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Topic: Treaty 7

	Calgary & Southern Alberta - Treaty 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While the Canadian government perceived the treaty as a legal document that extinguished Aboriginal title to their land, members of the Blackfoot Confederacy understood the treaty process as a peacemaking venture – or, the forging of a new relationship.
		Treaty Seven also set aside one million acres for the Blackfoot Confederacy, creating the boundaries of present-day reservations in southern Alberta.
		Some historians and Treaty Seven elders have argued that it is questionable as to whether a "mutually understood" agreement could have been arrived at between a people representing a written culture and a people representing an oral culture.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/calgary/treaty7.html (431 words)

	Treaty 7 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Treaty 7 is an agreement concluded on 22 September 1877 between several mainly Blackfoot First Nations tribes, and Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom in what is today the southern portion of Alberta.
		Chief Crowfoot was one of the signatories to Treaty 7.
		Treaty 7 established a delimited area of land for the tribes (an Indian reserve), promised annual payments and/or provisions from the Queen to the tribes and promised continued hunting and trapping rights on the "tract surrendered".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_7 (269 words)

	Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, the Lebanese militia group Hizbullah resisted the treaty and 20 minutes prior to the signature ceremony shelled the northern Galilee settlements with mortar shells and rockets.
		The treaty would not affect their rights and obligations under the United Nations Charter, to fulfil in good faith their obligations and to abolish all pejorative references to each other.
		The treaty would be transmitted to the Secretary General of the United Nations for registration in accordance with the provisions of Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Israel-Jordan_Treaty_of_Peace (2370 words)

	CNN Cold War - Historical Documents: 1968 Nonproliferation Treaty
		Article VI Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.
		Five years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of Parties to the Treaty shall be held in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to review the operation of this Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the Preamble and the provisions of the Treaty are being realized.
		This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification by the States, the Governments of which are designated Depositaries of the Treaty, and forty other States signatory to this Treaty and the deposit of their instruments of ratification.
	edition.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/12/documents/1968.treaty (1537 words)

	CNN Cold War - Historical Documents: 1968 Nonproliferation Treaty
		Article VI Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.
		Five years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of Parties to the Treaty shall be held in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to review the operation of this Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the Preamble and the provisions of the Treaty are being realized.
		This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification by the States, the Governments of which are designated Depositaries of the Treaty, and forty other States signatory to this Treaty and the deposit of their instruments of ratification.
	asia.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/12/documents/1968.treaty (1537 words)

	1977 Treaty Text (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In accordance with the terms of this Treaty and related agreements, the Republic of Panama, as territorial sovereign, grants to the United States of America, for the duration of this Treaty, the rights necessary to regulate the transit of ships through the Panama Canal, and to manage, operate, maintain, improve, protect and defend the Canal.
		Consequently, during the duration of this Treaty, both Parties commit themselves to study jointly the feasibility of a sea-level canal in the Republic of Panama, and in the event they determine that such a waterway is necessary, they shall negotiate terms, agreeable to both Parties, for its construction.
		Treaty Concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal The United States of America and the Republic of Panama have agreed upon the following: Article I The Republic of Panama declares that the Canal, as an international transit waterway, shall be permanently neutral in accordance with the regime established in this Treaty.
	www.serve.com /~CZBrats/treaty77/trtext.htm (5900 words)

	May:In the Spirit of Inistisinni: the Sacred Basis of Treaty 7 and the Modern Day Obligations it Creates
		It lasts for the entire lifetime of the parties involved, which in the case of Treaty 7, means the First Nations and their descendants and the Great White Mother (Queen Victoria in 1877), and all of her descendants, including now Queen Elizabeth II.
		Understanding the sacred nature of Treaty 7, and Canada's duties as a result of it, is absolutely fundamental to understanding our role in the maintenance of the Treaty 7 Inistisinni relationship.
		Treaty justice is being seen to be done, albeit slowly, and only with the power of recommendation.
	www.glenbow.org /about/president/may2005.cfm (1150 words)

	True Spirit and Original Intent of Treaty 7
		There are several historical accounts of the Treaty 7 agreement between the government and prairie First Nations but none from the perspective of the aboriginal people involved.
		The elders consistently report that the treaty as they understood it was a peace treaty, not a surrender of land, and that they had agreed to "share" the land with the white newcomers in exchange for resources to establish new economies - education, medical assistance, and annuity payments.
		This review of the events and interpretations surrounding Treaty 7 takes place at a time when aboriginal and indigenous peoples all over the world are re-evaluating their relationships with imperial powers.
	www.mqup.mcgill.ca /book.php?bookid=1419 (391 words)

	Treaty #7 - Treaty 7 Management Corporation
		When Treaty Seven was made in 1877, it became the last in a series of agreements concluded between the Government of Canada and the Indians of the North-West during the decade of the 1870's.
		Therefore, during the period from 1871 to 1876, the government of Canada had systematically concluded treaties with all tribes in the arable regions of the North-West Territories, with the exception of those inhabiting some 50,000 square miles of land south of the Red Deer River and adjacent to the Rocky Mountains.
		In summary, the Treaty made provisions for one square mile for each Indian family, plus a limited supply of cattle, some farm equipment (one plow for each band) and a small amount of treaty and ammunition money.
	www.treaty7.org /Article.asp?ArticleID=1 (392 words)

	AMC Treaties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Robinson-Superior Treaty, 7 September 1850 was negotiated with the Chippewas of the Sault Ste.
		The provisions of Treaty 5 differed from those of Treaty 3 in one respect: land was to be provided for on the basis of 160 acres per family (and not per person as in Treaty 3).
		The impetus for Treaty 8, was the gold rush in the Klondike (1898), and the increase in economic activity in the region.
	www.manitobachiefs.com /treaty/timeline.html (3901 words)

	JFK Address to the American People on the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 7/26/63
		Any nation which signs the treaty will have an opportunity to withdraw if it finds that extraordinary events related to the subject matter of the treaty have jeopardized its supreme interests; and no nation's right of self-defense will in any way be impaired.
		If this treaty can also be a symbolic it can symbolize the end of one era and the beginning of another-if both sides can by this treaty gain confidence and experience in peaceful collaboration-then this short and simple treaty may well become an historic mark in man's age-old pursuit of peace.
		Under this limited treaty, on the other hand, the testing of other nations could never be sufficient to offset the ability of our strategic forces to deter or survive a nuclear attack and to penetrate and destroy an aggressor's homeland.
	www.ratical.org /co-globalize/JFK072663.html (3030 words)

	Mine Ban Treaty Turns 7
		The treaty comprehensively bans the use, production, and trade of antipersonnel mines, and requires destruction of stockpiled mines within four years and clearance of all mined areas within ten years.
		The treaty - which has been hailed as a unique partnership among governments, non-governmental organizations (led by the ICBL), the International Committee of the Red Cross, and UN agencies - has resulted in great successes, making a real difference in the lives of people in mine-affected communities all around the world.
		It appears that many of the Mine Ban Treaty States Parties with the earliest mine clearance deadlines, in 2009 and 2010, are not on track to meet those deadlines.
	www.banminesusa.org /news/882_treaty.htm (998 words)

	Canada's First Nations: Treaty Evolution
		The terms of the numbered treaties signed between the Indians of the Prairies and the Government of Canada in the 1870s were significantly influenced by the intentions and understanding of both parties.
		Since the treaties were signed, historians have debated the extent to which the government was exercising a benevolent plan towards the Indians as well as the extent to which the First Nations understood and participated in the treaty negotiations.
		For example, Treaty One was initially intended to be signed with the Ojibwa (Salteaux), however, the first four attempts to sign a treaty resulted in a stalemate because the Natives refused to agree to the government's terms.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/firstnations/terms.html (2361 words)

	"Guest Essay -- Sovereignty and Treaty Rights - We Remember", by G. Peter Jemison, Akwesasne Notes, Fall 1995
		I mention this because it is one of our efforts to bring this treaty to a level of recognition by not only the federal, but by the international community as well.
		In this treaty, Warrior Chiefs Joseph Brant of the Mohawks and Cornplanter of the Seneca conceded land in western New York State and in the Ohio Valley, land which the Six Nations was now trying to win back.
		County of Oneida, 414 U.S. (1974) (the Treaty of 1794 reflects the United States' acknowledgement that certain territory is the property of the Seneca Nation and that it shall remain theirs unless and until they choose otherwise; this Treaty determines the nature of these rights and is the supreme law of the land).
	www.ratical.org /many_worlds/6Nations/TreatyRights.html (5087 words)

	Copying People: Photographing British Columbia First Nations, 1860–1940 by Donald B. Smith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The volume produced by the Treaty 7 Tribal Council in southern Alberta is based primarily on Blackfoot (Siksika), Blood, Peigan, Sarcee (Tsuu T’ina), and Stoney (Nakoda) elders’ oral narratives of the important treaty signed in 1877.
		When interviewed about Treaty 7 and its aftermath, she stated that the presence of the missionaries had been positive: ‘They helped set up schools and helped educate Indians’ (158).
		The unanimity of the elders that Treaty 7 was ‘first and foremost a peace treaty’ (111) reinforces the findings of the Indian Association of Alberta’s interviews with Treaty 7 elders in the mid-1970s, reported in The Spirit of the Alberta Indian Treaties edited by Richard Price.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/chr/793/copyingpeople.html (1369 words)

	NATO Basic Documents: The North Atlantic Treaty
		The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments.
		The definition of the territories to which Article 5 applies was revised by Article 2 of the Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the accession of Greece and Turkey signed on 22 October 1951.
		The Treaty came into force on 24 August 1949, after the deposition of the ratifications of all signatory states.
	www.nato.int /docu/basictxt/treaty.htm (828 words)

	WIPO Copyright Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		(1) This Treaty is a special agreement within the meaning of Article 20 of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, as regards Contracting Parties that are countries of the Union established by that Convention.
		This Treaty shall be open for signature until December 31, 1997, by any Member State of WIPO and by the European Community.
		The Director General of WIPO is the depositary of this Treaty.
	www.wipo.int /treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html (2141 words)

	Alberta Online Encyclopedia - Treaty 7 - Treaty 7 Past and Present - Home
		For the leaders of the Plains First Nations, the treaty to be discussed was a peace treaty, a means of working out the sharing of their traditional lands with European settlers who were setting up homesteads there.
		Treaty 7 was, and still is, an important document in the histories of Canada, Alberta, and the First Nations peoples who had known these lands long before the first Europeans set foot upon the soil.
		The Making of Treaty 7: This section examines the factors that contributed to the making of Treaty 7 in 1877, chronicles the events surrounding the actual treaty negotiations, and explores the perspectives of government and First Nations in the years following the treaty signing.
	www.albertasource.ca /treaty7 (434 words)

	President Clinton on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 7/20/99 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The treaty gives us new means to pursue this important mission -- a global network of sensors and the right to request short notice, on-sight inspections in other countries.
		Unfortunately, the Test Ban Treaty is now imperiled by the refusal of some senators even to consider it.
		The Kyoto Treaty -- all the people who say they're not for the Kyoto Treaty insist that we involve the developing nations in it.
	www.un.int /usa/99cl720.htm (1086 words)

	CANADIAN NATIVE NATIONS -- Treaties Mapindex
		Approximately 80 treaties with Native Nations had been signed by the English prior to passage of the North America Act, all of them are valid and to be honored in law through this Act.
		This treaty diminishes an early one (1836) in which the whole of Manitoulin Island was to be reserved Indian land.
		At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, several numbered treaties were signed with tribes of northern Alberta province (admitted to Canada in 1905), Northern Saskatchewan (admitted 1905), Northern Manitoba (admitted 1912), and the northern or former Hudson's Bay land grant, of Northern Ontario (which had already been admitted to Canada, 1867).
	www.kstrom.net /isk/maps/cantreat.html (2058 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Administration now opposes inspections as part of nuclear treaty
		For several years the United States and other nations have been pursuing the treaty, which would ban new production by any state of highly enriched uranium and plutonium for weapons.
		The planned treaty wouldn't affect existing stockpiles or production for non-weapons purposes, such as energy or medical research.
		Mainly, it was designed to impose restraints on India, Pakistan and Israel, whose nuclear programs operate outside the reach of Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty inspectors.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2001993671_nukes31.html (245 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union : Seven Reasons the US Should Reject the International Cybercrime Treaty
		While there are some exceptions in the treaty that allow a signatory to refuse to cooperate because the offense being investigated is "political," these exceptions are far too limited and won't even apply to many of the most significant requests.
		And since the treaty doesn't even have a reporting requirement (requiring instances of cooperation with other countries on foreign crimes to be made public), law enforcement decisions on this sensitive issue may never be subject to civilian check or oversight.
		The treaty's vague and obscure intellectual property provisions could significantly expand criminal liability for intellectual property violations and further tilt copyright law away from the public interest.
	www.aclu.org /Privacy/Privacy.cfm?ID=13475&c=131 (1478 words)

	Project Censored Media democracy in action
		The rejected treaties include: The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), the Treaty Banning Antipersonnel Mines, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), a protocol to create a compliance regime for the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), the Kyoto Protocol on global warming, and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM).
		The ABM Treaty alone is a crucial factor in national security; letting Bush get away with facilitating its demise will destroy the balance of powers carefully crafted in our Constitution.
		The Bush Administration has no legitimate excuse for nullifying the ABM Treaty since the events that have threatened the security of the United States have not involved ballistic missiles, and none of them are in any way related to the subject matter of the ABM Treaty.
	www.projectcensored.org /publications/2004/7.html (1776 words)

	BREAKING NEWS! The Genocide Treaty
		The treaty says nothing about political crimes: only individual crimes; yet genocide is being carried on by political groups and political governments all around the world, even as I write these words.
		This newly ratified treaty permits one man to hail another man into court on the charge of genocide violation,—for having spoken words that bring “mental harm” to another person, part of a group, or entire group.
		And, because this treaty is based on a 96-nation mutual pact, or treaty, each nation will be required by all the others to search out and bring the specified criminal into court.
	www.remnantofgod.org /breaking-news.htm (2368 words)

	Alberta Online Encyclopedia - Treaty 7 - The Treaty Makers - Jerry Potts
		Potts was born in 1840 at Fort McKenzie on the Missouri River in the Montana Territories in the United States.
		Potts served as an interpreter for the treaty commission during the Treaty 7 talks in September 1877, though the actual role he played during the negotiations is the subject of some controversy.
		It is still said among Treaty 7 First Nations Elders that Potts’ real contribution that day was to help eliminate the First Nations voice from the negotiations.
	www.albertasource.ca /treaty7/treaty/makers_potts.html (732 words)

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