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Topic: Treaty between Tibet and Mongolia (1913)

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	Treaty between Tibet and Mongolia (1913)
		The Treaty of Friendship and Alliance Between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet was signed in 1913 at Urga (now Ulaanbaatar).
		However, neither the independence of Tibet or Mongolia were recognized by other powers which continued to recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of China over these areas.
		The interests of Western powers (particularly Russia and Britain) in these areas were guaranteed by treaties with the Qing dynasty which the Republic of China pledged to uphold and by recognizing the independence of Mongolia or Tibet, the Western powers would have invalidated those treaties.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tr/Treaty_between_Tibet_and_Mongolia_(1913).html (160 words)

	Tibet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tibet was a strong empire between the 7th and 10th centuries.
		The treaty made provisions for the frontier between Sikkim and Tibet to be respected, for freer trade between British and Tibetan subjects, and for an indemnity to be paid from the Tibetan Government to the British Government for its expenses in dispatching armed troops to Lhasa.
		In 1914, a treaty was negotiated in India by representatives of China, Tibet and Britain: the Simla Convention.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tibet (4477 words)

	Students for a Free Tibet : History and Culture
		Tibet was one of the mightiest powers of Asia for the three centuries that followed, as a pillar inscription at the foot of the Potala Palace in Lhasa and Chinese Tang histories of the period confirm.
		Whatever ties existed between the Dalai Lama and the Manchu emperors of the Qing Dynasty were extinguished with the fall of that empire and dynasty.
		Meanwhile, in Tibet religious persecution, consistent violations of human rights, and the wholesale destruction of religious and historic buildings by the occupying authorities have not succeeded in destroying the spirit of the Tibetan people to resist the destruction of their national identity.
	www.studentsforafreetibet.org /article.php?list=type&type=29 (1407 words)

	Treaty between Tibet and Mongolia (1913) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Treaty of Friendship and Alliance Between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet was signed in 1913 at Urga (now Ulaanbaatar).
		They concluded the treaty proclaiming the independence of Tibet and Mongolia, and mutual recognition.
		Mongolia gained an independent government in 1924 with the aid of Western powers (again, particularly Russia), and the Republic of China recognised its independence after World War II after pressure from Western powers (particularly Russia), but later turned retreated the recognition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_between_Tibet_and_Mongolia_(1913) (268 words)

	Tibet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Historically, the population of Tibet was primarily ethnic Tibetans.
		Tibet is the traditional center of Tibetan Buddhism, a distinctive form of Vajrayana.
		Tibet was explored by Francis Younghusband in 1902.
	www.gogoglo.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/t/ti/tibet.html (1862 words)

	Treaty between Tibet and Mongolia (1913) - RecipeFacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This meant that the Manchu Empire was dissolved into China, Mongolia, Tibet and Eastern Turkestan.
		However, the independence of neither Tibet nor Mongolia was recognized by other powers which continued to recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of China over these areas.
		Mongolia gained an independent government by 1924 with the aid of Western powers (again, particularly Russia), and the Republic of China recognised its independence after World War II after pressure from Western powers (particular Russia), but later turned retreated the recognition.
	www.recipeland.com /encyclopaedia/index.php/Treaty_between_Tibet_and_Mongolia_%281913%29 (245 words)

	Tibet: Major Historical Events \| Friends of Tibet (INDIA)
		Tibet and China sign a peace treaty, demarcating the boundaries of the two countries and pledging not to wage war against each other.
		Kubilai appoints Phagpa the ruler of all Tibet.
		The Thirteenth Dalai Lama ascends the throne of Tibet.
	www.friendsoftibet.org /main/tibet.html (510 words)

	History of Tibet - China History - China
		Tibet is situated between the two ancient cultural centers of India and China but its location on the remote Tibetan plateau served to isolate it from both.
		In 1907 a treaty between Britain, China, and Russia recognised Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, and in 1910 the Chinese sent a military expedition of their own to establish direct Chinese rule for the first time.
		In 1914 a treaty was negotiated in India by representatives of China, Tibet and Britain: the Simla Convention.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/History_of_Tibet (2998 words)

	The Historical Status of Tibet: A Summary
		Tibet wished to live peacefully by itself, so much so that it became known to the outside world as 'Shangrila' - a mystical and magnetizing country to those people fascinated by its remoteness, inaccessibility, and tales of a people living in complete harmony with themselves and nature.
		A formal peace treaty concluded between China and Tibet in 821-823 demarcated the borders between the two countries and ensured that, "Tibetans shall be happy in Tibet and Chinese shall be happy in China".
		Tibet was never incorporated into the Manchu empire, much less into China, and it continued to conduct its relations with neighbouring states largely alone.
	tibet.dharmakara.net /tibethistory.html (2452 words)

	Emergence of the Countries of Tibet and Mongolia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Tibet and Mongolia lie to the west and north, respectively, of China, and the histories of their emergence into nations often intertwine.
		The people of Mongolia and Tibet trace their histories from long before any country boundaries were definitively demarcated.
		The thirteenth Dalai Lama finally assumed control in 1913, and Tibet was left in peace until 1943.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/comp/cw30tibetmongolia.htm (2085 words)

	Free Tibet Campaign; A Free Tibet and end to Communist Chinese Rule
		Tibet can be used as the catalyst for change in human rights, womens rights, political, religious and cultural freedom across the globe.
		Meanwhile, in Tibet religious persecution, consistent violations of human rights, and the wholesale destruction of religious and historic buildings by the occupying authorities have not succeeded in destroying the spirit of the Tibetan people to resist the destruction of the national identity.
		Its claims are based solely on the alleged subjection of Tibet to a few of China's strongest foreign rulers in the 13th and 18th centuries.
	www.freetibet.net /action.html (2210 words)

	Political Status
		During the sixth and seventh Centuries Tibet became one of the mightiest powers in Asia, as witnessed by the inscription at the foot of the Potala Palace in Lhasa.
		Tibet was never incorporated into the Manchu Empire, much less China, and it continued to conduct its relations with neighbouring states largely on its own.
		As the British delegation reminded his Chinese counterpart, Tibet entered the conference as an "independent nation recognising no allegiance to China." The conference was unsuccessful in that it did not resolve the difference between Tibet and China.
	www.tibettruth.com /status.html (2341 words)

	Tibet - China Tour - Travel to China
		Tibet was a strong kingdom between the 7th and 10th centuries.
		Image:Flag of tibet.gifthumb300pxFlag of Government of Tibet in Exile and flag of Tibet before 1950: This version was introduced by the 13th Dalai Lama in 1912 and is now banned in the PRC as a symbol of separatism.
		Tibet is the traditional center of Tibetan Buddhism, a distinctive form of Vajrayana.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Tibet (2892 words)

	The Japan Times Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		CHIANG MAI, Thailand -- With India's recognition of the Tibet Autonomous Region as a part of China -- a corollary result of the recent talks in Beijing between Chinese and Indian leaders -- the region has ceased to be viewed as a historical buffer state between two Asian giants.
		Tibet has been squeezed between these two great powers for centuries; now its tragic "liberation" of the '50s seems to have been acknowledged even by New Delhi in spite of the legacy of Pandit Nehru, who was always fearful of jeopardizing Tibet's crucial position as a buffer.
		Yet, in another treaty between Mongolia and Tibet, in 1913, there was clear mention that both of these countries were independent from China.
	www.japantimes.com /cgi-bin/geted.pl5?eo20030728a2.htm (706 words)

	Tibet Justice Center - Legal Materials on Tibet - Complete Table of Contents
		Tibet Justice Center's Legal Materials is a one-stop resource for legal materials on Tibet.
		Treaty of Friendship and Alliance Between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet (1913) [397]
		Testimony from governmental hearings on Tibet were not included, nor are the numerous oral and written interventions on Tibet made by governmental and non-governmental organizations to various United Nations bodies.
	www.tibetjustice.org /materials (1461 words)

	Free Tibet Campaign - A Chronology of Tibetan History
		Mongolia and Tibet conclude a treaty of mutual recognition.
		1919-21 Mongolia occupied by a pro-Japanese faction of the Chinese army.
		Chen Kuiyuan is named CCP leader for Tibet and calls for a purge of those party members who "act as internal agents of the Dalai Lama clique".
	www.freetibet.org /info/facts/fact18.html (1054 words)

	Talk.politics.tibet: FAQ [1/1] FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		From 1913-1950 foreign relations of Tibet were conducted exclusively by the Government of Tibet and countries with whom Tibet had practice as an independent State.
		Mongolia, for example, explicitly recognized Tibet's independence in a 1913 "Treaty of Friendship and Alliance" which was signed by representatives of both nations in Urga, Mongolia.
		Accurate figures for the ethnic breakdown of Tibet's population are difficult to obtain and are disputed by Chinese officials and the Tibetan exile community.
	www.non.com /news.answers/tibet-faq.html (5956 words)

	List of treaties - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1258 - Corbeil Treaty - Established a border between France and the Crown of Aragon.
		1460 - Treaty of Ribe - Defines status of Schleswig and Holstein.
		1658 - Treaty of Hadiach - between Poland and Cossacks
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_treaties (3642 words)

	Tibet Justice Center - Tibet Justice Center Reports - The Case Concerning Tibet
		Relations among Tibetans and between Tibetans and their government were controlled not by China but through the Tibetan judicial system, which was based on that of Tibet's secular monarchy of 1349-1642.
		Tibet and Nepal entered into a treaty in 1856, and Nepal, in its application for United Nations (UN) membership in 1949, cited that treaty as an example of its capacity to enter into international relations.
		The PRC argues that this so-called 'McMahon Line' delineating the border between Tibet and India was the result of an unlawful deal between the British and Tibetan delegates at the Simla Conference.
	www.tibetjustice.org /reports/sovereignty/independent/a (1715 words)

	The Status of Tibet
		The Tibetan Government-in-exile, headed by His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Tibet's exiled head of state and spiritual leader, has consistently held that Tibet has been under illegal Chinese occupation since China invaded the independent state in 1949/50.
		The question of Tibet's status is essentially a legal question, albeit one of immediate political relevance.
		Tibet in the 20th Century: Tibet's status following the expulsion of Manchu troops is not subject to serious dispute.
	tibet.com /Status/statuslaw.html (1794 words)

	Haiwei Trails - Timeline of Tibet
		During this period, Tibet (whose culture at this time still Bön as opposed to Buddhist) brought into contact (owing to its warrior ways) with many other cultures, and ends up adopting some Indian Buddhist principals, such as that of cause and effect, cyclic existence and a state beyond suffering.
		Following fighting between Tibetans and Muslims in Amdo, the land occupied by the 79 nomadic tribes around Yellow R. headwaters was divided into Qinghai (land of 40 of the tribes) and Tibet (land of the other 39 tribes - became known as 39 Hor tribes) administrative areas.
		Eventually a peace deal is reached between Beijing and Lhasa, whereby Lhasa recognised all areas east of the Yangtze, with the exception of Baiyu and Dege, as being under Chinese rule (although Dalai Lama would still retain control over the monasteries there).
	www.haiweitrails.com /timeline_tibet.htm (6500 words)

	frontline: dreams of tibet: chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Treaty between Tibet and China commemorated by an inscription carved on a monument that stands in front of the Potala Palace.
		Tibet remains neutral during the Second World War and refuses permission for the Americans or the Chinese nationalists to transport military supplies through Tibetan territory.
		Tibet declared "open" to foreign investment, although this appears to focus on investment from inland China and overseas Chinese.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tibet/etc/cron.html (2235 words)

	About Tibet
		The People's Republic of China (PRC) insists that its relation with Tibet is purely an internal affairs, because Tibet is and has been for centuries an integral part of China.
		Instead, the PRC bases its claims to Tibet solely on the theory that Tibet became an integral part of China 700 year ago.
		Indeed, China recognizes that the use or threat of force (outside the exceptional circumstances provided for in the UN Charter), the imposition of an unequal treaty, or the continued illegal occupation of a country can never grant an invader legal title to territory.
	www.tibetancommunity.org.uk /abouttibet.asp (1744 words)

	Treaty Between Tibet and Mongolia, January, 1913, Signed at Urga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Dalai Lama, Sovereign of Tibet, approves of and acknowledges the formation of an independent Mongolian State, and the proclamation on the 9th day of the 11th month of the year of the Pig, of the master of the Yellow Faith Je-tsun Dampa Lama as the Sovereign of the land.
		Should such agreements have been entered into before the conclusion of the present treaty, and shoudl the parties thereto be unable to settle matters amicably, while the loss suffered is great, the payment of such debts may be enforced by the said institutions, but in no case shall the debts concern the Shabinars and Hoshuns.
		Should it be necessary to supplement the articles of this treaty, the Mongolian and Tibetan Governments shall appoint special Plenipotentiaries, who shall come to an Agreement according to the circumstances then existing.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/mongtib.htm (426 words)

	Timeline of Mongolian history - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		May 31, 1924: U.S.S.R. signs agreement with Peking government, referring to Inner Mongolia as an "integral part of the Republic of China," whose "sovereignty" therein the Soviet Union promises to respect.
		May-September 16, 1939: Large scale fighting takes place between Japanese and Soviet-Mongolian forces along Khalkhyn Gol on Mongolia-Manchuria border (Battle of Halhin Gol), ending in defeat of the Japanese expeditionary force.
		October 1961: Mongolia becomes a member of the United Nations.
	www.phatnav.com /wiki/index.php?title=Timeline_of_modern_Mongolian_history (312 words)

	NationMaster - Statistics on Mongolia. 1432 facts and figures, stats and information on Mongolian economy, crime, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and later came under Chinese rule.
		Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing.
		The ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election.
	www.nationmaster.com /country/mg-mongolia (204 words)

	talk.politics.tibet: FAQ [1/1]
		Keywords: tibet Archive-name: tibet-faq Posting-frequency: monthly Last-modified: 12 Oct 1997 Version: 4.40 This FAQ was created for the Usenet newsgroup talk.politics.tibet and addresses various issues that are discussed in that newsgroup on a recurring basis.
		He was discovered at the age of two by a search party of high-ranking monks who gave him various traditional tests and concluded that he was the reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama (1876-1933).
		In later years, however, Tibet was referred to as a _bu4_ (dependency), a term that was also applied to Mongolia.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/tibet-faq (5988 words)

	Treaty between Tibet and Mongolia (1913): Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Treaty between Tibet and Mongolia (1913): Encyclopedia topic
		The Treaty of Friendship and Alliance Between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet was signed in 1913 at Urga (now Ulaanbaatar (Ulaanbaatar: The capital and largest city of Mongolia)).
		Although the Republic of China (Republic of China: A government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the communists led by Mao Zedong) insisted the succession of the whole Qing Empire (Qing Empire: the qing dynasty (manchu: daicing gurun; chinese languagechinese: ;...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/treaty_between_tibet_and_mongolia_1913 (192 words)

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