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Topic: Treaty of La Pointe

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	Vermont - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mount Mansfield, at 4,393 feet (1,339 m), is the highest elevation point in Vermont.
		The lowest point in the state is Lake Champlain at 95 feet (29 m).
		The Battles of Bennington and Saratoga are recognized as the turning point in the Revolutionary War because they were the first major defeat of a British army and convinced the French that the Americans were worthy of military aid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vermont (7579 words)

	Michigan - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		At one point in the war Spain, which had joined the French and the Americans against the British, sent a raiding party that occupied Fort Saint Joseph, near Niles, and briefly raised the Spanish flag.
		Under the Treaty of Paris that ended the revolution in 1783, American and British negotiators agreed that the boundary between the United States and Canada would be a line drawn through the middle of each of the Great Lakes and their connecting rivers.
		With the last, the Treaty of La Pointe in 1842, the Native Americans had ceded all of their land in Michigan, except for some reserves.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761572168___45/Michigan.html (4643 words)

	Aajigaaning Stories
		Treaty of Greenvile "cedes" southern and eastern Ohio, a result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
		Treaty also has a claim which calls for Indians removal and relocation (a term that signifies an active and prototypical use of the reservation/concentration camp system) to lands west of the Mississippi.
		The 1855 treaty was figured to have wrongfully terminated U.S. treaty obligation for trust monies that arise from 1836.
	www.americanindianmovement.org /aajigaaning/aajigaaningstories.html (2024 words)

	Cessions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Bullets, rum, and treaties, hardly worth the paper their terms were written on, were used without compunction to rid Michigan of its Indians and open the land to the farmer, the road maker, and the lumberman.
		The commissioners who negotiated the treaties may have intended to treat the Indians fairly, but, more often than not, their recommendations and promises were altered by a Congress less concerned with the needs of the aborigines than the demands of would-be settlers and land speculators.
		La Point 1842 The upper peninsula west of Alger and Delta Counties.
	www.geo.msu.edu /geo333/Indian_cessions.html (1506 words)

	L'Anse Indian Reservation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was established under the Chippewa Treaty of 1854.
		The United States Supreme Court has interpreted this treaty as creating permanent homelands for the Chippewa (Ojibwa Anishnabek) signatories to the treaty.
		The Treaty of 1842, which ceded lands to the federal government, was one of the largest land cession agreements ever made between the U.S. federal government and Indian tribes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/L'Anse_Indian_Reservation (278 words)

	Canku Ota - May 17, 2003 - Early Life Among the Indians - Chapter 1
		The boundary or division of territory as agreed upon and established by this council was the Mississippi River from Prairie du Chien north to the mouth of the Crow Wing River, thence to its source.
		The Chippewas, by this treaty, were recognized as the owners of all lands east of the Mississippi in the territories of Minnesota and Wisconsin, and north of the Mississippi to the British Possessions, also Lake Superior Country on both sides of the lake to Sault Ste.
		The Treaty of 1842 made at La Pointe stipulated that the Indians should receive their annuities at La Pointe of a period of twenty-five years.
	www.turtletrack.org /CO_FirstPerson/Armstrong/ArmstrongChap01.htm (2969 words)

	INDIANS OF MICHIGAN
		By the terms of this treaty said lands were to be surveyed and sold by the United States in the same manner as other public lands, the proceeds to be applied for certain specific purposes defined in said treaty and the balance to be invested in public stocks for the benefit of said Indians.
		By the treaty of 1932 made at the Tippecanoe river there is granted to each of seventy-six persons named a specified quantity of load amounting in all to eighty-four and a half sections or 54, 080 acres, and patents are to be issued for the same.
		In the treaty it is stated that this land was estimated by good judges to be worth half a million of dollars, but the government agrees to pay for it instead, at the rate of thirty-six dollars an acre, or $23,040.
	www.mifamilyhistory.org /bay/imcl.htm (6116 words)

	Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The band is centered at the Lac Courte Oreilles Indian Reservation in northwestern Wisconsin, which surrounds Lac Courte Oreilles (Odaawaa-zaaga'igan in the Ojibwe language, meaning "Ottawa Lake").
		The Reservation was established by the second Treaty of La Pointe in 1854.
		The Lac Courte Oreilles are signatories a treaty signed in 1837, the 1842 Treaty of La Pointe and the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lac_Courte_Oreilles_Chippewa_Band (143 words)

	Wisconsin Death March
		Before the final 1842 treaty document was signed, the chief American negotiator, Robert Stuart, had to engage in a variety of tricky tactical moves and coercive threats to force through an agreement.
		However, for more than a year before the 1842 treaty, a few key actors in Wisconsin Territory had regularly misinformed authorities in Washington to the effect that the Chippewa were eager both to cede their lands and to resettle west of Lake Superior.
		Of greater practical importance, he pointed out, there were no obvious incentives for the Chippewa to make this move, for they had ample supplies of fish, game, and wild rice in their present locations and were experiencing few problems with the influx of Americans in the region.
	www.parr1.com /PARR1/WDM4.html (1756 words)

	Copper Harbor - History
		By the Treaty of La Pointe, signed on Madeline Island, Wisconsin Territory, the Chippewa Indians ceded the western half of Northern Michigan (roughly that area between Marquette, Michigan and Duluth, Minnesota), including the Keweenaw Peninsula, to the United States Government.
		The treaty opened the Keweenaw region to white settlement and marked the beginning of the rush for Michigan copper.
		Treaty of La Pointe, ceding the western half of the Upper Peninsula to the United States, is signed by the Chippewa Indians.
	www.copperharbor.org /history.html (541 words)

	20 Events to Remember
		Lake Superior wasn’t even a twinkle in Mother Earth’s eye at this point, but the groundwork (literally the ground) was laid for the lake basin in these times of molten upheaval.
		Treaty of Ghent establishes the Canada-U.S. border, after a lot of fussing and some canal burning at Sault Ste.
		Other treaties opened that path to settlement by European residents rather than transient tradesmen, like the Treaty of La Pointe in 1854 with the Ojibway people.
	www.lakesuperior.com /online/212/212events.html (1995 words)

	Fran-Sal
		This had to have been in or after 1854 because, until the treaty of La Pointe in 1854, the Duluth area had belonged to the Indians and white people were not allowed in.
		Park Point is interrupted only by a single canal which provides access to the bay on its West, but which was not there when Francois and Salome move in.
		At the end of the Point is a second canal, also providing access to the bay, and beyond that another three miles of sand bar which is connected to the Wisconsin shoreline and is called Wisconsin Point.
	www.kencrouse.com /stories/fran-sal.htm (3122 words)

	Native American Documents Project
		By the sixth section of the second article of the treaty of La Pointe made September 30, 1854, four sectious of land, known as the Red Cliff Indian reservations, were set apart for the use of a certain La Pointe band of Chippewa Indians, of which Buffalo was chief.
		The treaty of September 30, 1854, with the Chippewa Indians of Lake Superior makes reservation for the La Point band of those Indians of a tract of country, the boundaries of which are therein defined.
		Relying upon the guarantees contained in their treaty, they have made extensive and valuable improvements, and should they now be deprived of both their lands and improvements, it would be a very great hardship, and one that should be prevented if possible.
	www.csusm.edu /nadp/r875001b.htm (7052 words)

	Welcome to Wisconsin Resources Protection Council
		Under the terms of treaties signed in 1837 and 1842, the Chippewa ceded large tracts of land to the federal government but retained the rights to hunt, fish and gather on all lands within the ceded territory, roughly the northern one third of Wisconsin.
		The 1842 ""Miners Treaty" of La Pointe dispossessed the Chippewa of the Keeweenaw, Michigan copper districts.
		While the Chippewa and their allies in the environmental and treaty rights movements lost the battle to stop the mine, they nevertheless established themselves as a political force to be taken into account in the ongoing resistance to future mining projects.
	www.wrpc.net /racism.html (6313 words)

	Ojibwe
		The responsibility was given to Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, the commandant at Mackinac, who despised Jesuits in general and blamed their meddling for the suspension of the fur trade.
		At the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, the Ojibwe, Ottawa, and Potawatomi in northern Illinois ceded their remaining lands and agreed to move to Council Bluffs on the Missouri River in southwest Iowa.
		This concluded in 1923 with the Williams Treaty with the Ojibwe of southern Ontario.
	www.tolatsga.org /ojib.html (16124 words)

	Michigan - Search View - MSN Encarta
		The western margin of the Lower Peninsula is marked by an extensive area of sand dunes, which have been piled up by the prevailing westerly winds off Lake Michigan.
		The Lower Peninsula’s highest points are found in its northern section, where a tableland, capped by hills of glacial origin, ranges in elevation from 370 to 520 m (1,200 to 1,700 ft).
		Another 26 percent of the electricity came from the state's five nuclear power plants, of which two were at Bridgman and one each was at Big Rock Point (which was shut down in 1997), Newport, and South Haven.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761572168__1/Michigan.html (12600 words)

	Malhiot1
		In 1908, Lac du Flambeau was segregated from La Pointe, and made a separate agency; the population that year was 784, of whom the major portion lived on alotted lands.
		The French phrase, a common one among fur-traders, is “courir la drouine,” which means to go with the savages to their winter hunting grounds and trade with them there, instead of waiting for their return to the post.
		To La Feuille for a sack of Corn, a keg of
	www.marshfield.k12.wi.us /socsci/discovery/malhiot (20221 words)

	WER: Indians of Wisconsin
		1842, Oct. 4, at La Pointe, with the Chippewas.
		Treaty with the Menomonee Indians at Butte des Morts.
		Sioux treaty; lands east of the Mississippi ceded.
	www.library.wisc.edu /etext/WIReader/WER0142.html (1471 words)

	Canku Ota - April 5, 2003 - Sidelight to the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe
		These items, provided for by treaty the year before, not only brought to Madeline Island, Indians from both shores of Lake Superior, and far inland, but a mob of traders and other claimants, who were after the $90,000 and the $19,000 also, were at the payment.
		Colonel Manypenny, Commissioner of Indian Affairs (Washington DC), Indian Agent Henry C. Gilbert of La Pointe, and his secretary Smith; John Johnson, the mixed blood son of the historic John Johnson of Sault Ste.
		Marie; Benjamin Armstrong, famous interpreter of Oak Island, later of Ashland; Richard Morse of Detroit a newspaper man; Chief Buffalo, who died during the month and was accorded a big funeral; General H.L. Stevens; and many white men, claimants, saloon keeps, visitors, and ordinary spectators.
	www.turtletrack.org /Issues03/Co04052003/CO_04052003_TreatyLaPointe.htm (421 words)

	Top20Louisiana.com - Your Top20 Guide to Louisiana!
		The Bayougoula, part of the Choctaw nation, were found in points directly north of the Chitimachas, in the parishes of St. Helena, Tangipahoa, Washington, East and West Baton Rouge, Livingston, and St. Tammany.
		The rest of Louisiana became a colony of Spain by the Treaty of Fountainebleau of 1762.
		The western boundary of Louisiana with Spanish Texas remained in dispute until the Adams-OnÃs Treaty in 1819, with the Sabine Free State serving as a neutral buffer zone as well as a haven for criminals.
	www.top20louisiana.com (2673 words)

	Lighthouses@Lighthouse Digest ... The Old Standby Fades Away—but Never Dies
		The lighthouse marks the zero point for lake charts as established in 1823 by the early surveyor of Lake Superior Lieutenant Henry Woolsey Bayfield of the British Royal Navy.
		Settlers on Minnesota Point were few, though a fishing operation run by Bradshaw Brothers and Bly of Superior stood on the lake side of the point, and a dock and warehouse owned by George R. Stuntz, a relocated Pennsylvanian, stood on the bay side.
		The Minnesota Point Lighthouse’s keeper’s dwelling was dismantled, and the brick was used in the construction of the new lighthouse.
	www.lhdigest.com /Digest/StoryPage.cfm?StoryKey=1571 (1461 words)

	Everything Louisiana:Louisiana History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		La Salle later claimed it for Bourbon France and over the years Louisiana was at one time or another subject to the Union Jack of Great Britain, the Tricolor of Napoleon, the Lone Star flag of the Republic of West Florida and the fifteen stars and stripes of the United States.
		The Louisiana Purchase, approved by treaty in April of 1803, is called the most significant real estate transaction in the history of civilization.
		In 1800, Spain officially returned the Louisiana territory West of the Mississippi to France by the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso to avoid the continued deficits the colony caused and the growing possibility that Spain might have to fight the restless Americans to retain control of the lands.
	www.louisianastatecenter.com /guide/Louisiana_History.htm (3518 words)

	Grandpa
		The Chippewa were to be told that their annuity payments would no longer be made at La Pointe, Wisconsin (within the Chippewa's ceded lands), but, rather, would be made at Sandy Lake, on unceded lands, in the Minnesota Territory.
		Grandpa Warren's letter was quite clear that the Chippewa understood the Treaty of La Pointe in 1842 to mean that they would not be removed from their homeland.
		Another major point on which the Court based their ruling is a precept of Federal Indian Law which is known as the Reserved Rights Doctrine.
	www.aipc.osmre.gov /GrandpaW.htm (1561 words)

	Vermont (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The lowest point in the state is Lake Champlain at 95 feet.
		France claimed Vermont as part of New France, and erected Fort Sainte Anne on Isle La Motte in 1666 as part of their fortification of Lake Champlain.
		A fort at Crown Point had been built, and the Crown Point Military Road streched from the east to the west of the Vermont wilderness from Springfield to Chimney Point, making traveling from the neighboring British colonies easier than ever before.
	vermont.iqnaut.net (4221 words)

	October 1st to 8th in American Indian History by Phil Konstantin
		A secret part of this treaty signed by France and Spain is for Spain to return the lands in Louisiana west of the Mississippi River to France.
		The treaty refers to the July 2, 1791 Holston River Treaty, and attempts to correct some misunderstandings.
		The treaty will trade all of their lands in Indiana for land west of the Mississippi, supplies, and an increase in their annual payments from previous treaties.
	members.tripod.com /~PHILKON/October1.html (3387 words)

	[No title]
		To extend the present annuities of the Indians, parties to this treaty, for ten years beyond the periods respectively named in existing treaties; 2nd.
		All annuities under this or former treaties shall be paid as the chiefs in council may request, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, until otherwise altered or amended: Provided, That not less than one-half of said annuities shall be paid in necessary clothing, provisions, and other necessary and useful articles.
		It is distinctly understood and agreed that the clearing and breaking of land for the Chippewas of the Mississippi, as provided for in the fourth article of this treaty, shall be in lieu of all former engagements of the United States as to the breaking of lands for those bands.
	www.utulsa.edu /law/classes/rice/Treaties/12_Stat_1249_Chippewa.htm (299 words)

	INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 1, Laws
		For the reasons above, I concur in the request, and ask that several additional sections to those already reserved be made of the lands in the vicinity of Iroquois Point.
		SIR: I have the honor to transmit a communication from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, addressed to this office, bearing date the 11th instant, and its inclosure, recommending, for reasons stated, the withdrawal from marked and reservation for Indian purposes the lands in Isabella County, Mich., or so much thereof as may be deemed expedient.
		Let the withdrawal of all the vacant land in Isabella County be made with the express understanding contained in the letter of the Secretary of the Interior to me of the 12th instant.
	digital.library.okstate.edu /kappler/Vol1/HTML_files/MIC0846.html (1137 words)

	Superior Hiking Trail Women's Fall Escape (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Occasionally copper artifacts, in the form of spear points, knives, and fish hooks, are found along the North Shore.
		In 1854, the Ojibway signed the Treaty of La Pointe, which opened up northeastern Minnesota to mineral exploration and settlement.
		The first permanent settlement was a group of Germans from Ohio who settled at Beaver Bay in 1856.
	www.wildernessinquiry.org /shtwomens/areainfo.shtml (746 words)

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