Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji

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Topic: Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji

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	eefy - Kuchuk Kainarji
		This treaty was the pretty much the reason that Russia got to annex Crimea completely in 1783 and how Russian became protector of the Christians in the Ottoman Empire.
	eefy.editme.com /KuchukKainarji

	Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ( Küçük Kaynarca) was signed on July 21, 1774, between Russia (represented by Field-Marshal Rumyantsev) and the
		Treaty of Belgrade had given Russia territory adjacent to the Azov Sea but had been prohibited it from fortifying the area or using the sea for shipping.) The treaty also granted Russia some economic and political rights in the Ottoman Empire, such as allowing Ottoman
		Russia also interpreted the treaty as giving them the right to protect Orthodox Christians in the Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_Kuchuk-Kainarji

	EASTERN QUESTION - LoveToKnow Article on EASTERN QUESTION
		The RussoTurkish War of 187778 followed, concluded by the treaty of San Stefano, the terms of which were modified in Turkeys favor by the congress of Berlin (1878), which marks the beginning of the later phase of the Eastern Question.
		The belief in the imminent collapse of the Ottoman dominion was weakened almost to extinction; so was the belief, which inspired the treaty of 1856, in the capacity of Turkey to reform and develop itself on European lines.
		The Eastern Question, however, slumbered until, in 1851, the matter of the Holy Places was raised by Napoleon III., involving the whole question of the influence in Ottoman affairs of France under the capitulations of 1740 and of Russia under the treaty of 1774.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EA/EASTERN_QUESTION.htm

	MSN Encarta - Ottoman Empire
		The Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, signed in 1774, was more than a blow to Ottoman pride; it demonstrated that Ottoman military technology and methods of warfare were outdated.
		This treaty deprived them of most of their European territories, including Bulgaria, which was enlarged to include Macedonia and Thrace.
		Under the treaty the Ottoman Empire was, for the first time, forced to relinquish territory it had long held under its control.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553949/Ottoman_Empire.html

	Russo-Turkish Wars
		The Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji (1774) gave Russia additional portions of the Black Sea steppe and the right to free navigation on the Black Sea, and Turkey guaranteed the rights of its Christian subjects.
		In the Treaty of Belgrade (1739), Azov was ceded to Russia along with a section of the Black Sea steppe between the Donets and Bug rivers, but the Russians had to raze the fortifications at Azov and were not permitted to have any ships on the Black Sea.
		The Treaty of Adrianople (1829) granted Russia territory at the mouth of the Danube and in the Caucasus and a virtual protectorate over an autonomous Moldavia and Walachia; autonomy for Greece and to a lesser extent Serbia was also guaranteed.
	autocww.colorado.edu /~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/HistoryOfEurope/Russo-TurkishWars.html

	Encyclopedia: Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji
		The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ( Küçük Kaynarca) was signed on July 21, 1774, between Russia (represented by Field-Marshal Rumyantsev) and the Ottoman Empire after the Ottoman Empire was defeated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774.
		The treaty was misinterpreted as giving Russia the right to protect Orthodox Christians in the Empire.
		The treaty was violated by Russia in 1783 when it annexed the Crimean Khanate.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Treaty-of-Kuchuk_Kainarji

	Macedonia - United Macedonians Organization of Canada
		The 1774 Kuchuk Kainarji Treaty, in addition to allowing Russia access to the north shore of the Black Sea, gave her "power to act" on behalf of the Orthodox millet and to conduct commerce within the Ottoman Empire.
		After Russian forces occupied Romanian principalities, Turkey was defeated and the 1774 Kuchuk Kainarji Treaty gave Russian ships access to the Black Sea, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.
		At the 1856 Treaty of Paris, Britain and France granted Turkey "legal status" in the Balkans that was far beyond her control.
	www.unitedmacedonians.org /macedonia/stefov5.html

	War and 18th Century Europe
		A treaty between her and Frederick was drawn, Maria Teresa agreeing to Frederick's hold on Silesia except for parts of southern Silesia called Jagerndorf and Troppau, which Frederick agreed would go to the Habsburgs.
		The agreement was signed in September, in the town of Worms, on the Rhine River, and became known as the Treaty of Worms.
		Frederick was happy to have France as an ally against Habsburg hostility, and in signing a defensive treaty with the French he promised to cast his vote for their friend, Charles Albert of Bavaria, rather than for Francis Stephen, for emperor.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h31-gr.htm

	Russo-Turkish War, 1787-92 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These events and the friction caused by mutual complaints of infringements of the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji, which had closed the previous war, stirred up public opinion in
		Prussia, though on the 31st of January 1790 she had signed an offensive treaty with Turkey, gave her no help during the war.
		In 1786 Catherine II of Russia made a triumphal progress through the Crimea in company with her ally, Emperor Joseph II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1787-92

	List of treaties - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Treaty of Lübeck - Denmark withdraws from the Thirty Years' War.
		Central Treaty Organization - Alliance of Arab states
		Treaty of Tripoli - Ends the war between the United States and
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_treaties

	Russian Catherine II, Catherine II the Great or Russia, Catherine II of Russia, Catherine II de Russie, Catherine the Great II on RussiansAbroad.com
		Following a war that broke out with the Ottoman Empire in 1768, the parties agreed to the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji in 1774.
		By that treaty, Russia acquired an outlet to the Black Sea, and the Crimean Tatars were made independent of the Ottomans.
		The terms of the treaty fell far short of the goals of Catherine's reputed "Greek project"--the expulsion of the Ottomans from Europe and the renewal of a Byzantine Empire under Russian control.
	www.russiansabroad.com /russian_history_32.html

	1774 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ending six years of war.
		The British pass the Quebec Act setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America.
		The treaty does give Russia the right to intervene in
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/1774

	Encyclopedia: History of Bulgaria
		The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji of 1774 gave Russia the right to interfere in Ottoman affairs to protect the Sultan's Christian subjects.
		The Treaty of Berlin was the final Act of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878), by which the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Turkey revised the Treaty of San Stefano signed on March 3 of the same year.
		They were thus able to dictate terms to the Sultan, and in the Treaty of San Stefano they proposed creating a large Bulgarian state, embracing much of Thrace and Macedonia as well as modern Bulgaria.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-Bulgaria

	The Franco-Georgian Diplomatic Relationship: 1810-1811
		They were able to cite, in support of their objections, Article 23 of the Kuchuk-Kainarji Treaty of 1774, in which Turkish suzerainty over all Georgia had been recognized by Russia.
		The treaty was to remain in force permanently and any modification was to be made only by the voluntary consent of both parties.
		The treaty stipulated also the stationing in Georgia of two battalions of Russian infantry with four guns and the eventual recovery by force of arms of Georgia’s ancient territories now in possession of the Ottomans.
	www.napoleon-series.org /research/government/diplomatic/c_georgia2.html

	Search Results for "peace treaty"
		kuchuk´ ki´narja´) (KEY), 1774, peace treaty signed at the end of the first of the Russo-Turkish Wars undertaken...
		The Treaty of Neuilly 1919, Nov. 27 The Bulgarians signed the treaty of peace, which deprived them of a seaboard on the Aegean and gave them only an economic outlet....
		...up to the treaty began in the spring of 1905 when Russia had suffered severe defeats and Japan was in financial difficulties.
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch/+8wwFqMpnwqnaBGnwBOxzmZwwwmFqMqdc2nhnGnDqnnFqMqdc2nhnGnDqn

	Russian Foreign Policy at the Threshold of the Third Millennium
		NATO's bombing of Serb positions in Bosnia is a violation of the North Atlantic Treaty itself, for not one of the sides in the conflict was in the state of war with a member of NATO nor did they pose a threat to a NATO member.
		The expansion of NATO will ultimately change the already undermined military and strategic symmetries and configurations that emerged from the Treaty on the limitation of conventional forces (the CFE treaty), for the correlation in arms alone is becoming 2:1 in favor of NATO with the entry of some East European states.
		If the START-2 Treaty is ratified and Poland enters NATO, then from its territory, nuclear missiles can be delivered all the way to St.Petersburg using howitzers and all the way to Moscow using cruise missiles.
	www.pravoslavie.ru /english/rusforeignpolicy.htm

	Safavid and Ottoman Eras
		The defeats marked by the treaties of Karlowitz and Kuchuk Kainarji led the Ottomans into a period of introspection during which they began to ask themselves where they had gone wrong.
		This agreement was known as the Treaty of Balta Liman and it was signed in the summer of 1838.
		The Sultan was forced to renounce suzerainty over the Khan of Crimea and over the Muslim Tatars living along the North shore of the Black Sea.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/safavid_and_ottoman_eras.htm

	1777 [Definition]
		July 21 - Russo-Turkish War, 1768-74: Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ending six years of war.
		1814 - The Treaty of Ghent was signed which ended the War of 1812 1818 - Silent Night composed by Franz Xaver Gruber 1851 - Library of Congress burns 1865 - Several US Civil War Confederate veterans form the Ku Klux Klan 1906 - The first radio program, a poetry reading, a violin s...
		Events 1354 - Treaty of Stralsund settled border disputes between the duchies of Mecklenburg and Pomerania.
	www.wikimirror.com /1777

	Albania - RELIGION
		The situation of the Orthodox adherents improved temporarily after the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji (1774), in which Russia was recognized as the protector of the Orthodox followers in the Ottoman Empire.
		The most effective method employed by the Ottoman Turks in their missionary efforts, especially in the central and southern parts of the country, was the creation of a titled Muslim class of pashas and beys who were endowed with both large estates and extensive political and administrative powers.
		Pressure was put on this group because the Ottoman Turks considered its members sympathetic to Orthodox Russia.
	countrystudies.us /albania/55.htm

	SEVASTOPOL.ORG - Southern Coast of Crimea : Romanovs in Crimea
		In 1774, by the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji, Catherine II forced Turkey to recognize the independence of the Crimea, and in 1783 she annexed the peninsula.
		This gave Russia the access she needed to the Black Sea.
	www.sevastopol.org /UBK/romanov1.htm

	World History 1770-1780 AD
		On July 21, 1774 the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji was signed between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
		France Signs Treaty of Alliance with US - On February 6, 1778 France signed a treaty of alliance with the United States of America.
		The war became known as the Potato war as the sides spent most of their time disrupting the other sides supply lines as opposed to fighting each other.
	www.multied.com /dates/1770ad.html

	WHKMLA : History of Russia 1855-1881 : Foreign Policy
		The spirit of NATIONALISM had reached the Orthodox christian peoples living under Ottoman rule on the Balkans peninsula, which Russia since the TREATY OF KUCHUK KAINARJI (1774) claimed to protect.
		In 1858 the AMUR TERRITORY was acquired from China in the TREATY OF AIGUN, in 1860 the COASTAL PROVINCE in the TREATY OF PEKING.
		In the Coastal Province, the port city of VLADIVISTOK was founded that year.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/russia/rus185581forpol.html

	Crimean War, 1853-1856
		Tsar Nikolai I objected that Russia was the true defender of Christianity in the East, that such a protectorate existed by the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji (1774), and that Greek Orthodox were by far the majority Christians (ten million) in the East.
		The subsequent Treaty of Paris did much to set back Russian expansionism by almost a hundred years, but Aleksandr I viewed this as a temporary reversal and a "blot on his reign".
		The Ottoman empire was decisively beaten, and by the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878, it recognised the independence or autonomy of Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Romania.
	www.regiments.org /wars/19thcent/53crimea.htm

	1773 [Definition]
		Emerging from the eastern part of the Frankish realm after its division in the Treaty of Verdun (843), it lasted almost a millennium formally, until its dissolution in 1806....
		1824 Events January 22 - Ashantis crush British forces in the Gold Coast Cimetière du Montparnasse established The Dutch sign the Masang Agreement temporarily ending hostilities in the Padri War March 17 signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.
		Events 1703 - Portugal and England sign the Methuen Treaty which gives preference to Portuguese imported wines into England.
	www.wikimirror.com /1773

	Catherine Ii - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		In 1783 she annexed the Crimea, which had gained independence from the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji.
		The Treaty of Jassy (1792) confirmed the annexation of the Crimea and cemented Russia's hold on the northern coast of the Black Sea.
		Her triumphal tour of S Russia, accompanied by Potemkin, provoked the Ottomans to renew warfare (1787-92).
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=Cathrin2

	The Great Powers and the "Eastern Question"
		By treaty, France was also the protector of Catholics in Turkey: French intervention in the quarrels between Orthodox and Catholic monks in Jerusalem was one excuse for the Crimean War.
		Under the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, the Habsburgs (who were allied with Poland, Russia and Venice) took control of Hungary (including Croatia), and Russia got part of the Ukraine.
		As an ally of Britain and France when the 1856 Treaty of Paris ended the Crimean War, the Turks gained a legal status that was beyond their real powers.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lect10.htm

	Bukovina Chronology in the context of European History
		Russo-Turkish War; Russians gain concessions from the Ottoman Empire by Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, making it the chief power in the Near East.
		Treaty of St. Germain by which Bukovina passes to Romanian administration; although treaty contains provisions for the protection of ethnic and religious minorities, these are not incorporated into Romanian constitution.
		By Treaty of Constantinople, Austria annexes Bukovina which serves as a land bridge connecting its provinces of Galicia and Transylvania.
	www.dizzyweb.cv.ua /bukovina/chronology.htm

	The Greek Revolution and the Greek State
		When the 1774 Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji opened the Turkish straits to Russian commerce, there were not enough Russian ships to meet that country's export needs: the treaty allowed Ottoman Greeks to register their ships in Russia, and so they benefitted from the new rules.
		Between 1529 and 1774 only ships under Ottoman registry could navigate in the isolated waters of the Black Sea, so Greek trade there grew without competition from the Venetians.
		Anglo-French naval warfare during the Napoleonic Wars also cleared the seas for Greek ships: most Western merchant ships found the Mediterranean too dangerous.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lecture6.html

	Crimean Khanate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the Russo-Turkish War, 1768-74, the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji was signed, which made the Crimean Khanate independent from the Ottoman Empire, and aligned it with the
		On 8 April 1783, in violation of the treaty, Catherine II annexed the whole of the Crimea into the Russian Empire.
		Russia justified the annexation by citing the need to stop the civil war in Crimea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crimean_Khanate

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