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	Treaty of San Stefano - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		San Stefano, Treaty of, treaty signed by Russia and Turkey on March 3, 1878, at the Turkish village of San Stefano (present-day Yeşilköy), which...
		Berlin, Congress of : revision of Treaty of San Stefano
		Treaty : wars and conflicts throughout history: San Stefano, Treaty of – Russo-Turkish Wars
	encarta.msn.com /Treaty_of_San_Stefano.html (185 words)

	San Stefano Treaty
		Until a direct Treaty is concluded between Turkey and Serbia determining the character of the relations between the Sublime Porte and the Principality, Serbian subjects traveling or sojourning in the Ottoman Empire shall be treated according to the general principles of international law.
		Not wishing, however, to annex this territory and the Delta Islands, Russia reserves the right of exchanging them for the part of Bessarabia detached from her by the Treaty of 1856, and which is bounded on the south by the thalweg of the Kilia branch and the mouth of the Stary-Stamboul.
		All Treaties, Conventions, and agreements previously concluded between the two High Contracting Parties relative to commerce, jurisdiction, and the position of Russian subjects in Turkey, and which had been abrogated by the state of war, shall come into force again, with the exception of the clauses affected by the present Act.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~kimball/1878mr17.SanStef.trt.htm (4057 words)

	Berlin, Congress of - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Berlin, Congress of 1878, called by the signers of the Treaty of Paris of 1856 (see Paris, Congress of) to reconsider the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano, which Russia had forced on the Ottoman Empire earlier in 1878.
		The agreements reached in the Treaty of Berlin and the accompanying British-Turkish pact deeply modified the Treaty of San Stefano.
		Greater Bulgaria, which had been created at San Stefano, was divided into N Bulgaria, a principality under nominal Ottoman suzerainty; Eastern Rumelia, to be governed, with certain autonomous rights, by a Christian appointee of the Ottoman emperor; and Macedonia (including Adrianople), under unrestricted Ottoman sovereignty.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-berlincong.html (462 words)

	The Berlin Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Under the provisions of the Treaty of San Stefano, Serbia, Montenegro and Romania grew at the expense of the Ottoman Empire: Serbia extended as far as Rashka, Novi Pazar in the Sanjak and Sitnitsa and Laba in Kosovo; Montenegro occupied Plav, Podgoritsa, Nikshich, Gadsko, Zhablyak and Bar; Romania obtained the northern part of Dobruja.
		The Treaty of Berlin represented international recognition of an autonomous status for Macedonia for the first time since Samuil's Empire, and Macedonians were treated as a separate ethnic community and territorial unit, recognized as "an ethnic territorial unit having elements of its independence and self-management".
		The Treaty of Berlin, containing within it recognition of an autonomous Macedonia, overturned the provisions of the Treaty of San Stefano and its proposed inclusion of Macedonia within a Greater Bulgarian state.
	www.unet.com.mk /mian/berlin.htm (2197 words)

	Treaty of Berlin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The treaty recognised the complete independence of the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and the autonomy of Bulgaria, though the latter remained under formal Ottoman overlordship and was divided between the two principalities of Bulgaria proper and Eastern Rumelia, undoing Russian plans for an independent "big Bulgaria".
		Perhaps the greatest failure of the Treaty of Berlin was its failure to establish a border between Greece and Turkey.
		The term Treaty of Berlin is often used for the agreement of April 24, 1926 under which Germany and the Soviet Union each pledged neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party.
	koz.vianet.ca /jack4.htm (330 words)

	San Stefano, Treaty of - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		San Stefano, Treaty of, 1878, peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, at the conclusion of the last of the Russo-Turkish Wars ; it was signed at San Stefano (now Yeşilköy), a village W of Istanbul, Turkey.
		Bulgaria was made an autonomous principality and was immensely enlarged, and the Ottoman Empire promised reforms for Bosnia and Herzegovina.
		Because the treaty modified the Treaty of Paris of 1856 (see Paris, Congress of) and greatly increased Russian influence in SE Europe, the other great powers obtained its revision at an international conference (see Berlin, Congress of).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-sans1tefa.html (288 words)

	Treaty of San Stefano - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at the end of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78.
		It was signed on March 3, 1878 at San Stefano (Greek: Ayastefanos, now Yeşilköy), a village west of Istanbul, by Count Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and Alexander Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and Foreign Minister Safvet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany Sadullah Bey on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.
		Romania, which had contributed significantly to the victory in the war, was extremely disappointed by the treaty, and the Romanian public perceived some its stipulations as Russia breaking the Russo-Romanian prewar treaties that guaranteed the integrity of Romanian territory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano (562 words)

	Treaty of Berlin, 1878 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Treaty of Berlin was the final Act of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878), by which the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Hamid revised the Treaty of San Stefano signed on March 3 of the same year.
		The treaty recognized the complete independence of the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and the autonomy of Bulgaria, though the latter remained under formal Ottoman overlordship and was divided between the Principality of Bulgaria and the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia, undoing Russian plans for an independent and Russophile "Greater Bulgaria".
		The Treaty of Berlin accorded special legal status to some religious groups; it also served as a model for the Minorities System that was subsequently established within the framework of the League of Nations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin,_1878 (294 words)

	AllRefer.com - San Stefano, Treaty of (Turkish And Ottoman History) - Encyclopedia
		San Stefano, Treaty of[san stef´unO] Pronunciation Key, 1878, peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, at the conclusion of the last of the Russo-Turkish Wars; it was signed at San Stefano (now YesilkOy), a village W of Istanbul, Turkey.
		The Ottomans ceded to Russia parts of Armenia and the Dobruja; agreed to pay a very large indemnity; recognized the independence of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro; and increased the territories of Serbia and Montenegro.
		Bulgaria was made an autonomous principality and was immensely enlarged, and the Ottoman Empire promised reforms for Bosnia and Hercegovina.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/SanStefa.html (259 words)

	ROAD SCHOLARS - Features news
		San Stefano Street — shortly to become home to The Sofia Echo’s new office — was named in 1883 after the small Turkish town of San Stefano.
		On March 3, 1878 in San Stefano, known today as Yesilkoy, close to the Turkish capital, the Russian ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Count Nickolay Ignatiev, his colleague Alexander Nelidov and representatives of the Turkish Sultan, Safvet pasha and Sadullah bey, put their signatures to a preliminary peace treaty.
		The new treaty reaffirmed the principle that the status of the Ottoman Empire was to be decided by the powers jointly and not unilaterally.
	www.sofiaecho.com /article/road-scholars/id_1205/catid_29 (769 words)

	Treaty of San Stefano - Armeniapedia.org
		The Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78.
		Also known as the "Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano" commemorating the anniversary Alexander II becoming Emperor of Russia (March 2, 1855).
		Because the treaty modified the Treaty of Paris (1856) and greatly increased Russian influence in South-East Europe, Serbia, Montenegro and Romania also grew at the expense of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.armeniapedia.org /index.php?title=Treaty_of_San_Stefano (209 words)

	obst_en
		The ethno-territorial range of the nation was first formally delimited by the Turkish sultan's firman on the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate (1870), and generally confirmed by the great powers in their resolutions at the Conference of Constantinople (1876) and the Peace Treaty of San Stefano (1878).
		The religious-based ethnic differentiation, inherited froe of Constantinople (1876) and the Peace Treaty of San Stefano (1878).
		The 1913 peace treaties of Bucharest and Constantinople following the two Balkan wars ceded to Bulgaria Pirin Macedonia, Western Thrace, the Eastern Rhodopi Mountains and the Northern Mount Strandja; Southern Dobroudja went to Romania, and Vardar and Aegean Macedonia, to Serbia and Greece respectively.
	balder.prohosting.com /asen/obst_eng.htm (8247 words)

	tarih2-5
		Later that same year, The Treaty of San Stefano was nullified by the more comprehensive Treaty of Berlin, which made the Balkan range the Ottoman frontier and ceded Bosnia-Herzogovina to the Austrians.
		The resulting treaty called for a Turkish state with borders based on the borders of the Ottoman Empire at the time of the armistice in 1918.
		The Treaty of Lausanne was officially signed on July 24, 1923 and all the of the signing powers later ratified it.
	www.stfrancis.edu /hi/tarih2-5.htm (2050 words)

	History of Macedonia. Creation of The Macedonian Question
		By the end of the nineteenth century the collapse of the Turkish Empire was well advanced and the national awakenings of Serbians, Roumanians, Greeks and Bulgarians led to establishment of their respective nation-states.
		The Treaty of San Stefano established the ethnographic boundaries of the Bulgarian state based on
		The Treaty of San-Stefano was, of course a hard, one for Turkey, but it would have been better for England and for all the peoples of Europe and Turkey if it had been allowed to stand.
	www.mak-truth.com /fe_mqest.htm (431 words)

	The Eastern Crisis
		1) The Treaty of San Stefano; 2) The Berlin Treaty
		The Sublime Porte undertakes scrupulously to apply in the Island of Crete the Organic Law of 1868 with such modifications as may be considered equitable.
		The monks of Mount Athos, of whatever country they may be natives, shall be maintained in their former possessions and advantages, and shall enjoy, without any exception, complete equality of rights and prerogatives.
	www.amitm.com /thecon/lesson8.html (914 words)

	A Reader's Guide to Bulgaria
		The war ended with the Treaty of San Stefano that created a large Bulgarian state, whose borders were based on those of the Exarchate.
		Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was elected to the throne in 1887.
		In 1908, Ferdinand took the title of Tsar, and his desire to regain all the lands of the San Stefano Treaty led to the formation of an alliance with Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece.
	www.b-info.com /places/Bulgaria/ref/history.shtml (861 words)

	Keesing's Worldwide Online - Hot Topics: Macedonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		After the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 the Treaty of San Stefano established a "Greater Bulgaria" which extended to the Aegean and the Adriatic and included the whole of Macedonia; the Treaty of Berlin, concluded in 1878, however, restored Macedonia to Turkey.
		The Bulgarian Government subsequently adopted the view that the Macedonians were a part of the Bulgarian nation, and the number of Bulgarian citizens officially registered as Macedonians fell from 173,862 in 1958 to 8,750 in 1967.
		The Bulgarian Government's attitude aroused fears in Yugoslavia that it aimed to incorporate all Macedonians into a "Greater Bulgaria", which were increased by official celebrations of the 90th anniversary of the Treaty of San Stefano held in 1968.
	www.keesings.com /hot_topics/macedonia (1351 words)

	Liberation day - Features news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The treaty of San Stefano, signed on March 3 1878, was the milestone of this process and the day remains one of the most celebrated in Bulgaria’s history.
		In this way, the San Stefano treaty resolved the ethnic and territorial problems in the Balkans, Konstantin Subchev, a historian, said in one of his essays on the subject.
		Nevertheless, the disappointment from the treaties of Berlin and San Stefano and March 3 1878 will always be regarded as one of the secret moments of Bulgaria’s history, as on that date and in that place Bulgaria was born again.
	www.sofiaecho.com /article/liberation-day/id_13974/catid_29 (803 words)

	First World War background & origins
		This conflict was halted by a Treaty of San Stefano between the Russian and Ottoman Empires.
		It happened that this Treaty contained provisions that several western powers found unacceptable and the situation was placed before a Congress held in Berlin in 1878 at the invitation of Bismarck who offered to try to serve as an honest broker.
		Russia was confirmed as having lost many of the gains she seemed to have made by the Treaty of San Stefano and was somewhat aggrieved.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /history/origins_world_war_one.html (6576 words)

	Bulgaria - BULGARIAN INDEPENDENCE
		The new Bulgaria would be about onethird the size of that prescribed by the Treaty of San Stefano; Macedonia and Thrace, south of the Balkans, would revert to complete Ottoman control.
		Whereas the Treaty of San Stefano called for two years of Russian occupation of Bulgaria, the Treaty of Berlin reduced the time to nine months.
		(Bulgarians still celebrate the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano rather than the Treaty of Berlin as their national independence day.) In late 1878, a provisional Bulgarian government and armed uprisings had already surfaced in the Kresna and Razlog regions of Macedonia.
	countrystudies.us /bulgaria/10.htm (2363 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Albania / Glossary
		The EC forms more than a framework for free trade and economic cooperation: the signatories to the treaties governing the communities have agreed in principle to integrate their economies and ultimately to form a political union.
		A follower of the political, economic, and social policies associated with Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav prime minister from 1943 and later president until his death in 1980, whose nationalistic policies and practices were independent of and often in opposition to those of the Soviet Union.
		A treaty signed by Russia and the Ottoman Empire on March 3, 1878, concluding the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/albania/al_glos.html (2512 words)

	Krikorian. Armenians in Service
		On 3 March 1878 the Russians and the Turks signed a treaty of peace in San Stefano, granting favors to Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia, Herzogovina and especially to Bulgaria which would constitute an autonomous tributary under a Christian government and with a national militia.
		The Prime Minister of Great Britain, Lord Beaconsfield, commented in the House of Lords that by the Treaty of San Stefano European dominions were put under the Russian administration and that the Black Sea was to be a Russian lake as much as the Caspian.
		Consequently article xvi of the Treaty of San Stefano was one of the articles tampered with at the Congress of Berlin in favour of the Turks.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/hst373/readings/krikor.html (3872 words)

	Alliance System
		On March 8, 1878, Turkey was forced to sign the Treaty of San Stefano, in which an independent, Big Bulgaria was created.
		The Treaty split Bulgaria into three parts (Bulgarian Proper was to be independent, Eastern Rumelia and Macedonia were to be ruled under Turkish sovereignty.) and brought Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austrian military occupation (but not annexation).
		In 1885, in defiance of the Treaty of Berlin, the Bulgarians united Bulgaria with Eastern Rumelia.
	www.thecorner.org /hist/wwi/alliance.htm (3092 words)

	World history 1870- 1880 AD
		The Treaty of Berlin made changes to the terms of the agreement, including the occupation of Bosnia and Herzogovina by Austria -Hungary.
		The Treaty of San Stefano is signed on March 5th between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
		The treaty brought to an end a war between the parties begun the year before when Russia declared war on the Ottomans.
	www.multied.com /dates/1870ad.html (1417 words)

	Gravity's Rainbow - Thomas Pynchon
		The Treaty of Paris, reached in 1856, firmly centered the great burden imposed on the almost lifeless balance of power.
		Russia was no longer allowed to have their battleships in the Black Sea or in the Straits, which left Russia with a southern border in need of defense.
		Had the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano stood, the newly independent Balkan states would have most likely fallen under Russian influence, shifting the delicate balance of power in the region.
	www.hyperarts.com /pynchon/gravity/extra/intrigue.html (404 words)

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