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Topic: Treaty of Craiova

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Romania during World War II

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August 1

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		As defined in the Treaty of Akkerman (1826), the caimacam (regent or lieutenant) ruled when the hospodar (prince) had abdicated or died, pending replacement by the Divan (assembly).
		The Austrian treaty was amended Dec. 29, 1868, and Feb. 25, 1869; it went into effect January 1, 1869, though not fully ratified by Romania until July 29 / Aug. 10 (or Aug. 18/30), 1869.
		The German treaty went into effect January 1, 1869; though not fully ratified until June 2/14, 1869; portions were abrogated by the UPU convention of 1878, except for newspaper subscriptions, express (special delivery) and commercial papers.
	www.cse.psu.edu /~dheller/post/intro (17527 words)

	Lost Trails: Romania
		The Treaty of Paris also stipulated: the retrocession to Moldavia of Southern Bessarabia, which had been annexed in 1812 by Russia (the Cahul, Bolgrad and Ismail counties); freedom of sailing on the Danube; the establishment of the European Commission of the Danube; the neutral status of the Black Sea.
		The peace treaty of Bucharest (1913) marked the end of that conflict and under its provisions Southern Dobrudja --the Quadrilateral (the Durostor and Caliacra counties) became part of Romania.
		Romania was compelled to follow in the steps of her Russian ally, because on the Moldavian front the Romanian troops were interspersed with the Russian ones and it was impossible for combat to continue on one area of the front and for peace to settle on another front area, and so on.
	www.losttrails.com /pages/Destinations/Romania2.html (5286 words)

	Third Bulgarian Kingdom 1878-1946 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The war ended with the Treaty of San Stefano that created a large Bulgarian state, whose borders were based on those of the Exarchate.
		The Treaty of San Stefano established the ethnographic boundaries of the Bulgarian state based on the recognized diocese of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church the independent consensus which had been previously minuted at the Constantinople Conference of Ambassadors (Nov 1876).
		The Treaty of San-Stefano was, of course, a hard one for Turkey, but it would have been better for England and for all the peoples of Europe and Turkey if it had been allowed to stand.
	lccb.scripps.edu /~amatov/bg41.html (2906 words)

	Dobruja Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The territory alternated between the medieval Byzantine and Bulgarian empires until its fall in 1411 to the Ottoman Empire.
		After the Second Balkan War Bulgaria lost Southern Dobruja to Romania (Treaty of Bucharest, 1913), but the September 1940 Treaty of Craiova, imposed by Nazi Germany, restored it to Bulgaria with a population exchange (the Romanian minority was forced to leave the south while the Bulgarian minority had to leave the north).
		The post-1940 border situation was confirmed by the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/d/do/dobruja.html (360 words)

	Travel To Romania \| History of Romania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Owing to their strategic position at the mouth of the Danube, as this waterway was becoming increasingly important to European communications, the status of the Danube principalities became a European issue at the peace Congress in Paris (February-March 1856).
		The expansionist policy of Russia determined Romania to sign in 1883 a secret alliance treaty with Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy; the treaty was renewed periodically until World War I. After staying neutral in the first Balkan war (1912-1913) Romania joined Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Turkey against Bulgaria in the second Balkan war.
		The international peace treaties of 1919-1920 signed at Neuilly, Saint-Germain, Trianon and Paris, established the new European realities and also sanctioned the union of the provinces that were inhabited by Romanians into one single state (295,042 square kilometres, with a population of 15.5 million).
	www.traveltoromania.com /history.php (6043 words)

	Printable Version on Encyclopedia.com
		As a result of the second Balkan War Bulgaria ceded (1913) S Dobruja to Romania.
		The Treaty of Neuilly, signed in 1919 between Bulgaria and the Allies of World War I, gave all of Dobruja to Romania.
		In 1940, however, the German-imposed Treaty of Craiova forced Romania to transfer S Dobruja to Bulgaria.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:dobruja (319 words)

	[No title]
		May - Treaty grants Italy right to exploit Albanian mineral resources, establish Albanian National Bank under Italian control and awards Italian shipping companies monopolies on freight and passenger transportation 1928 - New constitution proclaims Albania a “kingdom” and Zogu becomes Zog I “King of the Albanians”, abolishes the senate and establishes a unicameral National Assembly.
		Mar. - Hitler announces introduction of conscription with the intention of expanding the army from 100,000 to 550,000 troops and creation of an air force in violation of the Treaty of Versailles June - Anglo-German Naval Pact ensures British naval superiority in return for acceptance of German rearmament.
		1919 - Benito Mussolini founds Fascisti di Combattimento 1920 - Treaty of Rapallo cedes Dalmatia to Yugoslavia and declares Fiume a “free city” 1921 - Mussolini is one of 35 Fascisti elected to a seat in parliamentary elections.
	worldatwar.net /timeline/autocracy/autocracy.doc (4164 words)

	Bulgaria
		The Bulgarians, having had the greatest military success, demanded compensation on that basis; the Serbs and Greeks demanded adjustment of the 1912 treaty of alliance to ensure a balance of Balkan powers; and the Romanians demanded territorial reward for their neutral position in the first war.
		In the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (November 1919), Thrace was awarded to Greece, depriving Bulgaria of access to the Aegean Sea.
		The treaty limited the postwar Bulgarian Army to a small volunteer force; Yugoslavia, Romania, and Greece were to receive reparations in industrial and agricultural goods; and the victorious Allies were to receive monetary reparations for the next thirty-seven years.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/bulgaria/all.html (17973 words)

	obst_en (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The 1913 peace treaties of Bucharest and Constantinople following the two Balkan wars ceded to Bulgaria Pirin Macedonia, Western Thrace, the Eastern Rhodopi Mountains and the Northern Mount Strandja; Southern Dobroudja went to Romania, and Vardar and Aegean Macedonia, to Serbia and Greece respectively.
		The Bulgarian borders were last changed when Southern Dobroudja was reverted to Bulgaria under the Treaty of Craiova, signed with Romania in 1940.
		Those territorial changes were associated with changes in the ethno-demographic composition of the respective regions, which resulted both from natural assimilation and the receiving states' policy of forcible denationalization and discrimination.
	balder.prohosting.com /asen/obst_eng.htm (8247 words)

	Southern Dobruja - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		After the defeat of Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War, the region was transferred to Romania under the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest.
		In 1940 Southern Dobruja was restored to Bulgaria under the Treaty of Craiova.
		The treaty was followed by a population exchange: the Romanian minority was forced to leave Southern Dobruja, whereas the Bulgarian minority had to leave northern Dobruja.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Southern_Dobruja (267 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Hungarian troops were victorious on all fronts and fighting outside of Hungary’s borders.
		Please refer to the treaty of Bucharest May 7.
		On September 7, under the Treaty of Craiova, the Cadrilater or "Quadrilateral" (Southern Dobrudja) was ceded by Romania to Bulgaria.
	www.magyarsag.org /Vienna.htm (428 words)

	Winne.com - Report on Romania, The long road to integration
		This expansion continued between the XVII and XVIII centuries, culminating with the Treaty of Karlowitz between the Austrian and Ottoman Empires through the transfer of Transylvania to Austria, that from then on was going to be ruled by a governor.
		The 1829 Peace Treaty of Adrianople put an end to the 1828-1829 Russo-Turkish conflict, thus substantially diminishing the power of the Ottomans but increasing that of Russia.
		However, the Paris Treaty (1947) did not accept Romania’s cooperation with the nazis, stipulating the return of Basarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR and Southern Dobrogea to Bulgaria.
	www.winne.com /romania2/bf03.html (1873 words)

	Chronology 1940 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Trade Treaty of 1911, between the U.S. and Japan, expired and Secretary of State Cordell Hull informed the Japanese government that trade would continue on a day-to-day basis.
		The Bulgarian government demanded that the Romanians cede Southern Dobruja and the Romanian government capitulated in the Treaty of Craiova.
		The treaty called for total aid (military and economic) to the three members of the pact for ten years.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1940.htm (4387 words)

	The most evident historical case of German political involvement in Eastern Europe is right before and during World War ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		One of these forces was the Bulgarian military which, after the Treaty of Neuilly, had a serious ax to grind.
		By the Treaty of Neuilly on November 27, 1919, Bulgaria lost most of what it had gained in the Balkan Wars and all of its conquests from World War I. It was also required to abandon conscription, reduce armaments, and pay large reparations.
		Adding the carrot to the stick, Hitler arranged to have Southern Dobrudja returned to Bulgaria under the terms of the Treaty of Craiova on August 21, 1940.
	www.columbia.edu /~lcl16/papers/tsar_boris_iii.htm (7703 words)

	History of the Balkans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By the end of the Empire the region had become a conduit for invaders to move westward, as well as the scene of treaties and complex political maneuvers by Romans, Goths and Huns, all seeking the best advantage for their peoples amid the shifting and disorderly final decades of Roman imperial power.
		The 1829 Treaty of Adrianople (called also Treaty of Edirne), was settled between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
		Turkey gave Russia access to the mouths of the Danube and additional territory on the Black Sea, opened the Dardanelles to all commercial vessels, commerce is liberated for cereals,live stocks and wood, granted autonomy to Serbia, promised autonomy for Greece, and allowed Russia to occupy Moldavia and Walachia until Turkey had paid a large indemnity.
	koz.vianet.ca /history_of_the_balkans.htm (13863 words)

	History of Romanians
		The Austrian-Turkish peace treaty of Karlowitz (1699) sanctioned the annexation of Transylvania and its organization as an autonomous principality to Hapsburg Austria (since 1765 great principality), ruled by a governor.
		The domestic autonomy, although limited, was basically preserved and the two principalities continued to be distinct entities from the Ottoman Empire; this situation was recognized in several international treaties (for instance that of Kuchuk-Kainargi, 1774).
		The international peace treaties of 1919-1920 signed at Neuilly, Saint-Germain, Trianon and Paris, established the new European realities and also sanctioned the union of the provinces that were inhabited by Romanians into one single state (295,042 square kilometers, with a population of 15.5 million).
	www.roembus.org /english/romanian_links/history_of_romanians.htm (5696 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Balchik (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During Romania's occupation of Southern Dobruja (1913 to 1940), Balchik was the favored summer residence of Queen Marie and her immediate family.
		The town is the site of Marie's Oriental villa, the place where her heart was kept, in accordance with her last wishes, until 1940 (when the Treaty of Craiova awarded the region back to Bulgaria).
		It was then moved to various locations within Romania, including Bran Castle.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Balchik (193 words)

	Vienna Awards - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The awards sanctioned Hungary's annexation of territories in present-day Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania which Hungary had lost by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon at the end of World War I, and which Hungary had always sought to regain.
		In reversing a major element of the Treaty of Trianon, it, like Trianon, granted a multiethnic area to another country, caused massive migration of populations from both sides, and sundered old socioeconomic units.
		Besides the Second Vienna Award as such, on September 7, under the Treaty of Craiova, the Cadrilater or "Quadrilateral" (southern Dobrudja) was returned by Romania to Bulgaria.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Vienna_Award (313 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		As part of the Treaty of Craiova the Romanian inhabitants (most of them being Aromanian refugee-settlers from Macedonia along with colonists from
		Wallachia and some Romanians indigenous to the region) were forced to leave the regained territory, while the Bulgarian minority in the north were in turn made to leave for Bulgaria.
		The 1940 borders were reaffirmed in the post-war treaties of 1947.
	www.earomania.com /history/regions/dobrogea.html (473 words)

	Bulgaria - Foreign Policy in the Late 1930s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the late 1930s, Bulgaria continued to seek rapprochement with Yugoslavia; a friendship treaty was signed in 1937, and a renunciation of armed intervention in 1938.
		When World War II began in September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland, Bulgaria declared neutrality, but this position was inevitably altered by big-power relationships.
		The pro-Western Bulgarian Prime Minister Georgi Kioseivanov was deposed that year in favor of pro-German Bogdan Filov, who reduced cultural ties with the West and instituted a Nazi-type youth league.
	countrystudies.us /bulgaria/18.htm (305 words)

	The Ultimate Vienna Awards - American History Information Guide and Reference
		The awards enabled Hungary to occupy territories in present-day Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania, which Hungary had lost by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 in the course of the dissolution of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, and had always tried to recapture since then.
		By this award, on November 2 1938 Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia (and later Slovakia) to cede southern Slovakia and southern Carpatho - Ukraine to Hungary
		On September 7, under the Treaty of Craiova, the Cadrilater or "Quadrilateral" (the southern part of Dobrudja) was ceded by Romania to Bulgaria.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Vienna_Arbitrage (220 words)

	[No title]
		The S.F.R.Y. was an important key in the strategy of the Western bloc, as it blocked the countries of the Warsaw Treaty from the Adriatic and intersected all the geostrategic routes of the Eastern bloc that started from Hungary (Pannonian fan) towards southwest and south, and from Bulgaria westbound.
		By the Treaty of San Stefano (1878), the northeast Greece (West Thrace) was awarded to "Greater" Bulgaria.
		A serious blow was dealt to the system of peace treaties made after World Wars I and II and a perilous precedent was made, so that the more powerful states could violate (in peacetime) the existing treaties, agreements, and conventions without punishment.
	members.tripod.com /Balkania/resources/history/ilic_balkan_knot.html (11537 words)

	Ceamurlia de Jos - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Goloviţa Lake is located south of this commune.
		A part of the inhabitants of this commune are Aromanians that were deported here from Southern Dobruja after it was ceded to Bulgaria in 1940 according to the terms of the Treaty of Craiova.
		Ceamurlia de Jos commune is made out of two villages:
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ceamurlia_de_Jos (214 words)

	The World at War
		Treaty of Craiova - Romania cedes Dobruja to Bulgaria under German pressure
		Treaty of Rapallo cedes Dalmatia to Yugoslavia and declares Fiume a "free city"
		- Soviets renounce Treaty of Brest-Litovsk after Allied defeat of Germany and attempt to reestablish control of lost territories.
	worldatwar.net /article/autocracy (4098 words)

	Romanian History after 1939
		The defeats suffered by the Axis powers led after 1942 to enhanced attempts made by Antonescu's regime, as well as by the democratic opposition (Iuliu Maniu, C.I.C. Bratianu) to take Romania out of the alliance with Germany.
		Despite the human and economic efforts Romania had made for the cause of the United Nations for nine months, the Peace Treaty of Paris (February 10, 1947) denied Romania the co-belligerent status and forced her to pay huge war reparation.
		At the death of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1965), the communist leader of the after-war epoch, the party leadership, which was later identified with that of the state as well, was monopolised by Nicolae Ceausescu.
	www.pages.drexel.edu /~bm39/INFO652/Project/history_after_1939.htm (741 words)

	Sofia News Agency - Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		They were not influenced in any way by previously signed treaties or by what the leaders of the new satellite countries had done.
		si, la 7 septembrie 1940, prin tratatul de la Craiova, a incorporat sudul Dobrogei (judetele Durostor si Caliacra) cu suprafata de 6.921 km2 si o populatie de 410.000 locuitori=and, on 7 september 1940, through Craiova treaty annexed South Dobroudja (Durostor/Silistra and Kaliakra counties) with an area of 6.921 km2 and a population of 410.000 inhabitants.
		Tratativele de la Craiova cu Bulgaria s-au soldat cu acceptarea punctelor de vedere exprimate, tratatul dintre cele doua tari semnandu-se pe 7 septembrie 1940.
	www.novinite.com /forum_view.php?main_id=62536 (2458 words)

	APPENDIX 1: MAKING AND REMAKING THE BALKANS
		Treaty of Sèvres: (i) recognises sovereignty of Aegean islands; (ii) awards most of Western and Eastern Thrace; (iii) awards Smyrna for five years to be followed by referendum.
		Rewarded under Treaties of St Germain, Trianon, Neuilly nearly doubling size by acquisition of land from Hungary (including Transylvania) and Austria plus recognition of seizure of Bessarabia.
		Treaty of Neuilly cedes territory to Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia
	pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk /isj83/appendix1.htm (689 words)

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