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Topic: Treaty of Nystad

	Vapaa Sana
		After the treaty of Stolbova, much of the southern part of the border was the same as it was later in the years 1812-1940.
		In the treaty of Hamina (Fredrikshamn) 1809, Russian-Swedish border was defined on the river Tornio.
		The final peace treaty that was concluded in Paris in 1947 did not alter the territorial clauses of the previous armistice in Moscow.
	www.vapaasana.com /Borders.htm (1472 words)

	Dominions of Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By the Treaty of Oliva between Poland and Sweden in 1660 following the Northern Wars the Polish king renounced all claims to the Swedish throne and Livonia was formally ceded to Sweden.
		By the peace treaties of Brömsebro (1645) and Roskilde (1658) the Realm of Sweden expanded to the south.
		According to the peace treaties the country was to retain its old laws and privileges, and was initially administered as a dominion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden (734 words)

	History of Finland: A selection of events and documents
		After the Peace Treaty of Turku (Åbo) in 1743 the eastern border against Russia was drawn along the River of Kymi, considerably to the west of the previous one.
		A treaty of friendship (Heninen) was concluded between the revolutionary governments of Russia and Finland on March 1, 1918.
		Treaty of Non-Aggression (original text in French) between the Soviet Union and Finland, January 21, 1932, and the protocol prolonging the treaty up to 1945, signed on April 7, 1934.
	www.histdoc.net /history/history.html (2384 words)

	Tartu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		With the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, the city became part of the Russian Empire, under whose control Tartu remained until 1918.
		The treaty meant that Bolshevist Russia renounced territorial claims to Estonia "for all time." However, the Soviet Union occupied Estonia and Tartu as a result of the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939.
		During World War II, a large part of the city as well as the historical Kivisild (stone bridge) (built by Catherine II of Russia in 1776-1778) over the Emajõgi were destroyed by the Soviet forces, partly in 1941 and almost totally in 1944.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Tartu (980 words)

	Great Northern War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It started by a coordinated attack on Sweden by the coalition in 1700, and ended 1721 with the conclusion of the Treaty of Nystad, and the Stockholm treaties.
		This stunning series of victories was generally due to the training of the army, which was far more professional than most continental armies, and could maintain much higher rates of fire due to constant training with their firearms.
		In 1617 Sweden's gains in the Treaty of Stolbova had deprived Russia of direct access to the Baltic Sea, and internal strife during the first half much of the 1600's meant that they were never in a position to challenge Sweden for these gains.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/g/gr/great_northern_war.html (682 words)

	Finland. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		By the Treaty of Nystad (1721), which ended the Northern War, Peter I of Russia acquired the province of Vyborg (Viipuri), and additional areas were lost to Russia in 1743.
		By the treaty of Moscow (Mar. 12, 1940), Finland ceded the Rybachi Peninsula, its part of the Karelian Isthmus (including Vyborg), and land bordering on Lake Ladoga; in addition, the USSR gained a 30-year lease of the port of Hanko.
		After the war, by a peace treaty signed in Paris in 1947, the 1944 armistice was largely confirmed; Finland was obliged to pay the USSR $300 million in reparations and to cede the Karelian Isthmus (with Vyborg), Pechenga (Petsamo) in the far north, and additional border districts in the east.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fi/Finland.html (2295 words)

	Treaty of Fredrikshamn -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		According to the treaty Sweden ceded (Click link for more info and facts about Åland) Åland, parts of the provinces (Click link for more info and facts about Laponia) Laponia and (Click link for more info and facts about Westrobothnia) Westrobothnia (east of the rivers of Tornio and Muonio) and all provinces east thereof.
		Similar clauses had been common in peace treaties, but they were also regularly circumvented.
		During the negotiations, Swedish representatives had namely endeavoured to escape the loss of the Åland islands, "the fore-posts of Stockholm," as (French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)) Napoleon rightly described them.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/tr/treaty_of_Fredrikshamn.htm (195 words)

	Treaty of Nystad - Encyclopedia.com
		was annexed to Sweden-Finland after the Treaty of Stolbovo (1617), the fight of the...
		returned to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Uusikaupunki (Nystad) in 1721, and proselytization of the...
		defeated the Scots at the Battle of Pinkie, 1547; the Peace of Nystad was concluded between Sweden and Russia, 1721; the Battle of...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-X-Nystad-T.html (181 words)

	Karelia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 divided Karelia between the two.
		The Treaty of Nystad in 1721, between Imperial Russia and Sweden, ceded most of Karelia to Russia.
		In 1917 Finland became independent and the border was confirmed by the Treaty of Tartu in 1920.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Karelia (807 words)

	Treaty of Nystad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Treaty of Nystad (1721), signed at the present-day Finnish town of Uusikaupunki, ended the Great Northern War, in which Russia received the territories of Estonia, Livonia and Ingria, as well as much of Karelia and Tsar Peter I of Russia replaced King Frederick I of Sweden, as ruler of the conquered provinces.
		It marked the advent of Russia as a european power in place of Sweden.
		The conflict with the other parties, Hannover, Kingdom of Prussia and Denmark was concluded by the Stockholm treaties in 1719 and 1720.
	www.mcfly.org /wik/Treaty_of_Nystad (89 words)

	Eric Sederholm in Four Countries - Story - Eric and Brita Move to Finland - Peace of Nystad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		With the aid of France, Sweden and Russia agreed to negotiate in Nystad (Uusikaupunki).
		Therefore the peace treaty, signed on August 30, 1721, was exceedingly favourable to Russia.
		The peace treaty meant that the border got a lot closer to Helsinki, the border was less than 200 kilometres from Helsinki.
	www.hel.fi /kaumuseo/netdays/peace_of_nystad.html (182 words)

	List of Swedish wars
		Treaty of Roskilde with Denmark (February 26, 1658)
		Treaty of Oliva with Poland (April 23, 1660)
		Treaty of Kardis with Russia (June 21, 1661)
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/l/li/list_of_swedish_wars.html (224 words)

	JOHANN HARTWIG ERNST, COUNT VON BERNSTORFF - LoveToKnow Article on JOHANN HARTWIG ERNST, COUNT VON BERNSTORFF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On the accession of Christian VIL, in 1766, Bernstorfls position became very precarious, and he was exposed to all manner of attacks, being accused, without a shadow of truth, of exploiting Denmark, and of unduly promoting foreigners.
		His last political achievement was to draw still closer to Russia by the treaty of the I3th of December 1769, the most important paragraph of which stipulated that any change in the Swedish constitution.
		This treaty proved to be a great mistake on Denmarks part, but circumstances seemed at the time to warrant it.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BE/BERNSTORFF_JOHANN_HARTWIG_ERNST_COUNT_VON.htm (914 words)

	Finnish Karelia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Indecisive fighting in 1321 and 1322 led to negotiations and peace by the Treaty of Nöteborg which for the first time decided the border between Sweden and Novgorod.
		After the Treaty of Nystad in 1721 Vyborg and the Kexholm County were ceded to Russia; and the rest was incorporated into the.
		Most of this was also ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Åbo of 1743.
	www.pineville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Finnish_Karelia (785 words)

	Great Northern War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		However, Sweden was unable to support and maintain her army when the war was prolonged and the costs of warfare could not be passed to occupied countries.
		In 1617 Sweden's gains in the Treaty of Stolbovo had deprived Russia of direct access to the Baltic Sea, and internal strife during the first half much of the 1600s meant that they were never in a position to challenge Sweden for these gains.
		Russian fortunes reversed during the later half of the 17th century, notably with the rise to power of Peter the Great, who looked to address the earlier losses and re-establish a Baltic presence.
	www.southhouston.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Great_Northern_War (855 words)

	Dominions of Sweden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		By the Treaty of Brömsebro[?] (1645), following the Torstenson War[?], Denmark ceded Jämtland, Härjedalen, Gotland, Halland and Ösel to Sweden.
		All of them were ceded to Hannover in the peace treaty of 1719.
		However the treaty of Kiel never came into force: instead sovereignty of Western Pomerania passed to Prussia, and Norway entered into a personal Union with Sweden[?].
	www.factbase.info /do/dominions-of-sweden.html (642 words)

	Treaty of Nystad, 30 August 1721
		Treaty that finally ended the Great Northern War by making peace between Sweden and Russia.
		Russia kept Livonia, Estonia, Ingria and part of Carelia as well as many of the Baltic islands.
		The Treaty confirmed Russias rise as a major European power, and marked the final decline of Sweden as a great power.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/treaty_nystad.html (104 words)

	Abo, Treaty of -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The treaty foreshadowed the Ottoman Empire's future dependence on the European balance of power and also presaged the eventual dismemberment of its Balkan...
		The Treaty of Washington, signed on May 8, 1871, dealt with the Alabama claims issue between the...
		According to modern diplomatic usage, the term treaty is confined to particularly significant international agreements.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9003371 (817 words)

	Webb Family Tree
		The treaty of Hague was signed between Spain and the Quadruple Alliance made up of Britain, France,Holland and Austria.
		Under the Treaty of Nystadt, Russia received Estonia, and Livonia and parts of the Baltic Islands.
		The treaty partitioned Persia between the Ottoman Empire and Russia.
	www.ourwebbsite.com /gen15.html (1233 words)

	Wikipedia: Hats' Russian War
		The Hats' Russian War (1741-1743) was the Swedish participation in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748).
		It was concluded by the Treaty of Åbo where Sweden ceded the areas of southern Karelia around the Kymi river and Savonlinna to Russia.
		This territory and the territories lost in the Treaty of Nystad which ended the Great Northern War in 1721 were later referred to as Old Finland.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/h/ha/hats__russian_war.html (88 words)

	Brassy's Men Character/Player Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Treaty of Nystad signed officially ending the Great Northern War and ensuring Morovian independence.
		Treaty of Frankfurt: France cedes to the Prussians Alsace and part of Lorraine and has to pay five billion francs in indemnity.
		The Airship LZ-16 was presented to Louis Adolphe Thiers, President of the Third Republic of France to celebrate the second anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Frankfort.
	www.interactivitiesink.com /larps/brassy/scripts/timelineforplayers.pl (1377 words)

	Livonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sweden gained control over the northern Estonian and central Latvian regions of Livonia, including Riga, after fighting the Polish-Swedish War during the 1620s, and incorporated it into the Swedish realm as the dominion Swedish Livonia.
		The portion of Livonia remaining in the Commonwealth after the Treaty of Oliva in 1660 was known as Polish Livonia, or Inflanty.
		The Russian Empire conquered Swedish Livonia during the course of the Great Northern War and acquired the province at the Treaty of Nystad in 1721.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Inflanty (543 words)

	Saaremaa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1645, Saaremaa was ceded from Denmark to Sweden by the Treaty of Brömsebro.
		In 1721, along with the rest of Swedish Estonia, Saaremaa (then known by its Swedish name of Ösel) was ceded to Imperial Russia by the Treaty of Nystad, becoming a part of the Russian governorate-general of Estonia, to which it has since remained attached.
		Estonia became independent after the October Revolution and the collapse of Imperial Russia, but was annexed by the USSR in June 1940.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Saaremaa (580 words)

	Russia - Early Imperial Russia
		By that treaty, Russia acquired an outlet to the Black Sea, and the Crimean Tatars were made independent of the Ottomans.
		By the Treaty of Jassy in 1792, Russia expanded southward to the Dnestr River.
		The terms of the treaty fell far short of the goals of Catherine's reputed "Greek project"--the expulsion of the Ottomans from Europe and the renewal of a Byzantine Empire under Russian control.
	countrystudies.us /russia/4.htm (2876 words)

	Articles - Swedish Ingria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ingria, or Ingermanland, was a dominion of Sweden from 1580 to 1595 and then again from 1617 to 1719, when it was ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad.
		Ingria fell to Sweden in the 1580s, was returned to Russia by the Treaty of Teusina (1595), and again ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Stolbovo (1617).
		Sweden's interest of the territory was strategical: as a buffer zone against Russian attacks on the Karelian Isthmus and present-day Finland; and Russian trade was to pass through Swedish territory.
	www.winacea.com /articles/Swedish_Ingria (269 words)

	The Great Northern War
		Charles signed the Treaty of Warsaw with Poland in February 1705 which was for peace and commerce and defeated and he defeated the Saxons at the Battle of Fraustadt in February 1706.
		It is difficult to know what Charles' plan was but some believe that he had no intention of maintaining peace and only a desire for Sweden to get back her reputation and status in eastern Europe.
		Britain and France were both concerned at the potential extent of Russia's power and as a result of this, pressure was brought to bear for peace treaties to bring stability to the region as it was reckoned that Russia would use war as a lever to expand.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /great_northern_war.htm (1774 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Poles in Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1721, the Treaty of Nystad marked the formal absorption of Estonia and Livonia (Latvia) into the Russian Empire.
		In October, they signed the Treaty of Suwalki, designating the Vilnius region as Lithuanian; however, the Poles immediately marched back into Vilnius and maintained control until 1939.
		The Polish-Lithuanian treaty on good-neighbourly relations and cooperation guarantees the right for members of the national minority to spell their names in the way they are spelled in their native language.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=36801 (3099 words)

	Peter I, czar of Russia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		After concluding (1700) peace with the Ottomans, Peter, in alliance with Denmark and the combined Saxony-Poland, began the Northern War (1700–1721) against Charles XII of Sweden.
		Although disastrously defeated at first, he routed Charles at Poltava in 1709 and by the Treaty of Nystad (1721) retained his conquests of Ingermanland, Karelia, and Livonia.
		Peter’s first diplomatic missions to China were unsuccessful but his efforts led to the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727), which fixed the Russo-Chinese border and established commercial relations.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pe/Peter1-Rus.html (1436 words)

	Estonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Estonia was first christianised when the German "Livonian Sword Brethren" and Denmark conquered the land by 1227.
		Subsequent foreign powers that controlled Estonia at various times included Denmark, Sweden, Poland and finally (1710 de facto, 1721 de jure, see Treaty of Nystad) Russia.
		After the Estonian War of Independence and Treaty of Tartu signed in February 2, 1920 Estonia maintained this independence for twenty-two years, and the very same parliamentary government was reinstated in 1992, after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Estonia (1435 words)

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