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	Treaty of New Echota - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Treaty of New Echota was a removal treaty signed in New Echota, Georgia by officials of the United States government and several members of a faction within the Cherokee nation on December 29, 1835.
		While the treaty was ratified by the United States Senate and enforced upon the Cherokee people, it was never signed by any official representative of the Cherokee nation, and the Cherokee nation refused to recognize the validity of the treaty.
		After news of the treaty became public, the elected officials of the Cherokee nation instantly objected that they had not approved any treaty, and that the document was invalid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota (589 words)

	White Dove's Native American Indian Site Cherokee
		In December 1835, the Treaty of New Echota ceded that last remaining territory east of the Mississippi.
		Cherokees residing on land ceded by the Treaty of New Echota, signed in 1835, were given two years to voluntarily remove to the West.
		This rebirth was signified by the adoption of a new constitution shortly after the majority of Cherokees arrived in the Indian Territory in 1839.
	users.multipro.com /whitedove/encyclopedia/cherokee.html (2042 words)

	New Echota - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		New Echota is one of state parks and historic sites in the State of Georgia, USA and part of a much larger area that was once the Cherokee nation.
		New Echota was named after the old capital of the Overhill Cherokee, Chota, which had been destroyed in the late 18th century and the region ceded to the United States.
		In 1962, New Echota Historical Park was opened to public as a replica of the original office of the Cherokee Phoenix was a highlight of the tour.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/New_Echota (1221 words)

	joel
		All persons entitled to reservations under Treaty of 1817, whose reservations, as selected, were included by the Treaty of 1819 in the unceded lands of the Cherokee Nation, shall be entitled to a grant for the same.
		All reservees who were obliged by the laws of the states in which their reservations were situated to abandon the same or purchase them from the states, shall be deemed to have a just claim against the United States for the value thereof or for the amount paid therefor, with interest.
		All stipulations of former treaties not superseded or annulled by this treaty shall continue in force.
	www.cherokeeobserver.org /Issues/treatynewechota.html (1196 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Major Ridge (ca. 1771-1839)
		The Cherokee leader Major Ridge is primarily known for signing the Treaty of New Echota (1835), which led to the Trail of Tears.
		He became a leader of the Treaty Party, which favored removal to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River (in present-day Oklahoma), in exchange for financial compensation of $5 million to the Cherokees.
		He and a minority of Cherokees signed the Treaty of New Echota in December 1835 without authorization from Ross or the Cherokee government.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2885 (727 words)

	INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties
		And whereas by the several treaties between the United States and the Osage Indians the Union and Harmony Missionary reservations which were established for their benefit are now situated within the country ceded by them to the United States; the former being situated in the Cherokee country and the latter in the State of Missouri.
		This treaty after the same shall be ratified by the President and Senate of the United States shall be obligatory on the contracting parties.
		The necessary expenses attending the negotiations of the aforesaid treaty and supplement and also of such persons of the delegation as may sign the same shall be defrayed by the United States.
	digital.library.okstate.edu /kappler/Vol2/treaties/che0439.htm (1687 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - New Echota Historic Site, Georgia, USA
		">New Echota was the capital of the Cherokee Nation before they were forcibly deported by the state of Georgia.
		New Echota was a small community of some 50 people and four stores.
		In the 1950s, the land around New Echota was purchased by local citizens and given to the state.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A840331 (881 words)

	All Things Cherokee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Treaty of New Echota was not recognized by the Cherokee Nation but, unfortunately, was recognize by the United States government.
		The Treaty was signed by a small group of Cherokee who did not represent the majority opinion and by signing were breaking Cherokee law.
		After the Treaty of New Echota was signed, John Ross compiled a petition and attemped to convince the government not to remove the Cherokee from the land to no avail.
	www.allthingscherokee.com /atc_sub_gene_feat_110101.html (691 words)

	National Indian Law Library, Indian Law Bulletins, Unreported Case, The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians of ...
		In 1835, the United States and the Cherokees entered into the Treaty of New Echota, which granted the Cherokee an additional 800,000 acres and required the Cherokee Nation to cede all of the eastern lands and move all of its members to the lands west of the Mississippi River.
		The treaty also provided that the lands ceded to the Cherokee Nation by the 1828, 1833, and 1835 treaties "shall all be included in one patent executed to the Cherokee nation of Indians by the President of the United States" and that the "Cherokees...
		UKB could not identify any statutes or treaties for claiming an interest in the disclaimed drybed lands that are different from the statutes and treaties the Cherokee Nation relies upon for its claim of title to all of the Riverbed lands.
	www.narf.org /nill/bulletins/dct/unreported/fc_keetowah.html (4874 words)

	"the People's Paths home page!" - Living History - Treaty of New Echota ~ December 29, 1835
		All Cherokees and their heirs to whom reservations had been made by any previous treaty, and who not sold or disposed of the name, such reservations being subsequently sold by the United States should be entitled to receive the present value thereof from the United States as unimproved lands.
		The Treaty of New Echota was signed on tht December 29, 1835 by: Major Ridge, his son John Ridge, Elias "Buck Oolwatie" Boudinot, and Stand Watie.
		And now it is presented to us as a treaty, ratified by the Senate, and approved by the President [Andrew Jackson], and our acquiescence in its requirements demanded, under the sanction of the displeasure of the United States, and the threat of summary compulsion, in case of refusal.
	www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net /history/EchotaTreaty1835.htm (1776 words)

	Trail of Tears - Crystalinks
		The Trail of Tears resulted from the enforcement of the Treaty of New Echota, an agreement signed under the provisions of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which exchanged Native American land in the East for lands west of the Mississippi River.
		The Treaty of New Echota was signed by a small faction of prominent Cherokees, but was never accepted by the elected tribal leadership or the majority of the Cherokee people.
		The political turmoil resulting from the Treaty of New Echota and the Trail of Tears led to the assassinations of Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot; of the leaders of the Treaty Party, only Stand Watie eluded his assassins.
	www.crystalinks.com /trailoftears.html (1641 words)

	"the People's Paths home page!" Paths to NAIIP Treaties
		Treaty of the Rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie with the Wyandot, Seneca, Delaware, Shawnee, Potawatomi, Ottawa, and Chippewa on September 29, 1817.
		Treaties are agreements between two sovereign governments, and governments, and are considered to be the supreme law of the land.
		Treaty Land Entitlement "TLE refers to land owed to certain First Nations under the terms of the Treaties signed by the First Nations and Canada between 1871 and 1910.
	www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net /lists/treatylist.htm (764 words)

	Treaty of 1835
		Under the terms of the treaty all the remaining Cherokee land east of the Mississippi River was ceded to the United States Government.
		The treaty was not signed by the principal Chief of the Cherokees, John Ross, nor was it signed by any member of the official Cherokee governing council.
		One might ask why the Ridge group signed this treaty, knowing full well that that did not have the authority to do so and that, under Cherokee law, anyone signing such an agreement without the approval of the Cherokee Council would be subject to the death penalty.
	members.tripod.com /cherokee1838/treaty_of_1835.htm (1689 words)

	New Echota State Park, Calhoun, Georgia
		Today the city of New Echota stands as silent testimony to Georgia's Cherokee Nation, which at one time controlled the land from the Ohio River Valley to the Chattahoochee River Valley.
		Our tour of New Echota begins with a visit to the monument to the Cherokee Nation, which was forced to travel west from Georgia to their new home (present-day Oklahoma) on the Trail Of Tears.
		In fact, the area around the state park is still known as "Newtown" or "New Town." Chota was the name of two Cherokee villages, one in White County, Georgia, on the northern end of the Chattahoochee River, the other in Tenneessee, near Fort Loudon.
	roadsidegeorgia.com /site/new_echota.html (1010 words)

	Cherokee in Georgia: Treaty of New Echota
		At the October, 1834 Council meeting at New Echota, members of the Treaty Party decided to try to pressure the Council into sending representatives to Washington to explore the possibility of a treaty with the federal government.
		During the debate on the bill it was pointed out that the treaty had been signed by a faction of the Cherokee Nation and did not represent the desires of the entire nation.
		The tally came in at 31 yeas, 15 nays and the Treaty of New Echota passed by a single vote.
	ngeorgia.com /history/cherokeehistory7.html (1272 words)

	New Echota State Historic Site
		The silence of the streets of New Echota is broken only by the occasional staccato laughter of children, playing in the now empty capital that serves as a reminder to Georgia of the treachery of the United States government and our own dark history.
		At New Echota rest the hopes of the sovereign Cherokee Nation.
		New Echota is a planned community laid out by Cherokee surveyors.
	ngeorgia.com /parks/new.html (497 words)

	Untitled Document
		These include the Treaty of Holston, the Indian Removal Act, the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, the Supreme Court cases of Cherokee vs. Georgia and Worcester vs. Georgia, and the Treaty of New Echota.
		In the treaty the U.S. promised to provide funds and materials to help "civilize" the Cherokee to make them less dependent on their traditional economy which was based on subsistence farming and hunting.
		The indifference of President Jackson and the signing of the Treaty of New Echota (illegally according to the Cherokee constitution) doomed the Cherokee to follow in the wake of the other tribes.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/chdavis6/NewPortfolio/1_NCSS_lesson.htm (2323 words)

	Treaty of New Echota
		And all such reservations as have not been sold by the United States and where the terms on which the reservations were made in the opinion of the commissioners have been complied with as far as practicable, they or their heirs or descendants shall be entitled to the same.
		In testimony whereof, the commissioners and the chiefs, head men, and people whose names are hereunto annexed, being duly authorized by the people in general council assembled, have affixed their hands and seals for themselves, and in behalf of the Cherokee nation.
		This sum of six hundred thousand dollars shall be applied and distributed agreeably to the provisions of the said treaty, and any surplus which may remain after removal and payment of the claims so ascertained shall be turned over and belong to the education fund.
	www.paulridenour.com /treaty.htm (1385 words)

	Treaty of New Echota
		Articles of a treaty, concluded at New Echota in the State of Georgia on the 29th day of Decr.
		Therefore the following articles of a treaty are agreed upon and concluded between William Carroll and John F. Schermerhorn commissioners on the part of the United States and the chiefs and head men and people of the Cherokee nation in general council assembled this 29th day of Decr 1835.
		The council of the nation may by giving two years' notice of their intention withdraw their funds by and with the consent of the President and Senate of the United States, and invest them in such manner as they may deem most proper for their interest.
	members.tripod.com /paintedhand/treatyofechota.html (651 words)

	Indian removal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		From 1814 to 1824, Jackson was instrumental in negotiating nine out of eleven treaties which divested the southern tribes of their eastern lands in exchange for lands in the west.
		Under these treaties, the Indians were to give up their lands east of the Mississippi in exchange for lands to the west.
		They signed a treaty in March, 1832, which opened a large portion of their Alabama land to white settlement, but guaranteed them protected ownership of the remaining portion, which was divided among the leading families.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html (1627 words)

	Trail of Tears --Reading 3
		For two years after the Treaty of New Echota, John Ross and the Cherokees continued to seek concessions from the federal government, which remained disorganized in its plans for removal.
		At the end of December 1837, the government warned Cherokee that the clause in the Treaty of New Echota requiring that they should "remove to their new homes within two years from the ratification of the treaty" would be enforced.¹ In May, President Van Buren sent Gen. Winfield Scott to get the job done.
		New York Observer (January 26, 1839); cited in Ehle, The Trail of Tears, 358.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/118trail/118facts3.htm (1392 words)

	Trail Of Tears
		The discovery of the New World by European explorers caused endless problems for American Indians, whose homelands were gradually taken from them and whose cultures were dramatically altered, and in some cases destroyed, by the invasion.
		Nevertheless, treaties and agreements gradually whittled away at this land base, and in the late 1700's some Cherokees sought refuge from white interference by moving to northwestern Arkansas between the White and Arkansas rivers.
		This time the court found that Indian nations are capable of making treaties, that under the Constitution treaties are the supreme law of the land, that the federal government had exclusive jurisdiction within the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation, and that state law had no force within the Cherokee boundaries.
	mypeoplepc.com /members/cherlyn/onefeather/id10.html (3229 words)

	New Page 1
		The treaty ceded the remaining portion of Cherokee eastern lands for monetary compensation and required that the remainder of the tribe move to join the Old Settlers in Indian Territory, now northeastern Oklahoma.
		In addition to the Old Settlers, the Treaty Party, the Eastern Cherokee living in the west, and the North Carolina Cherokee, some mixed-blood families, generally of one-quarter blood or less, remained in Tennessee and Georgia and assimilated their families with the white populations of those states.
		In 1846 a treaty provided various settlements to each of the three branches in Indian Territory and claims were made and money paid out to each Cherokee in the west.
	www.cherokeeresearch.com /historygenealogy.html (1656 words)

	Trail of Tears --Reading 2
		A new treaty accepting removal would at least compensate the Cherokees for their land before they lost everything.
		In December 1835, the U.S. resubmitted the treaty to a meeting of 300 to 500 Cherokees at New Echota.
		The Treaty of New Echota was widely protested by Cherokees and by whites.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/118trail/118facts2.htm (1197 words)

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