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Topic: Treaty of Nerchinsk

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	[No title]
		The fort of Nerchinsk dates from 1654, and the town was founded in 1658 by Pashkov, who in that year opened direct communication between the Russian settlements in Transbaikalia and those on the Amur which had been founded by Cossacks and fur-traders coming from the Yakutsk region.
		In 1689 was signed between Russia and China the treaty of Nerchinsk, which stopped for two centuries the farther advance of the Russians into the basin of the Amur.
		But Nerchinsk acquired fresh importance from the influx of immigrants, mostly exiles, into eastern Transbaikalia, the discovery of rich mines and the arrival of great numbers of convicts, and ultimately it became the chief town of Transoaikalia.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=47854 (1209 words)

	Manchuria
		To the north, the boundary with Siberia was fixed by the Treaty of Nerchinsk[?] (1689) as running along the watershed of the Stanovoi[?] mountains.
		In 1858, a weakening Manchu China was forced to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia at the Treaty of Aigun[?].
		In 1860, at the Treaty of Peking, the Russians managed to extort a further huge slice of Manchuria east of the Ussuri[?], so that Manchuria was divided into a Russian half known as "Outer Manchuria" and a remaining Chinese half known as "Inner Manchuria".
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Manchuria.html (848 words)

	CIO Lomanov on irreconcilable histories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 is regarded as good and equal in the Chinese narration of history and bad and unequal in the Russian version.
		The Nerchinsk Treaty acknowledged Chinese suzerainty over most of Russia’s current Amur Province, the southern half of Khabarovsk Region, and the whole of the Maritime Region, but an unexplored strip was left undelineated, pending further settlement.
		The 1858 Treaty of Aigun and the 1860 Treaty of Peking, by contrast, are treated as equal and good by the Russian narrative of history and bad and unequal by the Chinese.
	cio.ceu.hu /extreading/CIO/Lomanov_on_irreconcilable_histor.html (222 words)

	Chinese History Part-6: Emmergence of Modern China
		The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) with the Russians, drafted to bring to an end a series of border incidents and to establish a border between Siberia and Manchuria (northeast China) along the Heilong Jiang (or Amur River), was China's first bilateral agreement with a European power.
		In 1727 the Treaty of Kiakhta delimited the remainder of the eastern portion of the Sino-Russian border.
		The Treaty of Nanjing set the scope and character of an unequal relationship for the ensuing century of what the Chinese would call "national humiliations." The treaty was followed by other incursions, wars, and treaties that granted new concessions and added new privileges for the foreigners.
	www.hotathrandom.com /China006.htm (3045 words)

	Siberia - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		By the terms of the Treaty of Nerchinsk, signed in 1689, Russia gave up all claims to the entire watershed area of the Amur River.
		In the Treaty of Aigun signed in 1858, China ceded all territory north of the Amur to Russia.
		This treaty and the Treaty of Beijing (1860) established the present-day border between the two countries.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /text_761556603___11/Siberia.html (1272 words)

	A Bear in the Woods
		In 1658, Peter Beketov established the Russian fortress of Nerchinsk at the mouth of the Nerch River.
		Nerchinsk was the original camping ground of the Mao-ming-an tribe, a Manchu tributary.
		Nerchinsk soon became a major trade center on the Russian side of the new frontier.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C16/E1603.htm (3795 words)

	Ask Us A Question (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		To the north, the boundary with Russian Siberia was fixed by the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) as running along the watershed of the Stanovoy mountains.
		In 1858, a weakening Manchu China was forced to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia at the Treaty of Aigun, except for a small region known as the Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River.
		The treaties of 1858 and 1860, which ceded territory north of the Amur, were ambiguous as to which course of the river was the boundary.
	www.avoo.com /wiki/Manchuria (2881 words)

	Sophia Alekseyevna - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most important highlights of her foreign policy, as engineered by Galitzine, were the Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686 with Poland, the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk with China, and the Crimean campaigns against Turkey.
		She was fictionally portrayed in the Jin Yong's novel The Deer and the Cauldron in which the young protagonist Wei Xiaobao went to Russia and helped her lead the coup against her half-brother Peter I.
		It was suggested that this event led to the peace between the Qing Empire and Russia in the Nerchinsk Treaty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sofia_of_Russia (640 words)

	CIO Lomanov on sino-russian treaties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) was a pre-Westphalian treaty: this is ours, that is yours, and what is in between we don’t talk about.
		Before the treaty, the relationship between the Qing court and the tribes that lived in this area was completely based upon the tribute system.
		Finally there was a military conflict, and at Nerchinsk there was a decision not to demarcate the boundary but just have both sides step back and keep this pre-nation-state situation on the border.
	cio.ceu.hu /extreading/CIO/Lomanov_on_sino_russian_treaties.html (251 words)

	[No title]
		This Treaty of Nerchinsk was a diplomatic victory for China, in that it officially limited Russian Imperial expansion in the areas of the Amur Valley and the Maritime Provinces of Siberai, where the interests of the two states has already collided.
		This first treaty between China and a European nation was consequently negotiated and interperted by the famous Jesuit priest, Peirre Fauchet, stationed at the court of the K’ang hsi Emperir in Peking, and the language of the treaty was Latin. By the 19th century Russia’s position vis-a-vis China had undergone a fundamental change.
		The treaty of Nerchinsk having been in force for nearly 170 years, was finally negated.
	www.perseusbooksgroup.com /documents/other/edittest.doc (1087 words)

	The Definitive Guide to Treaty of Nerchinsk XXXX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It was signed on August 27, 1689 as a result of a military conflict over the region by the Amur River (Amur krai, or Priamurye) in the small town of Nerchinsk.
		The Russian outpost of Albazin, which had been a source of conflict between China and Russia, was to be abandoned and destroyed.
		The treaty conditions were revised to Russia's benefit by the Aigun Treaty of 1858 and the Beijing Treaty of 1860, which established the Russo-Chinese border roughly corresponding to that of today.
	www.xxxx.com /s/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk (199 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Historical Treaty of Nerchinsk
		The treaty didnt, according to the current version, secede Manchuria to China, as Manchuria was in firm control by Qing at that time, which was at a position of tremendous strength at that time, only just having conquered China from Manchuria 40 odd years ago.
		In 1689, a Russo-Chinese border conflict was settled by the first Chinese-European agreement, the Treaty of Nerchinsk, wherein it was recognised that the Amur basin laid within Chinese borders while the Baikal Lake region belonged to Russia.
		And if Russia is extremely strong, then we should reverse the options so the AI would most likely reject the second version of the treaty, and this would be the most extreme we should go, bcos a treaty purporting to secede provinces in the Amur region to Russia would not be realistic.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?s=&threadid=49952 (3014 words)

	China History Forum, chinese history forum > battle between qing and russia
		However, the Russians continued expanding eastwards and built the forts of Nerchinsk (Nibuchu) in Inner Mongolia in 1656 and Yakesa on the north bank of the Amur in 1665.
		The Russians in Nerchinsk were driven out by the Qing in 1661, but reoccupied the fort in 1669.
		Lake Baikal and Nerchinsk was in everyway Russian conquest, Qing had nothing but a shadow of a claim of suzerainty over them, same goes with the territory west of the Amur.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t2406.html (1580 words)

	China and the West (1583-2000)
		1689 - The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) with the Russians was drafted to bring to an end a series of border incidents and to establish a border between Siberia and Manchuria (northeast China) along the Heilong Jiang (Amur River).
		1727 - The Treaty of Kiakhta with Russia delimited the remainder of the eastern portion of the Sino-Russian border.
		China, unable to withstand modern arms, was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) and the British Supplementary Treaty of the Bogue (1843).
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/chinalongchron.html (2858 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Nerchinsk
		A Russo-Chinese border treaty signed at Nerchinsk in 1689 was the first treaty concluded between China and a European power; it granted the Transbaikalia area
		Historically it has had no official standing as a political or territorial division, but it was generally understood to comprise
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Nerchinsk" at HighBeam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Nerchinsk (323 words)

	CNN - Yeltsin in Beijing to boost partnership - Nov. 9, 1997
		He will also sign a treaty with China defining the 2,800-mile eastern border that the two countries fought over for three decades.
		Treaty of Nerchinsk establishes formal ties in 1689
		There, he and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin signed a 30-year treaty of alliance aimed at presenting the United States with a united Communist front.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9711/09/russia.china (943 words)

	Re: Anyone got text of the Treaty of Nerchinsk between Qing and Czarist Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Re: Anyone got text of the Treaty of Nerchinsk between Qing and Czarist Russia
		Replying to: Anyone got text of the Treaty of Nerchinsk between Qing and Czarist Russia -- ILNK
		And an article "Disputable points on the delimitation between China and Russia in the Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689".
	www.centurychina.com /plaboard/posts/3675776.shtml (63 words)

	China History Forum, chinese history forum > My alternate timeline for China in a HOI2 mod
		Treaty of Haiphong restricted France from colonisation of Asia and recognised Chinese protection of Corea, Annam and Siam.
		Russia wracked by Bolshevik revolution and in the following Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, China regained all her territory as specified in the Treaty of Nerchinsk, and Germany also dictated her terms (OOC: as per real life.)
		Treaty of Versailles punishes Germany severely, would be even more severe if not for an undefeated China.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t7562.html (914 words)

	Russia Engages the World - NYPL
		The Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia and China establishes recognized borders between the Muscovite Tsardom and the Qing dynasty in China.
		The Treaty of Nystad ends the Great Northern War with Sweden (1700—21), and Russia acquires the Baltic areas of Lifland, Kurland, and Estland.
		The Treaty of Kiakhta between China and Russia sets the boundary line between Mongolia and Siberia.
	russia.nypl.org /chronology4.html (343 words)

	Russian Far East
		Russian conquest of the Siberian Far East started in the 17th century when Cossacks established the settlements of Okhotsk (1647), Anadyrsk (1649), Nerchinsk (1654), Udsk (1679), etc. It ended in 1875 when the island of Sakhalin became a Russian possession (Treaty of St.
		The territory had already been occupied by the Russians in the 17th century, but was later restored to China (Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689).
		In 1858 (Treaty of Arguin) and 1860 (Treaty of Beijing) China formally ceded the whole area.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Russian_Far_East.html (2210 words)

	[No title]
		The Manchus (the ruling Qing Dynasty at that time) were sensitive to the need for security along the northern land frontier and therefore were prepared to be realistic in dealing with Russia.
		In January 1943 the United States and Britain led the way in revising their treaties with China, bringing to an end a century of unequal treaty relations.
		Within a few months, a new agreement was signed between the United States and China for the stationing of American troops in China for the common war effort against Japan.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?download=-1&t=29039 (3730 words)

	[No title]
		The Treaty of Nerchinsk, which established the border for the next 170 years, was signed in 1689, shortly after Peter the Great came to power.
		The main Chinese negotiator brought 15,000 troops to the Russian base at Nerchinsk and demanded the Russians surrender lands equal to France and Germany combined.
		The presentation ends with reflections on the Jesuit role as catalysts and facilitators in all three peace treaties.
	www.marquette.edu /fileBroker.php/11576/DonnellyAbstract.doc (398 words)

	Associated & Related Documents
		The 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk had delineated the spheres of interest of the Chinese and Russian empires, and with modifications (such as the 1727 Kiakhta treaty) this agreement remained in force up until 1843.
		In the early nineteenth century Russia's interests were mainly concerned with establishing control over the Kuril Islands, and in expanding trade in the as-yet open lands of the Western North American continent.
		The Treaty of Shimonoseki ended the Sino-Japanese War and included in it the cession of Port Arthur from China to Japan.
	www.fortunecity.com /olympia/ince/698/rurik/others.html (1029 words)

	Russia Engages the World - NYPL
		Russia's failure to repatriate the Oirat people of northwest China under the terms of the Treaty of Nerchinsk led Beijing to reject requests for the extension of trade and establishment of a consulate-general.
		After many meetings with envoys of the Qing dynasty, the Treaty of Kiakhta (known also in Russia as Troitskosavsk) was signed in 1728, setting the boundary line between Mongolia and Siberia and thereby resolving a point of contention since the 17th century.
		This treaty was favorable to Russia, as China lost territory.
	russia.nypl.org /history3/eurasia.html (656 words)

	battle between qing and russia - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		I should slightly narrate the Sino-Russian Nerchinsk (or Nibuchu 尼布楚) Treaty history.
		As this link shows (http://cio.ceu.hu/extreading/CIO/Lomanov_o...ble_histor.html), the reason why the Chinese are reluctant to admit that the Nerchinsk treaty was an unequal one dictated from a position of strength by the Chinese, is that China has to take the moral high ground by showing that they never imposed any unequal treaties on Westerners.
		Here is the primary description of the treaty(not the treaty itself) in Russia.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=2406&st=0 (1794 words)

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