that there has not been a treason trial in the UK for decades is not, in itself, a good reason not to lay the charge.
	www.lycos.com /info/treason--treason-trial.html (444 words)

	The Treason Trial - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A trial was set up and unusual measures were taken to make sure of the verdict, including special legislation being passed by parliament for the trial.
		The official announcement in November 1958 that the trial would proceed against only thirty of the accused had stated that the remaining sixty-one would also be re-indicted on a charge of treason and that their trial would begin on April 20, 1959, or afterwards.
		Therefore, after the longest Treason Trial in South African history, the remaining accused were all acquitted of treason.
	www.sahistory.org.za /pages/specialprojects/treasonTrial/intro.htm (745 words)

	White right-wingers face treason trial - smh.com.au
		Legal observers say the trial could drag on for as many as three years because of such challenges as well as the large number of witnesses the state intends to call.
		The accused - who face treason, terrorism, murder and attempted murder charges - are representative of the extreme right-wing of disaffected white Afrikaners who have seen centuries of privilege wane with the end of apartheid.
		The trial will be held at Pretoria's historically significant Palace of Justice, where more than four decades ago Mr Mandela and fellow anti-apartheid activists were given life sentences for sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government by revolution.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2003/05/18/1053196476278.html (365 words)

	Zanzibar' Treason Trial: Govt Objects To The Defense
		Dar Es Salaam - On Monday the treason trial resumed in Zanzibar and on his response to the defense submitted by the accused, 18 members of the Civic United Front (CUF), the Principal State Attorney, Salum Tawfig says accused have something to answer.
		According to the law, a person committed treason to a sovereign state to which he owned allegiance and since Zanzibar was not sovereign state, it was impossible to commit treason, he said.
		Some activists including Members of the Parliament from Tanzania Mainland had said the trial treason was a political issue, pressuring the government of Zanzibar to suspend it.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/36/320.html (817 words)

	Time for a treason trial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Hans Max Haupt was convicted of treason, and sentenced to life in prison for aiding his son who was a spy for Germany during World War II.
		Haupt's trial was the last treason case heard by the U.S. Supreme Court.
		They scoff because there is no such thing as treason, in their minds, and all things are fair game in pursuit of power, even at the expense of American lives, even when they find themselves the bedfellows of America’s worst enemies.
	www.freedom.org /news/200609/29/williams.phtml (1617 words)

	Judgement Verdict of Treason Trial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The real dispute at this stage of the trial is as to the meaning of the words “purporting to bind the accused” and as to whether these words refer to a mens rea of specific intent, that is of an intent to bind oneself to commit treason.
		However the offence carged in that case included a specific definition of an intent to assist the enemy, and the court held that it is not enough for the prosecution to rely on a general presumption of intent as to the natural consequences of one’s act.
		As to whether the purported effect of the words of the oaths had this effect, is a question of fact for the assessors, having been directed as to the legal definition of treason, in the context of the armed takeover of Parliament, and in the light of all the evidence led.
	www.flp.org.fj /n040812.htm (2957 words)

	iafrica.com \| news \| sa news Boeremag treason trial to resume
		The trial was postponed on December 3 to give defence advocates time to study about 800 pages of a police informer’s file, which formed the basis of the state's treason allegations against the 22 men in the dock.
		The accused men are standing trial for allegedly plotting a coup d'etat as members of the rightwing Boeremag organisation.
		The trial was to have started last May, but only got underway in October after numerous delays caused by wrangling with the Legal Aid Board and complaints of the accused being maltreated in prison.
	iafrica.com /news/sa/20640.htm (267 words)

	iafrica.com \| news \| sa news Boeremag treason trial postponed
		The Boeremag treason trial was postponed in the Pretoria High Court on Wednesday to next year.
		The trial is to resume on January 26, the first day after the court's year-end recess.
		The trial was to have started in May, but only got underway in October after numerous delays caused by wrangling with the Legal Aid Board and complaints of maltreatment in prison by the accused.
	iafrica.com /news/sa/129405.htm (237 words)

	Caprivi treason trial delays unacceptable, says Amnesty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		To mark the almost four-year delay in trial proceedings of the 122 defendants, the rights group released a new report on Monday titled "Justice Delayed is Justice Denied - The Caprivi Treason Trial".
		The defendants are accused of high treason, murder and other offences in connection with an attack by secessionist rebels on the Caprivi regional capital of Katima Mulilo in August 1999.
		When the treason trial resumes in October, the right of the defendants to a fair hearing may be seriously undermined," Amnesty said in a statement.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=35773 (543 words)

	Ethiopia: Prisoners of conscience on trial for treason: opposition party leaders, human rights defenders and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		On trial, and charged with crimes punishable by the death penalty, are newly-elected opposition party members of parliament, human rights defenders and journalists, whom Amnesty International considers to be prisoners of conscience.
		If this treason trial is not conducted fully in accordance with the relevant international standards of fairness, the consequences for human rights progress in Ethiopia could be very serious.
		He was convicted in an unfair trial for armed conspiracy, reportedly on the basis of false evidence given by a co-defendant as a result of torture.
	web.amnesty.org /library/index/engafr250132006 (8675 words)

	The Treason Trial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		For some time there had always been a question in peoples' minds as to why the government had allowed the Congress of the People in 1955, to take place.
		In 1956 their question was answered when 156 Congress leaders were arrested and put on trial for high treason.
		The swoop came in the early hours of the morning of 5 December and was executed with military precision.
	sahistory.org.za /pages/specialprojects/treasonTrial/menu.htm (162 words)

	The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr
		Marshall's refusal to insert the treason charge enraged President Jefferson, who suspected that the Chief Justice's judgment was warped in favor of Burr by his own dislike of Jefferson and the course of his Administration.
		The defense countered, arguing that to establish the crime of treason the prosecution must prove that an overt act of treason had been committed by the defendant in a war and that, under the Constitution, the overt act must be testified to by two witnesses and must have occurred in the district of the trial.
		The Hall of the Virginia House of Delegates, the site of the trial, was filled to capacity for opening of the prosecution case in the Burr trial.
	www.law.umkc.edu /faculty/projects/ftrials/burr/burraccount.html (4160 words)

	CNN.com - Arrests at Zimbabwe treason trial - Feb. 3, 2003
		Several people were arrested as baton-wielding police barred opposition politicians, lawyers, journalists and diplomats from the treason trial of Zimbabwe opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai.
		Bizos applied for an adjournment of the trial until it was opened to the public, Innocent Chagonda, a lawyer for the three accused, told AP.
		The trial comes a week ahead of the first of six World Cup cricket matches scheduled in Zimbabwe that have been the focus of calls for a boycott over Mugabe's repressive regime.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/africa/02/03/zimbabwe.tsvangirai0820 (606 words)

	Ethiopia: Treason trial of prisoners of conscience opens in Addis Ababa - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The organization issued a report, Ethiopia: Prisoners of conscience on trial for treason, providing a preliminary analysis of the trial, charges and defendants -- who include several lawyers and academics and a former UN Special Envoy.
		All except three are refusing to participate in the trial or present a defence on the grounds that they do not expect to receive a fair trial.
		The trial is likely to last several months, and will be observed by a European Union trial observer.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/ENGAFR250152006 (604 words)

	allAfrica.com: Namibia: Main Treason Trial Adjourned Until January (Page 1 of 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Judge Elton Hoff postponed the trial for the High Court's year-end recess last Monday, after he had heard the testimony that was given by the 87th witness to have testified for the prosecution so far in this marathon case.
		This year's proceedings in the main high treason trial started on January 17 with the State's 19th witness continuing with testimony that he had started giving in late November last year.
		By the time the trial was adjourned until next year, another 68 State witnesses had passed through the witness stand in the High Court on the grounds of Windhoek Central Prison.
	allafrica.com /stories/200612130276.html (709 words)

	"); NewWindow.document.write("IRINnews"); NewWindow.document.write(" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		JOHANNESBURG, 3 Feb 2003 (IRIN) - The first day of the treason trial of Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) leader Morgan Tsvangirai was marked by scuffles outside the court and an urgent court application by his legal team to have the public and the press admitted.
		Coltart said the treason trial only began after the MDC lawyers successfully sought an urgent court order allowing members of the public and press into the court room.
		Zimbabwe's last treason trial was in 1997 when Ndabaningi Sithole, once a close ally of Mugabe, was sentenced to two years in jail for the attempted assassination of Mugabe - a charge he denied.
	www.irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=32072 (543 words)

	Caprivi treason trial up and running again (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The two survivors of the accident that threw the trial off track, Deputy Prosecutors-General Herman January and Taswald July, were both back in court for the resumption of proceedings.
		The trial restarted with two of the nine defence lawyers telling the court that they will no longer represent one of their remaining clients.
		The basis of a charge of high treason is that it concerns acts against a state to which a person owes allegiance, Small said.
	www.namibian.com.na /2005/November/national/05E6AC15E4.html (737 words)

	afrol News - Treason trial against Zimbabwe opposition starts
		But journalists, opposition politicians, diplomats and activists were firmly rejected as they wanted to accompany the accused to the court room, where an open trial had been announced.
		The MDC lawyers, on the other hand, were given another argument by the incident, as the proceedings had been ordered to be open to the public by Judge Paddington Garwe.
		The demanded to adjourn the trial until an open hearing could be assured.
	www.afrol.com /News2003/zim008_tsvangirai_treason.htm (515 words)

	Essays.cc - Aaron Burr Treason Trial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This trial was the culmination of a personal political battle between two great figures where Jefferson would stop at nothing to destroy Burr…even if it meant abusing the principles that he himself help enshrine as the basis for the United States.
		The second charge was treason for having assembled an armed force for the purpose of seizing the city of New Orleans, revolutionizing Orleans Territory, and separating the Western from the Atlantic states.
		After the trial Burr was so hated by the public that he was almost lynched in the streets and was forced to flee America in a disguise to Europe where he stayed for four years in complete poverty.
	www.essays.cc /free_essays/d3/aym3.shtml (2846 words)

	Lawyer Cites Perceived Bias in Ethiopian Treason Trial
		He told English to Africa reporter Ashenafi Abedje what he thinks of the adjournment of the trial on its first day: “The fact that it was adjourned [will] jeopardize the defendants because they still have no opportunity to be heard by this court of law.
		Some say the integrity of the trial has been jeopardized by the refusal of the defendants to testify in their own behalf.
		If the defendants lose the case and appeal, they are appealing before the chief judge of the country, who is the chairman of the election board – against whom they were voicing their opinion.
	www.voanews.com /english/Africa/2006-02-23-voa65.cfm (430 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Burr had not been present at the alleged assemblage of men, so he could only be convicted of the lesser charge of conspiracy.
		In fact, this type of remark sparked the first use, under the 1352 statute, of words to establish the act of imagining the king's death.
		See, e.g., regarding the "Northwest Confederacy conspiracy," Pitman, The Trials for Treason at Indianapolis (1865); Klaus, The Milligan Case (1929) 24; Milton, Abraham Lincoln and the Fifth Column (1942) 170, c.
	www.lycos.com /info/treason--united-states.html (513 words)

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