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	Degiya'göh Resources \| Treaty of Canandaigua 1794: 200 Years of Treaty Relations between the Iroquois Confederacy ...
		This was a treaty of accommodation, born of military and political necessity on both sides.
		Like all treaties, the Treaty of Canandaigua is legally a part of the supreme law of the land as guaranteed by the Constitution.
		The 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua was the first diplomatic agreement executed by the United States under its new Constitution.
	www.degiyagoh.net /book_canadaigua_treaty.htm (1403 words)

	Treaty Encyclopedia Article @ Interposed.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Treaties can be loosely compared to Quick Index: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law for that breach.
		Other treaties are silent on the issue, and so if a state attempts withdrawal through its own unilateral denunciation of the treaty, a determination must be made regarding whether permitting withdrawal is contrary to the original intent of the parties or to the nature of the treaty.
		Such treaties between colonizers and indigenous peoples are an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century, the treaties being discussed have international standing as has been stated in a treaty by the UN.
	www.interposed.net /encyclopedia/Treaty (3002 words)

	Treaty of Canandaigua - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was signed at Canandaigua, New York on November 11, 1794, by fifty sachems and war chiefs representing the Grand Council of the Six Nations, and by Timothy Pickering, official agent of President George Washington.
		The treaty, also known as the Pickering Treaty and the Calico Treaty, is still actively recognized by the United States and the nations of the Haudenosaunee confederacy.
		Treaty of Canandaigua 1794: 200 Years of Treaty Relations Between the Iroquois Confederacy and the United States (ISBN 1-57416-052-4) by G. Peter Jemison (ed.), Anna M. Schein (ed.) and Irving Powless, Jr.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_Canandaigua (171 words)

	Inn On The Lake Canandaigua
		At the northern end is the city of Canandaigua and the southern end is near the town of Naples, embedded in the heart of the Finger Lakes wine country.
		The Treaty of Canandaigua, a treaty establishing peace and friendship between the United States of America and the Six Nations of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), and affirming Haudenosaunee land rights in New York State, was the first diplomatic agreement entered into by the United States of America under its current Constitution.
		It was signed at Canandaigua, New York on November 11, 1794, by fifty sachems and war chiefs representing the Grand Council of the Six Nations, and by Timothy Pickering, official emissary of President George Washington.
	www.breadlike.com /pages7/42/inn-on-the-lake-canandaigua.html (1510 words)

	Treaty of Canadaigua 1794
		The Canandaigua Treaty, also known as the Pickering Treaty, or the George Washington Covenant, is between the Haudenosaunee (Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy) and the United States of America.
		The Canandaigua Treaty remains, in the face of challenges, a valid legal document unaffected by its age.
		In 1994 I cochaired the Canandaigua Treaty Commemoration Committee.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/j/jemison-treaty.html (2426 words)

	Tuscarora Fishing rights
		It is not consistent to pick and chose the parts of the treaties for one side, and to ignore the rest of the wording in the same treaty that may reflect favorably on the Tribes.
		The existence of, first, a treaty right and, second, a conflict between the treaty right and a state statute or regulation is the sine qua non of the Supreme Court's conservation necessity jurisprudence.
		Absent a treaty fishing right, the State enjoys the full run of its police powers in regulating off-reservation fishing.” The point here is it does discriminate against Native American treaty rightholders because it is a treaty right and should supersede the states right to regulate off-reservation fishing.
	www.akwesasnephoenix.com /tuscarora.html (1390 words)

	1794 Treaty still in force today : ICT [2003/11/19]
		Signed by representatives of the six Haudenosaunee nations the U.S. government on Nov. 11, 1794 at Canandaigua, N.Y., this treaty was one of the first to be agreed upon by the fledgling United States government and therefore one of the oldest still in effect.
		Smith highlighted a federal court ruling last summer recognizing that "the treaty is in effect." He noted that this means the treaty remains "the law of the land today" and allows the Nation to assert governmental authority over any land reacquired within the land claim area.
		That the 1794 Treaty continues to remain in force is symbolized by annuity cloth, a yearly allotment by the U.S. government of muslin fabric to be divided among adult members of the tribe mandated by Article VI.
	www.indiancountry.com /content.cfm?id=1069269056 (1091 words)

	No. 03-855:City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation NY - Amicus (Merits)
		That Treaty gave peace to the four Nations that had sided with the British during the Revolutionary War, and it provided that the Oneida and Tuscarora Nations-which had sided with the colonists-"shall be secured in the possession of the lands on which they are settled." Arts.
		The 1794 Treaty was the third in a series of treaties over ten years (1784, 1789, and 1794) in which "the National Government promised that the Oneidas would be secure" in the possession of their lands.
		The Treaty of Buffalo Creek, concluded on January 15, 1838, was negotiated by Commissioner Ransom H. Gillet on behalf of the United States with "the several tribes of New York Indians," including the Oneidas.
	www.usdoj.gov /osg/briefs/2004/3mer/1ami/2003-0855.mer.ami.html (8233 words)

	National Indian Law Library, Indian Law Bulletins, Unreported Case, Secretary of Labor v. Akwesasne Mohawk Casino
		The treaties relied on by the judge were among a series of treaties the United States entered into with the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy beginning in 1784.
		The Canandaigua Treaty of 1794 "acknowledge [d] the lands reserved to the Oneida, Onondaga and Cayuga Nations, in their respective treaties with the state of New York," [FN2] and established a reservation for the Seneca Nation.
		The Fort Stanwix Treaty likewise was not signed by the Mohawks at its inception, as evidenced by language in the Fort Harmar Treaty specifically exempting the Mohawks unless within six months they declared their assent to the earlier treaty.
	www.narf.org /nill/bulletins/dct/unreported/Akwesasne.htm (2156 words)

	City of Canandaigua
		Canandaigua, County Seat of Ontario County, is a city of 12,000 at the northern end of Canandaigua Lake.
		Canandaigua, with its wide main street and stately homes, was the location of the land office of Nathaniel Gorham and Oliver Phelps in the late 1700's.
		The present location of the Ontario County Courthouse in the City was the site of the signing of the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua (The Pickering Treaty), which established peace between the six nations of the Iroquois Confederation and the fledgling United States of America.
	www.fingerlakes.com /cananvillage.htm (240 words)

	No. 05-905: Seneca Nation of Indians v. New York - Opposition
		Article III of the Treaty of Canandaigua delineated the boundaries of the Seneca reservation and "acknowledge[d] all the land within the aforementioned boundaries, to be the property of the Seneka nation." Pet.
		The Treaty of Fort Stanwix did not resolve the disputes between the United States and the Seneca, however, and the Seneca continued to occupy lands to the west of the 1784 Fort Stanwix cession line.
		After the Treaty of Canandaigua, the Seneca en tered into two Senate-ratified treaties that altered their reservation boundaries and alienated a portion of the lands that the United States had returned to the Seneca through the Treaty of Canandaigua.
	www.usdoj.gov /osg/briefs/2005/0responses/2005-0905.resp.html (4207 words)

	"Guest Essay -- Sovereignty and Treaty Rights - We Remember", by G. Peter Jemison, Akwesasne Notes, Fall 1995
		In this treaty, Warrior Chiefs Joseph Brant of the Mohawks and Cornplanter of the Seneca conceded land in western New York State and in the Ohio Valley, land which the Six Nations was now trying to win back.
		At Canandaigua, on November 11, 1994, we had a life-size copy, a photographic copy of that treaty, plus the other one that is in existence in the Ontario County Historical Society, in Canandaigua.
		County of Oneida, 414 U.S. (1974) (the Treaty of 1794 reflects the United States' acknowledgement that certain territory is the property of the Seneca Nation and that it shall remain theirs unless and until they choose otherwise; this Treaty determines the nature of these rights and is the supreme law of the land).
	www.ratical.org /many_worlds/6Nations/TreatyRights.html (5087 words)

	Reznet : News: : Keeping the Peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		CANANDAIGUA, N.Y.—Native Americans joined state and local officials here recently to celebrate the 210th anniversary of one of the longest-standing treaties between the federal government and Native Americans.
		The Canandaigua Treaty was created in 1794 between the Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy and the United States to promote peace and friendship.
		The treaty was "probably the only document Washington signed that had the name Canandaigua in it," said Doug Fisher, who spoke at the ceremony as a representative of the Haudenosaunee, a word commonly translated as "People of the Long House," referring to the Six Nations members.
	www.reznetnews.org /news/041210_treaty (634 words)

	Coalition Against Gambling New York - Information
		Therefore, treaties do not “sunset”, they cannot be subsequently amended or abrogated by a unilateral act of Congress, and they cannot be superseded by state or federal law or by state constitutions.
		All treaties with the Native peoples remain legally valid, whether the United States recognizes their validity or not, and any act of government that ignores them is a blatantly unconstitutional act.
		The treaty said to last as long as grass grows and water flows and the sun shines was the first one to be negotiated between the Iroquois and the Europeans — specifically the Dutch.
	www.cagnyinf.org /DE-NCALG-Speech.htm (2058 words)

	California 8th Grade Standards 8.5.3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The treaty was signed by the chiefs of the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy and representatives from the United States.
		Because of the treaty of Fort Wayne, The U.S.’s relationships with the Indians continued to weaken until General William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
		Harrison negotiates the Treaty of Fort Wayne with the Delaware, Potawatomi, Miami, Wea, Kickapoo and the Eel River tribes.
	home.inreach.com /s-uzweb/8.5.3.htm (432 words)

	Akwesasne Mowhawk Casino, Docket No. 01-1424
		Article 4 of the treaty guaranteed that in their “new homes” the Indians would have “the right to administer their own laws[] subject...to the legislation of the Congress of the United States[] regulating trade and intercourse with the Indians.” That treaty did not provide the same guaranty with respect to the Indians’ present homes, however.
		The Treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1784, after describing the geographical boundaries of “the lands of the Six Nations,” provided that the Indians “shall be secured in the peaceful possession of the lands....” Treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1784, 7 Stat.
		The treaties in those cases, however, provided essentially that the reservation lands would be set apart for the exclusive use of the Indian tribes therein and that those tribes had the right to exclude non-Indians from those lands.
	www.oshrc.gov /decisions/html_2005/01-1424.html (2586 words)

	treatycanadaigua
		It was by no means the first treaty negotiated by the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois League, an ancient confederacy of six nations (the Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas, Mohawks and Tuscaroras).
		Iroquois spokesmen at Canandaigua were more experienced negotiators than the United States' envoy, Secretary of War Timothy Pickering, and the heirs of a far richer diplomatic tradition.
		Meanwhile, Britain maintained forts in the United States' Northwest Territory; an armed taxpayers' revolt, the Whiskey Rebellion, was in progress in western Pennsylvania; foreign trade was suffering severely at the hands of the British and the Spanish; and the treasury was sliding headlong into insolvency.
	nativenewsonline.org /books/treatycanadaigua.html (856 words)

	Treaty of Canandaigua Information
		It was signed at Canandaigua, New York on November 11, 1794, by fifty sachems and war chiefs representing the Grand Council of the Six Nations, and by Timothy Pickering, official agent of President George Washington.
		The treaty, also known as the Pickering Treaty and the Calico Treaty, is still actively recognized by the United States and the nations of the Haudenosaunee confederacy.
		Treaty of Canandaigua 1794: 200 Years of Treaty Relations Between the Iroquois Confederacy and the United States by G. Peter Jemison (ed.), Anna M. Schein (ed.) and Irving Powless, Jr.
	www.bookrags.com /Treaty_of_Canandaigua (125 words)

	Democrat and Chronicle \| Day In The Life of Canandaigua (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It is one of three markers in the city of Canandaigua noting Gen. John Sullivan's efforts to suppress the region's original inhabitants.
		It is written on parchment in the Ontario County Historical Society in the form of a treaty still honored by the United States of America and the Iroquois Confederacy, which includes the Senecas.
		The treaty committee is often asked to express an opinion on the treaty's binding effect today, he says.
	www.democratandchronicle.com /homes/community/canandaigua/story16.html (889 words)

	"the People's Paths home page!" Paths to NAIIP Treaties
		Treaty of the Rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie with the Wyandot, Seneca, Delaware, Shawnee, Potawatomi, Ottawa, and Chippewa on September 29, 1817.
		Treaties are agreements between two sovereign governments, and governments, and are considered to be the supreme law of the land.
		Treaty Land Entitlement "TLE refers to land owed to certain First Nations under the terms of the Treaties signed by the First Nations and Canada between 1871 and 1910.
	www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net /lists/treatylist.htm (764 words)

	THE TWO-ROW WAMPUM TREATY - GUSWHENTA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Before a treaty can be entered into with another nation, the issue is taken to the Grand Council, which is composed of all 50 chiefs of the Haudenosaunee.
		The Intent of the Haudenosaunee in reading the Kaswentha before a treaty is quite clear, for the Haudenosaunee understood that they were retaining their sovereignty and in return, they were acknowledging the sovereignty of the other nation.
		The Haudenosaunee treaty making procedure shows that before a treaty is entered into, there is full deliberation and the laying out of the Two Row Wampum, which indicates that their intent of making treaties was to retain their independence, their sovereignty.
	hometown.aol.com /miketben/miketben.htm (1608 words)

	The Seneca Nation of Indians
		A Treaty Between the United States of America and the Tribes of Indians Called the Six Nations:
		Peace and friendship are hereby firmly established, and shall be perpetual, between the United States and the Six Nations.
		Done at Canandaigua, in the State of New York, in the eleventh day of November, in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety-four.
	www.sni.org /treaty.html (158 words)

	Democrat and Chronicle \| Day In The Life of Canandaigua (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It is one of three markers in the city of Canandaigua noting Gen. John Sullivan's efforts to suppress the region's original inhabitants.
		It is written on parchment in the Ontario County Historical Society in the form of a treaty still honored by the United States of America and the Iroquois Confederacy, which includes the Senecas.
		The treaty committee is often asked to express an opinion on the treaty's binding effect today, he says.
	www.rochesterdandc.com /homes/community/canandaigua/story16.html (889 words)

	Campfire Stories with George Catlin
		Treaties in this period began to be used to legally (1) draw boundaries between Indian country and U.S. territory and (2) to secure the "rights of way" and land for military forts and trading posts.
		Ask students to apply the information gained from their research into treaties and wampum belts made between 1776 and 1868 to examine the Covenant Wampum Belt and its corresponding written treaty known as the 1794 Canandaigua Treaty (Pickering Treaty).
		Although this treaty was made almost 40 years before Catlin traveled to this area, it directly affected the environment into which Catlin arrived in the 1830s.
	catlinclassroom.si.edu /lessonplans/al-bplan.html (1294 words)

	2 On Your Side - Print Full Story
		Patterson said he was exercising fishing rights under the Treaty of Canandaigua, which guaranteed the Tuscarora and the other five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy "the free use and enjoyment" of lands encompassed within the treaty.
		The higher court ruled that the Tuscarora lost their rights under the Treaty of Canandaigua when the Seneca Indian Nation sold the land three years later in the Treaty of Big Tree.
		The state points to a U.S. Supreme Court decision which said the Treaty of Big Tree had undone the effects of the Treaty of Canandaigua in ruling that the government had the right to take over land for a power project in the 1950s.
	www.wgrz.com /printfullstory.aspx?storyid=28084 (427 words)

	Untitled Document
		This arises from non-fulfillment of treaties and the unwillingness of New York State and the Oneida Nation to come to a compromise.
		Another treaty that supports their sovereignty is the Treaty of Canandaigua.
		In this treaty the Oneidas were given special protection for their land (“Destination Oneida Nation”).
	www.earth-treaty.com /185.htm (1149 words)

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