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Topic: Treaty of Tlatelolco

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	Tlatelolco
		Tlatelolco is an area in Mexico City, centered around the Plaza de las Tres Culturas[?], a square surrounded on three sides by an excavated Aztec pyramid, the 17th century church Templo de Santiago[?], and the modern office complex of the Mexican foreign ministry.
		In 1967, the Treaty of Tlatelolco[?] was signed, designating several countries in Latin America and the Caribbean as nuclear weapons-free zones.
		On October 2nd, 1968, the plaza was the scene of the Tlatelolco massacre, in which more than 300 student protestors were killed by army and police.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tl/Tlatelolco.html (206 words)

	Tlatelolco Turns Thirty
		The Treaty was born during the Cold War and in spite of it.
		The Treaty of Tlatelolco was one of the very first clear examples that when there is a defined political will and transparency and trust among the parties to a disarmament treaty, it can be considered an important confidence-building measure.
		The circumstances in which it was conceived, the way its text was drafted, the participation and non-participation in the Treaty and its later development through three decades are strongly linked to the presence or absence of confidence, trust, and transparency in the region.
	www.iaea.org /Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull394/tlatelolco.html (683 words)

	Publications: Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America
		For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear weapon is any device which is capable of releasing nuclear energy in an uncontrolled manner and which has a group of characteristics that are appropriate for use for warlike purposes.
		None of the provisions of this Treaty shall be construed as impairing the rights and obligations of the Parties under the Charter of the United Nations or, in the case of States members of the Organization of American States, under existing regional treaties.
		The duration of this Protocol shall be the same as that of the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America of which this Protocol is an annex, and the provisions regarding ratification and denunciation contained in the Treaty shall be applicable to it.
	www.iaea.org /Publications/Documents/Treaties/tlatelolco.html (4511 words)

	NPT Documents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		On 25 March 1995, the Republic of Cuba signed the Treaty of Tlatelolco, thus becoming the last of the 33 States of the Latin American and Caribbean region to be covered by the system established by the Treaty of Tlatelolco.
		The Treaty of Tlatelolco is an autonomous and comprehensive legal instrument on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons which guarantees a regional commitment to the complete elimination of nuclear weapons.
		The Treaty of Tlatelolco is therefore an important example of the contribution regions must make to measures to promote confidence, peace and the development of humankind as a whole.
	www.un.org /Depts/ddar/nptconf/2152.htm (410 words)

	LATIN AMERICAN NUCLEAR-FREE ZONE TREATY
		The Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (also known as the Treaty of Tlatelolco) obligates Latin American parties not to acquire or possess nuclear weapons, nor to permit the storage or deployment of nuclear weapons on their territories by other countries.
		The Treaty of Tlatelolco was first amended at a special general conference in July 1990 to attach the phrase "and the Caribbean" to the title.
		The original Treaty paragraph had excluded political entities "part or all of which whose territory" is in dispute with "an extra-continental country and one or more Latin American States" prior to the opening of signature of the Treaty.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /acda/treaties/latin1.htm (6945 words)

	Glossary [Thermal Energy to Yield] \| atomicarchive.com
		Treaty of Bangkok (Treaty on the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone)
		Treaty of Pelindaba (Treaty on the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone)
		The Treaty of Tlatelolco was the first international agreement that aimed at excluding nuclear weapons from an inhabited region of the globe.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Glossary/Glossary10.shtml (1361 words)

	Treaty of Tlatelolco - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Meeting in the Tlatelolco district of Mexico City on 14 February 1967, the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean drafted this treaty to keep their region of the world free of nuclear weapons.
		The treaty came into force on 25 April 1969, and has since been signed and ratified by all 33 nations of Latin America and the Caribbean.
		There are two additional protocols to the treaty: Protocol I binds those overseas countries with territories in the region (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands) to the terms of the treaty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_Tlatelolco (377 words)

	Treaty of Tlatelolco
		The Treaty created the Organization of the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL), a regional organization that ensures that all contracting parties are abiding by the treaty.
		Besides being the first treaty to forbid nuclear weapons over a populated region (unlike the Antarctic Treaty), the Treaty of Tlatelolco is also significant for its pioneering verification measures.
		The Treaty also served as a base for other disarmament treaties: the Treaty of Rarotonga, the Treaty of Bangkok, and the Treaty of Pelindaba.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~bssundar/tlatelolco1.html (807 words)

	Nuclear Chronology
		Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof, the Seabed Treaty, is signed.
		The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) Interim Agreement and the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty are signed, limiting the pace of the strategic nuclear weapons competition between the U.S. and the USSR for a period of five years pending more comprehensive negotiations on force limitations.
		SALT II Treaty is signed, establishing equal aggregate limits on the number of U.S. and Soviet strategic nuclear delivery vehicles and on the number of Mired ballistic missile launchers and cruise missile-equipped heavy bombers, in addition to other constraints on strategic nuclear forces.
	www.acq.osd.mil /ncbdp/nm/nuclearchronology4.html (577 words)

	Treaty of Rarotonga
		It is similar to the Treaty of Tlatelolco, which establishes South America and the Caribbean as a Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone.
		As in the Treaty of Tlatelolco, "full-scope" IAEA safeguards are required for all nuclear activities of the Parties and for nuclear exports to non-nuclear states.
		Unlike the Treaty of Tlatelolco, the Treaty of Rarotonga requires IAEA safeguards are also required for nuclear exports to nuclear states, although they do not need to be full-scope.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~bssundar/rarotonga.html (659 words)

	Alfonso García Robles - Nobel Lecture
		The Treaty of Tlatelolco has thus contributed effectively to dispel the myth that for the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone it would be an essential requirement that all states of the region concerned should become, from the very outset, parties to the treaty establishing the zone.
		On 12 February 1967, the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America was unanimously approved and two days later, at the solemn closing ceremony of the Commission's proceedings, it was opened to signature and subscribed to by the representatives of fourteen of its twenty-one members.
		The texts also point out that the treaty "is not an end in itself but, rather, a means of achieving general and complete disarmament at a later stage", and finally express the desire to contribute "towards ending the armaments race".
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1982/robles-lecture.html (3005 words)

	Disarmament Treaties
		This was the first treaty to exclude nukes from an inhabited region of the globe.
		This treaty prohibits the placement of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction on the seabed and ocean floor beyond a 12 mile coastal zone.
		This treaty is in force and most reduction in Russi are due to the removal of warheads from Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine.
	www.reachingcriticalwill.org /legal/treaties.html (1488 words)

	Arms Control Association:
		Article 5 For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear weapon is any device which is capable of releasing nuclear energy in an uncontrolled manner and which has a group of characteristics that are appropriate for use for warlike purposes.
		Article 21 None of the provisions of this Treaty shall be construed as impairing the rights and obligations of the Parties under the Charter of the United Nations or, in the case of States Members of the Organization of American States, under existing regional treaties.
		Additional Protocol II to the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America, done at the City of Mexico on February 14, 1967, was signed on behalf of the United States of America on April 1, 1968, the text of which Protocol is word for word as follows:
	www.armscontrol.org /documents/tlatelolco.asp (6665 words)

	FAS Public Interest Report
		The Treaty of Tlatelolco has contributed to the development of non-proliferation norms in the region.
		The Agency is responsible for ensuring compliance with the Treaty and fulfilling the mandates of the Council and General Conference, including writing reports and maintaining contact with relevant states and international organizations.
		While not parties to the Treaty itself, the NPT ratification of Additional Protocol II commits them not to contribute to a violation of the Treaty, and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against parties to the Treaty.
	www.fas.org /faspir/2004/v57n1/tlatelolco.htm (1493 words)

	CNS - Cuba's Accession to the NPT: A Step Toward Strengthening the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime - September 16, 2002 ...
		Of further importance is the fact that Cuba would be bound by all the provisions of the treaty, in particular the obligations not to contribute to the spread of nuclear weapons.
		The Cuban decision to ratify the Treaty of Tlatelolco will consolidate the nuclear-weapons-free zone in Latin America and the Caribbean and will enhance the effectiveness of the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL).
		Whatever the motivations may be behind the Cuban government's decision to accede to the NPT and to ratify the Treaty of Tlatelolco, this decision should be warmly welcomed by the international community.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/week/020916.htm (976 words)

	International Treaties and Agreements
		There are provisions for amending the Treaty, for referring disputes that cannot be handled by direct talks, mediation, arbitration, or other peaceful means to the International Court of Justice, as well as for calling a conference in 30 years to review the operation of the Treaty if any parties so request.
		In Protocol II of the Treaty, States outside of Latin America undertake: to respect the denuclearized status of the zone; not to contribute to acts involving violation of obligations of the parties; and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against the contracting parties.
		Although the Treaty remained unratified, each party was individually bound under international law to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of the Treaty, until it had made its intentions clear not to become a party to the Treaty.
	www.acq.osd.mil /ncbdp/nm/international.html (4480 words)

	Bulletin 10 - Present and Future Nuclear-Weapon Free Zones
		Only recently did the Latin American Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (the Treaty of Tlatelolco) — formally older than NPT — become effective, and the same may be said of the ten-year old South Pacific Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone Treaty (Rarotonga Treaty).
		On the other hand, the South Pacific treaty is more permissive on the temporary introduction of nuclear weapons by recognizing the sovereign right of parties to allow visits of foreign ships or aircraft carrying nuclear weapons, or to permit transit in its airspace or navigation in its territorial sea of such vessels.
		The African treaty was opened for signature in 1995, but its entry into force may depend on the ratification of its Arab parties, which will depend on the evolution of the situation in the Middle East.
	www.inesap.org /bulletin10/bul10art02.htm (2463 words)

	Nuclear Weapon Free Zones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The first regional zone, the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco) was opened for signature in 1967 and brought into force in 1968.
		The Rarotonga Treaty differs from Tlatelolco in that it includes an unequivocal ban on nuclear explosions and explosive devises for peaceful purposes, and prohibits its members from dumping nuclear waste into the zone's waters.
		Some countries, such as Mongolia and Austria, have declared their nuclear weapon free status in the absence of any regional treaty while others, such as New Zealand and the Philippines, have used domestic means to go beyond the obligations of the regional treaty to which they are a party.
	www.gsinstitute.org /pnnd/NuclearWeaponFreeZones.htm (1008 words)

	Major powers want S Asia nuclear free zone - PakDef Forums
		Tlatelolco’ which two nuclear rivals in South America - Argentine and Brazil - concluded in 1990s to declare the region a weapons free zone, a source told The News.
		The ‘Treaty of Tlatelolco’ was signed by two ultra nationalist presidents, Carlos Menem in Argentina and Fernando Collor de Mello in Brazil.
		Argentina ratified the Treaty of Tlatelolco in 1994 and the NPT in 1995.
	www.pakdef.info /forum/showthread.php?t=4934 (837 words)

	Oceans in the Nuclear Age: Nuclear Free Zones
		Finally, there are also two treaties that apply to the seas entirely: both the 1971 Seabed Treaty and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea apply broadly to all of the oceans, albeit in specific ways.
		The Treaty of Tlatelolco created the first of the regional NWFZ's and is in some ways the least restrictive.
		This treaty is similar to, and may have been inspired in part by, the “Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,” 18 U.S.T. See Narrative of the U.S. State Department on the Seabed Treaty, at http://www.state.gov/t/ac/trt/5187.htm.
	www.law.berkeley.edu /centers/ilr/ona/pages/zones2.htm (2366 words)

	Press Release
		The treaty and the organization created by the treaty, the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL in Spanish), have made a great contribution to our region regarding disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation, as well as to international peace and security and to international law.
		The Tlatelolco Treaty, adopted on February 14, 1967 in the Foreign Ministry’s headquarters in Tlatelolco, was a visionary treaty.
		During the conference, the parties and signatories to the Treaty of Tlatelolco, as well as Rarotonga, Bangkok, Pelindaba and Mongolia that unilaterally declared themselves to be nuclear-weapon-free countries, emitted a declaration that represents 109 states and that agrees to establish a mechanism for coordination and cooperation between them.
	www.sre.gob.mx /press/b029.htm (353 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: - 30th Anniversary of the Signing of the Tlatelolco Treaty:
		These efforts led to the landmark treaty that prohibits the testing, use, manufacture, production or acquisition of nuclear weapons over a vast geographic region that is home to tens of millions of people.
		Just as significantly, the Treaty has served as a guidepost for the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones in other parts of the world: the Treaty of Rarotonga in the South Pacific; the Treaty of Bangkok in South-east Asia; the Treaty of Pelindaba covering all of Africa.
		Though born of terror and raised with scepticism, the Treaty of Tlatelolco has matured and become a stabilizing force in international relations.
	www.acronym.org.uk /dd/dd13/13anniv.htm (854 words)

	NUCLEAR WEAPONS FREE ZONES
		The Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean predates the NPT and represents the first effort by a group of states to establish a nuclear weapon-free zone in a heavily populated region.
		The Treaty also establishes a regional organization, the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (known by its Spanish acronym OPANAL), to help ensure compliance with its provisions.
		The Treaty will come fully into force when all eligible states have signed and ratified (as necessary) the Treaty and its two Protocols, and concluded comprehensive safeguards agreements with the IAEA as required.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /acda/factshee/nwfz/sanwfz.htm (515 words)

	Send to a Friend - IPS Inter Press Service
		The Treaty of Tlatelolco, which prohibits nuclear weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, was established in 1967 in Mexico City and entered into force on Apr. 24, 1969, although Cuba only ratified its signature last year.
		The delegates in Havana also called for a review of the statements made by the nuclear powers that are party to Protocols I and II of the Treaty of Tlatelolco, whose signatures to these mechanisms date back to the 1970s and early 1980s.
		In the first protocol, the states that are not part of the region but that have territories in the treaty zone ”undertake to apply the statute of denuclearisation in respect of warlike purposes,” as defined by the treaty.
	www.ipsnews.net /sendnews.asp?idnews=20997 (801 words)

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