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	CHRONOLOGY - QING DYNASTY 1644-1912
		The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) with the Russians, drafted to bring to an end a series of border incidents and to establish a border between Siberia and Manchuria (northeast China) along the Heilong Jiang (Amur River), was China's first bilateral agreement with a European power.
		In 1727 the Treaty of Kiakhta delimited the remainder of the eastern portion of the Sino-Russian border.
		The Treaty of Nanjing set the scope and character of an unequal relationship for the ensuing century of what the Chinese would call "national humiliations." The treaty was followed by other incursions, wars, and treaties that granted new concessions and added new privileges for the foreigners.
	www.gotheborg.com /chronology/qing.shtml (3444 words)

	Richard S. Horowitz \| International Law and State Transformation in China, Siam, and the Ottoman Empire during the ...
		These treaties were unequal in several senses: they were forced at gunpoint; they expressed the economic and political interests of Britain and other powers; and key provisions, including extraterritoriality and restrictions on tariffs on foreign trade, were not reciprocal.
		While much more research is needed, it seems that a key to the endurance of the treaty system as a structure for semicolonial systems was that it provided a framework that various powers were able to live with, even if it did not fulfill all of their desires.
		Treaty systems were an obvious manifestation of European power over indigenous Eurasian states, but international law also played an important role in a more subtle and enduring phenomenon: the emergence of the territorially defined sovereign state as the key participant in international society.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/15.4/horowitz.html (14657 words)

	Nerchinsk, Russia - LoveToKnow 1911
		The fort of Nerchinsk dates from 1654, and the town was founded in 1658 by Pashkov, who in that year opened direct communication between the Russian settlements in Transbaikalia and those on the Amur which had been founded by Cossacks and fur-traders coming from the Yakutsk region.
		In 1689 was signed between Russia and China the treaty of Nerchinsk, which stopped for two centuries the farther advance of the Russians into the basin of the Amur.
		The opening of the western route through Mongolia, by Urga, and the establishment of a custom-house at Kiakhta in 1728 diverted this trade into a new channel.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Nerchinsk,_Russia (266 words)

	Khyber Pass - LoveToKnow 1911
		It was at Ali Masjid that Sir Neville Chamberlain's friendly mission to the amir Shere Ali was stopped in 1878, thus causing the second Afghan War; and on the outbreak of that war Ali Masjid was captured by Sir Samuel Browne.
		The treaty which closed the war in May 1879 left the Khyber tribes under British control.
		From that time the pass was protected by jezailchis drawn from the Afridi tribe, who were paid a subsidy by the British government.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Khyber_Pass (1098 words)

	Shih Shun Liu : Extraterritoriality (chapter 4)
		For this treaty the bitter controversy of the previous decade between the Chinese and British authorities on the question of jurisdiction undoubtedly prepared the ground, and it is only in this light that we have dealt briefly with the events of this period.
		Crimes committed by the natives against the nationals of a Treaty Power should be tried and punished by the native authorities according to their own laws, and crimes committed by the nationals of a Treaty Power against the natives, by the consular representatives of the defendant's nationality according to the latter's laws and customs [55].
		The procedure laid down by the treaties was briefly as follows: In all civil cases between natives and foreigners, the consul was charged with the duty of hearing the complaint on either side and of settling it amicably without causing litigation.
	www.panarchy.org /shihshunliu/chapter4.1925.html (5462 words)

	Treaty of Kyakhta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Treaty of Kyakhta (sometimes Kiakhta) (Russian: Кяхтинский договор; Chinese: 恰克圖條約; pinyin: Qiàkètú tiáoyuē) was one of several treaties between Imperial Russia and the Qing Empire in the early modern period, establishing trade agreements and defining the border between Russian Siberia and the Qing territories of Mongolia and Manchuria.
		The Treaty of Kyakhta set the borders between Russia and China at the Kyakhta and Argun Rivers, and, along with the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) and Treaty of Aigun (1858) established the borders we know today.
		The fate of this land, according to the treaty, would be determined in the future by ambassadors or further correspondence between the two nations' capitals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta (454 words)

	KIAKHTA - Online Information article about KIAKHTA
		China, on the Kiakhta, an affluent of the Selenga, and on an elevated See also:
		December fairs for which Kiakhta was formerly famous, and also the See also:
		Shang-hai, Chin-kiang, Nanking and Su-chow are the treaty ports of the province.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /KHA_KRI/KIAKHTA.html (1060 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on HACKED BY TURK-SOPHİA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea (en)
		Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (en)
		Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (en)
	www.blinkbits.com /wikifeeds/TR?from=7200 (269 words)

	Russia Engages the World - NYPL
		The Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia and China establishes recognized borders between the Muscovite Tsardom and the Qing dynasty in China.
		The Treaty of Nystad ends the Great Northern War with Sweden (1700—21), and Russia acquires the Baltic areas of Lifland, Kurland, and Estland.
		The Treaty of Kiakhta between China and Russia sets the boundary line between Mongolia and Siberia.
	russia.nypl.org /chronology4.html (343 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: History :: Pre- Modern Chinese History :: Comprehensive
		In 1727 the Treaty of Kiakhta delimited the remainder of the eastern portion of the Sino- Russian border.
		Western diplomatic efforts to expand trade on equal terms were rebuffed, the official Chinese assumption being that the empire was not in need of foreign--and thus inferior--products.
		Foreign settlements in the treaty ports became extraterritorial--sovereign pockets of territories over which China had no jurisdiction.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/01his/c02s03.html (4354 words)

	China and the West (1583-2000)
		1689 - The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) with the Russians was drafted to bring to an end a series of border incidents and to establish a border between Siberia and Manchuria (northeast China) along the Heilong Jiang (Amur River).
		1727 - The Treaty of Kiakhta with Russia delimited the remainder of the eastern portion of the Sino-Russian border.
		China, unable to withstand modern arms, was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) and the British Supplementary Treaty of the Bogue (1843).
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/chinalongchron.html (2858 words)

	Putiatin ~ Russia , China & Japan
		This beginning of the 'Treaty System' which opened China increasingly to foreign interests was perceived in Saint Petersburg as a threat to Russia's interests as enshrined within theTreaty of Nerchinsk (1689) and the later Kiakhta agreement (1727).
		Putiatin agreed with the Japanese in 1855 the Treaty of Amity (Nichiro Washin Joyaku) which was modelled on the Kanagawa Treaty recently agreed between the Japanese and the American Commodore Perry.
		China and Russia signed the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and shortly afterwards it appears that Putiatin at last got official ratification of the 1855 agreement from the Japanese.
	www.fortunecity.com /olympia/ince/698/rurik/putiatin.html (666 words)

	Some Results of the Study of the Maritime Colonization of Russian America and the Continental Colonization of Siberia: ...
		They were imported into China mainly through Kiakhta and exchanged for tea, silk and other Chinese goods.
		To a certain extent, as Gibson has concluded, the furs of sea otters, which were so highly prized by the Chinese aristocracy, promoted to a great extent the development of the Russian tradition of drinking tea.
		At the same time, we must take into account that it was extremely expensive to deliver food supplies and other necessary goods for the colonists in Alaska by way of Siberia.
	www.loc.gov /rr/european/mofc/bolkhov.html (2336 words)

	Windows on Asia
		These moves resulted in two treaties with the Manchus: The Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 and the Treaty of Kiakhta in 1727 which delineated the Sino-Russian border, along the Amur and other rivers.
		Russia moved in to assist the Mongols (take over the country); a treaty was signed by the Chinese and the Russians in 1913 and another in 1915 recognizing the division of Mongolia into the Chinese part (Inner Mongolia) and the Independent state of Outer Mongolia.
		In the summer of 1939, a Japanese army invaded eastern Mongolia; the army was defeated by a combined Mongol-Soviet force and a treaty signed guaranteeing Mongolia’s neutrality during the war.
	www.isp.msu.edu /asianstudies/wbwoa/eastasia/Mongolia/history.html (4856 words)

	Free Essay Chinas way to communism since European Imperialism
		The Manchus (the ruling Qing Dynasty at that time) were sensitive to the need for security along the northern land frontier and therefore were prepared to be realistic in dealing with Russia.
		In January 1943 the United States and Britain led the way in revising their treaties with China, bringing to an end a century of unequal treaty relations.
		Within a few months, a new agreement was signed between the United States and China for the stationing of American troops in China for the common war effort against Japan.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=29039 (3925 words)

	Fort Ross Chronology
		This is known to be the only treaty in California history that was ever upheld.
		1821 The Transcontinental Treaty was negotiated in Washington in 1819 by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and Luis de Onis, the Spanish minister to the United States, determined the boundary between the United States and Spain’s North American possessions.
		As part of the treaty, Spain sold Florida to the United states for $5 million.
	www.fortrossstatepark.org /chronology.htm (2962 words)

	1727 \| Political Events: The People's Chronology
		Persia's Shah Ashraf has only 20,000 men and 40 small camel-mounted field guns but kills 12,000 Turks before concluding a treaty acknowledging the sultan as caliph and being recognized himself as shah of Persia.
		Tahmasp II still holds court at Farahabad, where he is joined by the former brigand Nadir Kuli, 38 (see 1730).
		The Russian-Chinese border is fixed by the Kiakhta Treaty, arranged by a mission to Beijing (Peking) headed by Sava Vladislavich.
	history.enotes.com /peoples-chronology/year-1727 (194 words)

	The Fight for the Republic in China eBook
		While Uriankhai forms part of Autonomous Outer Mongolia, yet since Outer Mongolia is under China’s suzerainty, and its territory is expressly recognized to form part of that of China, China cannot look on with indifference to any possible cession of territory by Outer Mongolia to Russia.
		Article 3 of the Kiakhta Agreement, 1915, prohibiting Outer Mongolia from concluding treaties with foreign powers respecting political and territorial question acknowledges China’s right to negotiate and make such treaties.
		It is the firm intention of the Chinese Government to maintain its territorial integrity basing its case on historical records, on treaty rights and finally on the principle of nationality.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/4522/303.html (193 words)

	Online edition of Daily News - Business (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It was only during the Sung Dynasty (960-1127 AD) that the government permitted an export trade to develop along the northern border, which later developed into a caravan trade across the Great Gobi desert to Russia.
		Chinese tea had been sampled in Russia in 1567, but it was not until the signing of the Nerchinsk Treaty between China and Russia in 1689, that small quantities of tea began to arrive by the overland route via Mongolia and Siberia.
		It is then carried to Kiakhta, and finally to Russia via Irkutsk, Nij-Udinsk, Tomsk, Oomsk and Cheliabinsk.
	www.dailynews.lk /2001/10/04/bus10.html (6996 words)

	Eastern Destiny — www.greenwood.com
		It features the arrival of the servants of the state who ensured control of these lands and negotiated--whether subtly or otherwise--with the nations of East Asia.
		Also chronicled are the voluntary release by treaty of Alaska and the northern Kurils, the humiliating loss of southern Sakhalin and the ultimate dismemberment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
		Despite such losses, the Russian Confederation still comprises the most expansive country on earth, most of whose territory is the result of Asian conquests dating back four hundred years.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/B5648.aspx (360 words)

	[No title]
		The Self-Strengthening Movement The rude realities of the Opium War, the unequal treaties, and the mid-century mass uprisings caused Qing courtiers and officials to recognize the need to strengthen China.
		Malaysia claims the islands and reefs in the southernmost area, and there also is a potential for dispute over the islands with Brunei.
		The China-Burma border issue was settled October 1, 1960, by the signing of the Sino-Burmese Boundary Treaty.
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/part2 (21605 words)

	[No title]
		Until the middle of the 19th century the largest share of quality rhubarb came to the west by way of Russia.
		Rhubarb that came in over the caravan routes through Outer Mongolia to the Russian border towns of Irtusk and Kiakhta became the tightly controlled property of the tsars.
		Russian emissaries to China solidified these arrangements by negotiating the first treaty by outsiders with the Manchu dynasty, the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk.
	www.acsu.buffalo.edu /~insrisg/nature/olio/rhubarb2.html (2538 words)

	Russia Engages the World - NYPL
		Russia's failure to repatriate the Oirat people of northwest China under the terms of the Treaty of Nerchinsk led Beijing to reject requests for the extension of trade and establishment of a consulate-general.
		After many meetings with envoys of the Qing dynasty, the Treaty of Kiakhta (known also in Russia as Troitskosavsk) was signed in 1728, setting the boundary line between Mongolia and Siberia and thereby resolving a point of contention since the 17th century.
		This treaty was favorable to Russia, as China lost territory.
	russia.nypl.org /history3/eurasia.html (656 words)

	Associated & Related Documents
		The 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk had delineated the spheres of interest of the Chinese and Russian empires, and with modifications (such as the 1727 Kiakhta treaty) this agreement remained in force up until 1843.
		In the early nineteenth century Russia's interests were mainly concerned with establishing control over the Kuril Islands, and in expanding trade in the as-yet open lands of the Western North American continent.
		The Treaty of Shimonoseki ended the Sino-Japanese War and included in it the cession of Port Arthur from China to Japan.
	www.fortunecity.com /olympia/ince/698/rurik/others.html (1011 words)

	British Empire: Eighteenth Century Timeline
		Treaty of Kiakhta defines Russian Chinese border; Dutch reach Samoan Islands and Easter Island
		Treaty of Paris cedes Canada, Mississippi and India to Britain; Colonists move into Ohio basin; Fort Duquesne becomes Pittsburgh; Pontiac concpiracy of Indians rising against colonists
		Treaty of Versaille: Britain accepts independence of 13 colonies but retains West Indies and Canadian colonies; Mass migration of Loyalists to Canada
	www.britishempire.co.uk /timeline/18century.htm (771 words)

	China: A Country Study
		Westerners arrived in China in the nineteenth century, during the decline of the Qing dynasty, in search of trade and colonial empires.
		Through force of arms the Westerners imposed unequal treaties compelling China to accept humiliating compromises to its traditional system of society and government.
		China reacted to intrusions from the West--and from a newly modernized Japan (to which China lost a war in 1895)--in a variety of ways, sometimes maintaining the traditional status quo, adapting Western functions to Chinese substance, or rejecting Chinese tradition in favor of Western substance and form.
	www.cla.wayne.edu /polisci/kdk/Comparative/SOURCES/china.htm (15633 words)

	antisthenex: AP Russian Part 2
		Treaty of Kiakhta (list the results)- Established between Russia and China during the Qing dynasty, Established trade relations between the two countries and settled border disputes, It was signed in 1728 at the border city of Kyakhta
		Battle of Signal Hill – (1762) French forces were eventually defeated by British troops – the final battle of the war in North America and forced the French to surrender St. John's to the British under the command of Colonel William Amherst
		Treaties Ending the War and the Major Terms of the Agreement:
	antisthenex.livejournal.com /101076.html (3237 words)

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