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Topic: Treaty of Hamina

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Hamina

	Hamina
		The municipality of Hamina includes the town and is populated by totally 22,000 inhabitants on the area of 630,65 km².
		The town of Hamina is surrounded by a star-shaped fortress[?].
		The Treaty of Fredrikshamn (1809), by which Sweden ceeded Åland, parts of the provinces Lapponia and Westrobothnia (east of the Tornio river[?]) and all provinces east thereof, was signed in Hamina.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ha/Hamina.html (125 words)

	Treaty of Fredrikshamn
		The treaty was signed in the present-day Finnish town of Hamina.
		Together with the Porvoo Diet[?] (1809) the Treaty of Fredrikshamn constitutes the cornerstone for the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, and thereby the start of the development which would lead to the revival of Finnish language and culture, and ultimately in 1917 to Finland's independence.
		Instead of the Åland islands, Sweden came to retain vast areas in the far North, already conquered by the Russians, where later important iron ore and hydropower were to constitute the basis for Sweden's rapid 20th century industrialization.
	ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tr/Treaty_of_Fredrikshamn.html (203 words)

	Vapaa Sana
		After the treaty of Stolbova, much of the southern part of the border was the same as it was later in the years 1812-1940.
		In the treaty of Hamina (Fredrikshamn) 1809, Russian-Swedish border was defined on the river Tornio.
		The final peace treaty that was concluded in Paris in 1947 did not alter the territorial clauses of the previous armistice in Moscow.
	www.vapaasana.com /Borders.htm (1472 words)

	Hamina, Finland
		Hamina (Swedish Fredrikshamn), situated on a peninsula in the bay of Vehkalahti, in the Gulf of Finland, is one of Finland's leading exporting ports (timber products).
		The town, founded in the 14th century, received its municipal charter in 1653, and was given the name of Fredrikshamn by King Frederick I of Sweden in 1723; the name Hamina (derived from the Swedish hamn, "harbor") came later.
		Here in 1809 was signed the treaty under which Sweden ceded the whole of Finland to Russia - though in 1812 the Tsar returned part of the territory to Finland.
	www.planetware.com /finland/hamina-sf-kym-hami.htm (119 words)

	Hamina, Finland
		In 1743, Hamina was surrendered to Russians, after another disastrous war, and town of Loviisa was the next Swedish candidate for Eastern-Finnish trade center.
		Hamina became a Russian frontier town, for which a fortress yet was desirable.
		The Treaty of Hamina (1809), by which Sweden ceded Åland, parts of the provinces Laponia and Westrobothnia (east of the Tornio river) and all provinces east thereof, was signed in Hamina.
	creekin.net /c3462-n66-hamina-finland.html (323 words)

	Treaty of Fredrikshamn
		The Treaty of Fredrikshamn on September 17, 1809, concluded the Finnish War between Russia and Sweden.
		According to the treaty Sweden ceeded Åland, parts of the provinces Lapponia and Westrobothnia (east of the rivers of Tornio[?] and Muonio[?]) and all provinces east thereof.
		The ceeded terrotories came to constitute a Russian Grand Duchy, to which also the 18th century conquests of Karelia including parts of Nyland and Savonia were later annexed (see: "Old Finland[?]").
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tr/Treaty_of_Fredrikshamn.html (203 words)

	Hamina - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In 1743 Hamina was surrendered to Russians, after the Russo-Swedish War, 1741-1743, and the town of Loviisa was the next Swedish candidate for an Eastern-Finnish trade centre.
		Hamina became a Russian frontier town, for which a fortress was desirable.
		The Treaty of Fredrikshamn (1809), by which Sweden ceded Finland, along with parts of the provinces of Laponia and Västerbotten and the Ĺland Islands, was signed in Hamina.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Hamina (361 words)

	Treaty of Fredrikshamn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The treaty concluded the Finnish War and was signed in the Finnish town of Hamina, at that time known by its Swedish name Fredricshamn (older spelling).
		According to the treaty Sweden ceded parts of the provinces Laponia and Västerbotten (east of Tornio River and Muonio River), Åland, and all provinces east thereof.
		At the period of Russification of Finland, 90 years later, the Russian government argued that the treaty wasn't violated and hence no outside party had any right to intervene, the question being solely a matter of the Tsar who had granted the original promise.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_Hamina (493 words)

	Finland
		The Finnish-speaking population shortened the name to Hamina.
		The Treaty of Hamina, giving Finland to Russia, was signed in 1809.
		The town grew up within the walls of the fortress, with the Town Hall as the central point.
	sio.midco.net /dansmapstamps/finland1.htm (347 words)

	Hamina - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Treaty of Fredrikshamn (1809), by which Sweden ceded all of Finland to Russia, was signed in Hamina.
		Functional polymers for the paper industry; BASF inaugurates new plant in Hamina.
		BASF announces the official inauguration of its new plant for polymer dispersions in Hamina, Finland, representing its first production site in the Nordic region.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-hamina.html (217 words)

	History of Karelia and Helulia village (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		According to that treaty the town of Korela was returned to Russia, but the Swedes affirmed some of their conquests in the North and in Savo.
		According to the conditions of the peace treaty of 1617 the population of Karelia had the right to freely practice Orthodox faith and had to belong to the Novgorod Archdiocese.
		In 1743 in the city of Åbo (Turku) a peace treaty was signed, according to which the Kymenengård province with such cities as Hamina, Lappeenranta and Savonlinna, was annexed to Russia.
	helyla.onego.ru /history_eng.html (6326 words)

	Suomen rajat - Finland's borders
		The present-day Finnish towns of Hamina, Lappeenranta and Savonlinna were in the province of Kymenkartano, which was acceded in its entirety to Russia.
		The Peace of Hamina was concluded in 1809.
		Under the Peace Treaty of Tartu in 1920, the government of Soviet Russia recognised Finland's old historical borders.
	www.yle.fi /eurooppalaisialapsia/english/aboutfinland/suomi_raja.html (414 words)

	World Homes Network - Finland
		Territorial concessions were severe (12% of Finland's total area): Finland agreed to cede the Petsamo area, its only outlet on the Arctic Ocean, and to lease for 50 years the Porkkala headland in the Gulf of Finland, with a considerable stretch of sea and land for use as a military base.
		The YYA Treaty was extended in 1955, 1970, and 1983, and a 15-year trade agreement was signed with the USSR in 1977.
		Although the YYA Treaty required it to repel any attack on the USSR through Finnish territory by Germany or its allies, Finland maintained a policy of strict neutrality, which was accepted by all the major powers.
	www.world-homes.net /atlas/europe/Scandanavia/finland.htm (2211 words)

	Finland - HISTORY
		Under the terms of the treaty, Finland is bound to confer with the Soviets and perhaps to accept their aid if an attack from Germany, or countries allied with Germany, seems likely.
		The treaty prescribes consultations between the two countries, but it is not a mechanism for automatic Soviet intervention in a time of crisis.
		The Finnish architect of the treaty, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, a leading conservative politician, saw that an essential element of Finnish foreign policy must be a credible guarantee to the Soviet Union that it need not fear attack from, or through, Finnish territory.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/finland/HISTORY.html (19546 words)

	The Russo-Swedish War of 1808-09
		On the 19th of November the convention of Olkijoki was signed and the Swedish army agreed to leave Finland.
		A final peace agreement was signed in Fredrikshamn (Hamina in Finnish) in September 1809 and Finland became a part of Russia, the six hundred year old union between Sweden and Finland had been dissolved.
		In the treaty of Kiel in 1814, Sweden annexed Norway from Denmark.
	www.napoleon-series.org /military/battles/c_finland.html (1124 words)

	[No title]
		A few months later the peace treaty of Hamina (Fredrikshamn) is signed and Finland becomes under Russian rule.
		This ends in the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance ('YYA' is the Finnish acronym) with the Soviet Union in 1948.
		The treaty guarantees Finland's sovereignty in the years to follow, but places Finland in between the two blocs of the Cold War, trying hard to please both sides.
	www.helsinki.fi /~kstenber/nyfinland_history.html (1741 words)

	Talk:Treaty of Fredrikshamn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When talking about a peace treaty between Sweden and Russia, during the time when Finland was a part of Sweden, like the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, the Swedish name should be used, anything else would be anachronistic.
		Hamina would be accidently pronounced "Häminä" in an English-speaking mouth - it sounds comical in Finnish ears, but "Fredrikshämn" (the probable pronounciation of Fredrikshman in English) would not be a problem.
		In addition treaty of Hamina is much more an important event in the history of Finland than it is in the history of Sweden.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Treaty_of_Hamina (3287 words)

	The People's Chronology \| 1809 \| Political Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Treaty of the Dardanelles signed at Chanak January 5 by representatives of Britain and the Ottoman Empire affirms the principle that no warship of any nation may enter the Straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus (see Straits Convention, 1841).
		The treaty is aimed implicitly against Russia, whose Black Sea fleet poses a threat to Britain in the Mediterranean, and it pledges British support for Constantinople in the event of a French declaration of war against the Turks.
		The Treaty of Amritsar in India checks the advance of a Sikh confederacy under Ranjit Singh, 29, and fixes the East India Company's northwest territorial border at the Sutlej River (see 1845).
	history.enotes.com /peoples-chronology/year-1809/print (1487 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the peace treaty of Turku, Russia despite her military success agrees to gaining only fairly minor territories in eastern Finland under the condition the Swedish Estates elect the Russian-approved Prince-bishop Adolf Fredrik of Lübeck to heir to the Swedish throne.
		By the spring of 1809 the Finnish troops had surrendered, the main army had retreated half-way through Sweden and in the peace treaty of Hamina /Fredrikshamn September 1809 the whole of Finland was joined to Russia.
		The threatening mob was driven away from the manor by military troops, and thereby 29 peasants were killed (- this is the official figure, rumors say that most corpses had been taken care of by friends and relatives before the rest was counted by the military).
	archive.cs.uu.nl /pub/NEWS.ANSWERS/nordic-faq/part7_SWEDEN (18576 words)

	Finnish Orthodox Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The northern monastery of Petsamo was re-established at the end of the 19th century, and around the same time a community of nuns was set up at Kivennapa on the Karelian Isthmus which later became the Convent of Lintula.
		After the war between Sweden and Russia came to an end with the Treaty of Hamina in 1809, the province of Viipuri (Russ.
		Vyborg) was annexed to Finland, which had become a Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire, and the Orthodox population of Finland increased by a factor of ten.
	www.ort.fi /en/history.php (470 words)

	Neue Seite 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The ramparts of the fortress of Hamina house Hamina Bastioni with the biggest canopy in Europe.
		The Neoclassical church of the Lutheran town parish was built in the form of a Greek temple.
		The memorial stone beside the church commemorates the Treaty of Hamina in 1809, which was signed in the official residence of the fortress commander, earlier situated on the side.
	www.bgneunkirchen.ac.at /~biologie/Comenius-Projekt/sunday_250404.htm (654 words)

	History guide for Finland by Hostelbookers
		In an attempt to force Sweden to join Napoleon's economic blockade, Russia, under Tsar Alexander I, attacked and occupied Finland in 1807.
		The Treaty of Hamina, signed in September of that year, legally ceded all of the country to Russia.
		The tsar had needed a friendly country close to Napoleon's territory as a reliable ally in case of future hostilities between the two leaders.
	www.hostelbookers.com /guides/finland/116660 (1161 words)

	AllRefer.com - Finland - Finland and the Swedish Empire \| Finnish Information Resource
		Most Finnish officers did not support the mutiny, which was promptly put down, but an increasing number of Finns, especially Finnish nobles, were weary of Finland's serving as a battleground between Sweden and Russia.
		Because of Russia's simultaneous involvement in a war with the Ottoman Empire, Sweden was able to secure a settlement in 1790 in the Treaty of Varala, which ended the war without altering Finland's boundaries.
		Sweden formally ceded Finland to Russia by the Treaty of Hamina (Swedish, Fredrikshamn) on September 17, 1809.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/finland/finland18.html (1376 words)

	RRs: Visit Finland - Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Karelia joined into Finland in the peace treaty of Stolbova ending a hundred years of almost continuous wars with Russia.
		The Continuation War; Finland attacks the Soviet Union with Germany, hoping to regain the lost areas, but eventually has to accept the borders of 1940 and, and also cede Pechenga, lease Porkkala peninsula as a military base for 50 years (SU returns it already in 1956) and pay war reparations.
		Finland signs a free trade treaty with the EEC (a precedent of the European Union), but remains outside the community.
	www22.brinkster.com /sisunet/suomi_rrs.html (4482 words)

	FINNISH HISTORY
		The Treaty of Kalmar was broken by Gustav Vasa and Sweden revolted from the union with Denmark and Norway.
		Under the Treaty of Hamina, Sweden ceded Finland to Russia.
		Tsar Alexander I became the constitutional monarch of Finland, assuring limited self-government to Finland as a Grand Duchy of Russia.
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~egreef/finnishhistory.htm (1168 words)

	The Finnish National Anthem — Virtual Finland
		The poem was published in autumn 1846 as the prologue to Runeberg’s Fänrik Ståls sägner (The Tales of Ensign Stål), a collection of 35 heroic ballads set in the days of the War of Finland in 1808-09.
		As a result of this war, Sweden ceded Finland to Russia in the 1809 Treaty of Hamina.
		Runeberg’s aim was to stir Finnish patriotic feeling with his epic.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/maamme.html (547 words)

	Haparanda, Sweden. Travel guide & tourist information by Hostelbookers.com
		From 1105 until 1809 Finland was part of Sweden and Tornio was an important trading centre, serving markets across northern Scandinavia.
		But things began to unravel when Russia attacked and occupied Finland in 1807; the Treaty of Hamina then forced Sweden to cede Finland to Russia in 1809 – thereby losing Tornio.
		It was decided that Tornio had to be replaced, and so in 1821 the trading centre of Haparanda was founded, on the Swedish side of the new border along the River Torne.
	www.hostelbookers.com /guides/europe/haparanda/home (349 words)

	West Bothnia (Sweden) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The land of the Laps (the Samis) were however considered a province of its own as soon as it was possible to positively see it as a part of the Swedish realm, and this was called Lapland (in Swedish Lappland, in Finnish Lappi).
		The original eastern border of the province was at the Kemi and Ounas Rivers, but in the peace treaty of Hamina (Fredrikshamn) in 1809, the border between Sweden and Russia was drawn along the Torne River.
		During the 20th Century, many people has come to see the northern part of the province as a province in its own right, called North Bothnia (Norrbotten).
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/se_vbott.html (235 words)

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